联合GRACE和GLDAS数据的河南省地下水储量反演与时空变化分析

针对利用传统监测手段难以高效获取地下水储量观测数据的问题,基于GRACE重力卫星的大尺度水资源储量反演已成为当前水资源调查的研究热点。本文利用2012-2016年CSR机构发布的GRACE RL06月解数据,通过等效水高反演得到河南省陆地水储量时序结果,扣除由同期GLDAS水文模型计算得到的地表水储量时序数据,从而得到河南省地下水储量时序变化数据结果。经与地下水位监测井实测数据进行对比验证,相关系数显著性水平达0.01,表明本文算法流程具有较高的可靠性。进一步的统计分析结果表明,河南省北部地区的地下水储量呈亏损态势,最大变化率超过26 mm/a;河南省中部和东部地区地下水储量有一定盈余,最大变化率超过16 mm/a,相关结果数据与河南省水利局公布的全省主要地下水超采区范围吻合。本文旨在利用GRACE重力卫星数据与GLDAS水文模型反演获取河南省地下水储量空间分布差异及演变趋势,相关算法流程可为广域地下水储量调查监测提供技术支撑;研究数据可为该区域地下水资源的合理利用与保护提供参考。     

利用GRACE时变重力场反演黑河流域水储量变化

黑河流域水储量变化对该区域的生态环境和经济建设等具有重要影响。本文利用2002年8月至2011年6月GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）时变重力场模型GRGS-EIGEN-GL04,采用去相关滤波P3M6与300km高斯滤波相结合的滤波方法反演了黑河流域陆地水储量变化,扣除GLDAS（Global Land Data Assimilation System）水文模型计算的土壤水和冰雪变化,给出了黑河流域地下水储量的时空变化,并利用张掖地区23口地下水测井数据对地下水反演结果进行了初步验证。研究结果表明：（1）黑河流域陆地水储量整体上呈现减少趋势,与该流域气候变化和CPC水文模型的计算结果具有较好的一致性,其减少速率为2.3cm/a等效水高;（2）黑河流域地下水储量呈现长期减少趋势,其减少速率为2.5cm/a等效水高,上、中游区域地下水储量减少速率相当,下游区域地下水储量减少速率明显小于中上游区域。     

GIS在水资源空间分析与管理中的应用

水资源问题是我们现在面临的一个重要问题，要解决水资源面临的各种问题，首先需要利用现代信息技术对水资源进行管理和评价，得到相关的决策信息。本文以利用AccGIS开发某区域水资源管理系统为例，介绍利用地理信息系统技术和水文地质模型相结合来建立水资源空间分析和管理系统，管理地下水资源的方法。     

区域综合节水效果的遥感评价方法 研究与应用

区域节水效果的常规评价方法都是利用单项指标评价单一行业的或者单方面的节水效果,不能反映区域综合节水效果.本文从耗水控制水平和地下水可持续利用的角度出发,提出了以目标蒸散量(ET)和地下水位理论变幅为评价基准,利用遥感技术监测区域实际蒸散量和地下水位实际变幅,采用基准比较法评价区域节水综合效果的方法;并以北京市大兴区为例...     

应用遥感资料进行流域地表水及浅层地下水资源评价的方法

本文提出了利用遥感资料进行流域地表水及浅层地下水评价的方法。利用遥感图像分析了流域下垫面结构,建立了适于遥感资料的下垫面分类系统,提出了以流域景观特征值为参数的流域地表水及浅层地下水资源评价模式。根据遥感资料和该模式,分别计算了验证流域地表水及浅层地下水资源,其相对误差分别为4.3％和5.1％;年径流计算相对误差8.8％,并获得了该流域水资源分布图。为利用遥感资料推求水资源,特别是浅层地下水资源及其在时、空上的分布,提供了新的方法,可作为无资料地区水资源评价的依据。     

