ENSO循环过程对南极海冰的影响

应用 1 951- 2 0 0 2年NINO特征指数 (NINO1 +2 ,NINO3 ,NINO4 ,NINO3 .4)和 1 973-1 998年南极海冰北界范围以及 1 950- 2 0 0 1年SODA海洋温度资料。首先分析探讨了在ElNi no期间 ,堆积于赤道东太平洋的异常暖水在南半球的传播途径 ,进而研究了ENSO以及东南太平洋异常海温场与南极海冰之间的关系。结果表明 ,在ElNino期间 ,堆积于赤道东太平洋的异常暖水 ,是沿秘鲁和智利沿岸向极传播。其传播过程持续大约 1年的时间 ,但未发现沿南赤道流的西传现象。ENSO循环过程与南极海冰变化存在一定联系 ,特别是Amundsen Belling shausen海和南极半岛海冰的变化与ENSO暖事件 (ElNino)较为密切。当ElNino事件发生后 ,时滞 2年左右的时间 ,Amundsen Bellingshausen海和南极半岛的海冰将出现明显的减少现象 ,特别是南极半岛的海冰减少最为明显。ElNino事件对南极海冰的影响过程是 ,堆积于赤道东太平洋的大量异常暖水 ,沿南美 (秘鲁和智利 )沿岸近海向极地传播 ,异常暖水的这种向极传播过程将引起近极的海温场出现异常升高 ,最终导致Amundsen Bellingshausen海和南极半岛地区的海冰减少。自 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,Amundsen Bellingshausen海和南极半岛的海冰出现明显减少的趋势 ,与这一时期的ElNino事件的频繁发生     

南极半岛地区气温与南极海冰涛动、ENSO的联系

使用南极半岛Orcadas等台站的气温多年观测资料 ,分析了南极半岛气温和周围海冰以及ENSO的初步联系。结果表明 ,南极半岛地区的气温变化可以反映南极海冰涛动的变化特征 :气温距平和南极半岛附近海冰距平存在密切的负相关 ,和罗斯海外围区域的海冰距平存在正相关关系 ,能够较好地反映出南极半岛气温与南极海冰涛动以及ENSO之间的紧密联系。当南极半岛地区气温偏低 (高 )时 ,南极半岛周围海冰偏多 (少 ) ,罗斯海外围海冰偏少 (多 ) ,赤道中东太平洋海温偏高 (低 ) ,可能出现ElNino(LaNina)。另外 ,南极半岛当年 1 0月的气温距平对预测次年 1月的Nino3区海温异常具有重要参考价值     

中国第二次北极科考航线海冰密集度和厚度

单点海冰调查是构成线、面海冰资料的基础,这些资料对于大面积海冰遥感资料的对比研究是必要的。虽然由于海冰时空变化引起一定差异,大面积统计意义上的冰情条件具有正确性。依据2003年7-9月中国第2次北极科学考察期间,沿航线进行的船舶海冰调查资料,航空海冰调查资料和浮冰站海冰调查资料,以图表形式归纳总结了航线上的冰情、海冰密集度、厚度剖面和单点厚度值;给出海冰密集度和厚度的空间分布。     

北极科学考察计划简介

北极是全球变化最敏感的地区之一。由于全球变暖,北冰洋在最近几十年发生了明显的异常变化,对全球和我国气候都产生了重要影响。深入、持续地研究北极的海洋与海冰过程,探讨海洋与海冰变异对全球以及我国气候的影响成为当务之急。2007—2008国际极地年期间,在北冰洋中心区以及北极太平洋和大西洋扇区等关键海区,依托“雪龙”号破冰考察船,组织2008和2009年两个夏季航次的多国联合考察,参加其他国家的航次考察,系统观测海洋、海冰和大气变化,研究北极海洋和海冰快速变化对我国及全球气候系统的影响。1目的意义我国是北半球国家,处于中纬度地…     

冬春季北极海冰的变化特征及其与西北太平洋热带气旋活动的关系探讨

采用Hadley中心1953—2012年海冰密集度资料、NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和1977—2011年日本气象厅台风资料,对冬春季北极海冰变化的主要特征进行了分析,并对冬春季北极海冰变化与西北太平洋台风活动之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,冬春季北极海冰表现为明显的年代际变化,且在1965—2004年间具有3—4 a的低频振荡周期。在20世纪60年代后期和70年代初期,海冰变化最为显著。冬春季海冰变化与西北太平洋热带气旋生成频次、强度频次的相关性在9月份明显高于其他月份,且为正相关,而与热带气旋强度等级有较显著的负相关性。冬春季北极海冰变化与夏季西太平洋副高强度、副高面积均有很好的负相关关系。冬春季海冰面积偏多(少)时,夏季北美东部、冰岛附近地区、北太平洋以及中低纬度大部地区500 h Pa高度场为负(正)距平分布。冬春季北极海冰面积异常对北半球大气环流的持续性影响,在随后到来的台风盛期有较明显的体现。     