流域尺度景观生态耗水研究

笔者将景观生态学、遥感蒸散计算技术等应用于流域生态耗水研究,先利用1980年、1990年、2000年、2005年的4期遥感数据,研究流域土地利用演变特征,并对流域景观生态进行分区。然后利用MOD IS数据和平流干旱模型,计算2005年生长期蒸散分布;再结合流域水资源评价成果,计算景观生态消耗的水资源、不可控水资源和可控水资源;最后又结合规划目标,对白杨河流域生态保护系统2020年与2030年生态需水进行了预测。通过研究,弄清了流域景观生态对象、功能、格局和过程、弄清了其消耗的水资源类型、数量和时空分布,为优化配置水资源、实现流域可持续发展开辟了新途径。     

北京野鸭湖湿地区域蒸散发遥感反演研究

蒸散发在很大程度上影响湿地的水热平衡,宏观掌握湿地区域的蒸散发量对于进一步研究湿地生态系统水文———大气———土壤、植被界面能量转化等过程变得尤为重要。本文在遥感技术基础上,基于地表平衡原理的SEBAL模型,对北京野鸭湖湿地区域蒸散发情况进行模型构建,利用1998年和2004年Landsat TM/ETM卫星数据获取相关地面特征参数及该地区的日蒸散发量,并结合水资源和植被盖度分析研究野鸭湖湿地区域日蒸散发量的动态变化情况。     

解读生命之源--西部地下水资源调查评价及开发利用调研报告

西部地区水资源基本状况 水资源总量 西部地区地表水资源每年为14563亿立方米,约占全国地表水资源总量(每年27100亿立方米)的54％;地下水资源为4613亿立方米,约占全国地下水资源总量(每年8700亿立方米)的53％。扣除地表水与地下水之间的相互转化量(重复计算量),西部地区水资源总量为15880亿立方米,约占全国水资源总量(每年28000亿立方米)的56.7％。     

流域耗水平衡方法与应用

流域水量平衡分析是水资源现状评价与水资源合理调度研究工作中的-个核心.本文基于遥感技术估算的蒸散,结合监测统计数据,提出了流域耗水平衡方法,以海河流域为例进行了2002年-2007年流域及子流域的耗水平衡分析,流域多年平均蓄变量为-62.3亿m3,其中农业生产是流域水资源消耗的主要因素,占耗水总量的54.3%,年际变动范围较小(-5%-8%).通过流域蓄变量变化和流域蒸散结构的分析,揭示海河流域存在的水资源问题,为流域水资源管理和节水型社会建设耗水控制和节水方案提出建议.     

区域蒸散发量的遥感模型方法研究

蒸散是水资源管理的一个重要参数。与传统的蒸散计算方法相比,利用遥感进行蒸散研究具有快速、准确、大区域尺度及地图可视化显示等特点。本文通过研究,提出了基于能量平衡方法遥感反演蒸散发的计算模型,指出了模型参数的求解方法,建立了基于MOD IS遥感数据的大区域蒸散发遥感反演技术方法。通过对石羊河流域进行试验,反演误差基本小于10%,并且具有进一步推广的技术前景。     

Remote Sensing and GIS Approach for Delineation of Groundwater Potential and Groundwater Quality Zones of Western Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India

Groundwater exploration in the Western Doon valley has been carried out to delineate the groundwater potential and groundwater quality zones suitable for domestic purposes based on the integrated use of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The Western Doon Valley, occupying broad synclinal troughs in the evolving fold-thrust system of sub-Himalaya, which is filled by post-Siwalik fluvial and debris flow deposits in the late Quaternary-Holocene. The Western Doon Valley area is bounded by the Mussoorie range in the north with 1800–2800 m elevation and in the south by young topographic relief of the frontal Siwalik range with ~800 m average elevation. Groundwater quality of Western Doon valley through pictorially representation in the GIS environment, it is inferred that calcium, magnesium, total hardness and nitrate at some locations above the desirable limit. The groundwater prospects map has been prepared by integrating the hydrogeomorphologic, land use/land cover from satellite data (IRS-ID, LISS-III data) slope, soil, drainage density, depth to water table of pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods (unconfined aquifer), water table fluctuation, static water level (confined to semi-confined aquifers), specific capacity, discharge and drawdown maps using index overlay method in the GIS environment. The groundwater prospects are depicted in five categories Very high, high, moderate, low and very low (runoff zone) integrated with the groundwater quality zones which have been prepared from hydrochemical data. The results indicated that 16.82 % of the area is under Very high potential zone category with 16.11 % and 0.71 % of desirable and undesirable quality of groundwater and 18.65 %, 42.06 %, 6.96 % and 15.46 % classified as high, moderate, low and very low potential zones with desirable and undesirable quality of groundwater for domestic purposes. This study be useful for designing the groundwater prospects and management plan for the sustainable development of study area.     