气候变化背景下北极海冰对我国冬季气温的影响研究

利用1961—2015年中国冬季气温资料、中国气象局逐月北极海冰密集度指数资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NCEP/NCAR)环流资料,采用滑动相关、时滞相关及偏相关等分析方法,探讨了秋季北极海冰对中国冬季气温的影响。结果表明,秋季北极海冰改变了后期冬季西西伯利亚高压和华北高压强弱,导致我国西北地区和长江与黄河之间地区冬季气温异常。进一步分析发现,西北地区冬季气温的异常主要是受西西伯利亚高压影响,而长江与黄河之间冬季气温的异常主要是受华北高压影响。而秋季北极海冰通过改变后期冬季欧亚中高纬度环流,进一步影响高原地区冬季气温。     

两极海冰与青藏高原陆面物理过程“耦合”特征

为探讨南极、北极强信号区域海冰变化 ,青藏高原陆面热力状况与北半球大气环流及中国气候变异的遥相关特征以及“三极”因子间的“互反馈”机制 ,应用遥相关等统计方法研究了影响东亚以及中国区域气候变化特征前期“三极”强信号特征 ,探讨了两极海冰与高原陆面水热状况之间的“耦合”影响及其“互反馈”相关特征 ,比较了“三极”前期因子对中国夏季气候变异的贡献程度及其动力结构形成的影响特征 ,并从全球海 -陆 -气 -冰相关定性模型来认识全球气候变化与中国区域气候变异的形成机制。     

一个北极区域冰海耦合模式的设置与应用

介绍了一个北极区域冰-海耦合数值模式的设置与应用。海洋模式基于MIT海洋环流数值模式,海冰动力学过程由Hibler的粘-塑模型发展而来。海冰的热力过程基于Winton提出的三层热力学模型。给出了耦合模式的基本框架,重点介绍了区域冰-海耦合系统中较为重要的程序包,如正交网格生成技术,中尺度涡的参数化,冰-海耦合及开边界处理等。以NCEP再分析资料为大气强迫场,模拟研究了北极夏季海冰范围异常的变化特征(1992—2007),模拟得到的海冰面积变化趋势与SSM/I观测资料进行了对比,两者相关系数达到0.88,模式基本反映了海冰的年际变化特征。以2007年为例,对比分析了9月份海冰密集度分布特征,模式结果得到的海冰范围略大于观测,但基本反映了2007年夏季海冰范围的衰减形态。     

脚踏南北两半球

飞机在下降,正临近厄瓜多尔首都的基多国际机场,凭窗俯瞰,安第斯山脉重峦叠嶂,基多的白色建筑群错落有致,宛若美丽的白衣少女,安然静卧于苍翠的狭长山谷之中。“厄瓜多尔”在西班牙文里就是“赤道”的意思。其首都基多,则是从古代居住在这里的古印第安人“基图贝”部落的名字演绎而来的。七八百年前,印第安人就在这里建立了基多王国;15世纪末,基多实际上成为印加帝国的第二首都,是著名的印加文明的中心之一。如今,它作为“赤道之国”的首都,依然闪烁着赤道文明的光辉。赤道碑 赤道线将地球分成南北两半球。世界上不少城市位于赤道两侧,但真正坐落在赤道线上,横跨南北两半球的城市却是少见的。然而,早在18世纪初,当巴黎科学院的学者们想弄清地球的形状,对大地进行实地测量时,基多就被称为“赤道的土地”,现在则是世界各国中最接近赤道线的首都。世界上最精确的     

南极海冰的时空变化特征

依据Hadley中心提供的全球海冰密集度格点资料 ,利用诊断分析方法 ,对近 35年来南极海冰的时空变化特征进行了研究。研究表明 ,在南极地区 ,海冰平均北界和海冰总面积的变化基本一致 ,可以用海冰北界来研究南极海冰的时空变化特征。南极海冰最多和最少期分别出现在 9月和 2月 ;威德尔海和罗斯海地区海冰最多、变化最大 ,南极半岛地区海冰最少 ,变化也小 ;近 35年来环南极地区的海冰有明显的减少趋势。南极海冰变化的时空多样性十分明显 ,存在着 5个变化不同的区域 ,其中有两个区域近 35年来海冰范围扩大 ,面积增加 ,而另三个区域则海冰范围缩小 ,面积减少。不同区域的海冰都存在着较明显的 2- 3年和 5- 7年主振荡周期。南极海冰时空变化特征的研究对进一步认识南极地区海 冰 气相互作用的物理过程 ,讨论南极海冰变异与大气环流和天气气候的关系有重要意义     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,