GPS水汽含量自动处理系统的研究及应用

随着北京全球定位系统(GPS)综合网的建设,以及地基GPS水汽反演技术的不断成熟,建立实时GPS数据下载和水汽自动处理系统,可提供气象科学研究所需的数据资料,为地基GPS气象学的业务化提供技术支持。本文介绍地基GPS反演水汽的基本原理及北京市GPS综合网的水汽含量自动处理系统,并利用该系统对2004年7月10日北京的一次强降水过程的大气水汽含量进行了反演。结果表明:在暴雨发生前3~4小时左右,GPS测量的气柱水汽含量在两小时内突增了6-7mm,很好地预示了其后的降水过程。可见该系统反演的全天候大气水汽场,可为准确监测和预报突发性强降水提供有意义的指标。     

Land subsidence under different land use in the eastern Beijing plain,China 2005-2013 revealed by InSAR timeseries analysis

Land subsidence has been occurring in Beijing since the 1970s. Five major land subsidence areas have been formed: Dongbalizhuang–Dajiaoting, Laiguangying, Changping Shahe–Ba Xianzhuang, Daxing Yufa–Lixian, and Shunyi–Ping Gezhuang. In this paper, we studied on land subsidence in Dongbalizhuang–Dajiaoting and Laiguangying using small baseline subset interferometry and interferometric point target methods of 47 ENVISAT ASAR and 29 RADARSAT-2 data. The results showed that the degree of land subsidence in these areas varied significantly. The mean land subsidence rate ranged from 143.43 to 8.2 mm/a and from 132.11 to 7.3 mm/a during 2005–2010 and 2011–2013, respectively. We correlated the observed settlement with the land use (agricultural, residential, and industrial). Displacement in the agricultural areas was greater than that in the other areas from 2005 to 2013. Moreover, we compared the observed deformation and the groundwater level in phreatic and confined aquifers. There was a strong correlation between ground subsidence and the groundwater level and the ground settlement increased with a decrease in the groundwater level and the maximum correlation coefficient can reach 0.525. Furthermore, subsidence appeared to be associated with compressible deposits, suggesting that for 90–210-m thick compressible deposits, ground settlement is more likely to occur as the thickness of the compressible layer increases.     

Water resources development action plan for sasti watershed,Chandrapur district,Maharashtra using remote sensing and geographic information system

Today the world is facing the biggest crisis for water. The available both surface and groundwater resources are not sufficient to meet all the water requirements for all purpose. The optimal and sustainable development of the resource is a prerequisite so that it is assessed reliably to avoid any future problems regarding its qualitative and quantitative availability. The interpretation of remote sensing data in conjunction with ancillary data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydraulic characters, that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) have emerged to meet ever-increasing demand for more precise and timely information. These techniques permit rapid and cost effective natural resource survey and management. Remotely sensed data provides unbiased informations on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime and help to generate water resources development action plan. The present study is an attempt to prepare a water resource development action plan for Sasti watershed of Chandrapur district, Maharashtra using remote sensing and G1S.     

Groundwater prospects evaluation based on hydrogeomorphological mapping using high resolution satellite images: A case study in Uttarakhand

Water is the most important natural resource which forms the core of the ecological system. The advent of remote sensing has opened up new vistas in groundwater prospect evaluation, exploration and management. The groundwater resources of the study area, Rishikesh region of Garhwal Himalayas, are under threat due to population pressure caused by expanding tourism in this region. This entails sustainable and judicious use of this precious resource. The groundwater prospect evaluation in Rishikesh region has been attempted based on hydrogeomorphological mapping of the area consisting of thematic maps of hydrogeomorphology, geology, drainage, lineament, slope and relief using high resolution IRS-1C LISS III and PAN merged satellite images. The Rishikesh region exhibits diverse hydrogeomorphological conditions where the groundwater regime is controlled mainly by topography and geology. A probability-weighted approach has been applied during overlay analysis in ArcMap GIS environment. The overlay analysis allows a linear combination of weights of each thematic map with respect to ground water potential. Good groundwater prospects dominate in the area with more than 50% of the study area showing moderate to excellent potential. The study shows that the remote sensing and geoinformatics techniques can be applied effectively for groundwater prospect evaluation.     

Geographical information system-based groundwater quality index assessment of northern part of Kolkata,India for drinking purpose

Groundwater is a resource under stress. In both developed and developing countries, it has been found that increasing human influence has led to the contamination of the groundwater resource. To understand the magnitude of this problem, a study was conducted in 58 wards within Northern part of Kolkata, India, where water samples from tube wells were collected and analysed on essential drinking water quality parameters, prescribed by WHO. Using Principal component analysis, and Water quality index mapping, the aforementioned results have been interpreted. This has helped to depict that not only is the groundwater unsuitable for drinking, but that the parametric values have a tendency to increase abruptly within the shortest of ranges, indicating urban pollution as the root cause of contamination. This paper shall thus discuss the spatial change in groundwater quality in northern Kolkata and suggest measures which might be implemented to secure a sustainable future for the city.     

Change in regional land subsidence in Beijing after south-to-north water diversion project observed using satellite radar interferometry

ABSTRACT

Over-exploitation of groundwater has caused severe land subsidence in Beijing during the past two decades. Since the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), the biggest water diversion project in China, started to deliver water to Beijing in December 2014, the groundwater shortage has been greatly alleviated. This study aims to analyze the impact of SNWDP on the spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence in Beijing. Change in surface displacement in Beijing after SNWDP was retrieved and the spatiotemporal patterns of the change were analyzed based on long time-series Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) (2004–2010), Radarsat-2 (2011–2014), and Sentinel-1 (2015–2017) satellite datasets using Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques. Land subsidence unevenness index (LSUI) was proposed to represent the spatial unevenness of surface displacement. PS-Time approach was then adapted to examine the time series evolution of LSUI. The results showed that the InSAR measurements agree well with leveling measurements with R² over 0.96. Although the maximum annual displacement rate reached ?159.7 mm/year by 2017, over 57% of the area within 25 mm/year contour line showed decreasing or unchanged displacement rate after the south-north water delivered to Beijing. The settlement rate in Chaoyang-Dongbalizhuang (CD) subsidence center has decreased for 26 mm/year from 2011–2014 to 2015–2017. Only around 15% of the area experienced continued accelerating settlement rate through the three time periods, which was mainly located in the area with the compressible layer thickness over 190 m, while the magnitude of velocity increment considerably decreased after SNWDP. Land subsidence unevenness, represented by LSUI, developed more slowly after SNWDP than that during 2011–2014. However, LSUI at the edge of settlement funnel has kept developing and reached 1.7‰ in 2017. Decreasing groundwater level decline after SNWDP and the positive relationship (R² > 0.74) between land subsidence and groundwater level clearly showed impacts of SNWDP on the alleviating land subsidence. Other reasons include geological background, increasing precipitation, and strict water management policies implemented during these years.     

澜沧江国际河流水资源空间分析平台建设

国际河流水资源的公平合理利用与分配问题一直是诱发国际冲突的重要问题。澜沧江作为我国一条重要的国际河流,穿越中南半岛下游五国,跨境水资源丰富,用水分水矛盾突出。澜沧江国际河流水资源空间分析平台建设,以空间数据为基础完成重要国际河流地理因子提取技术,建成澜沧江流域完整的水资源环境与社会经济地理因子数据库,为综合分析与评价提供数据保障;通过水资源环境空间分析与评价模型研究,开展重要地理要素空间布局分析、水资源时空分布分析与统计、水能开发对环境影响空间分析等空间分析应用研究,并将研究成果与电子政务空间信息服务系统集成,并与现有的电子政务空间辅助决策系统相结合,为政府决策提供支持,促进空间数据成果在政府部门的国际河流水资源管理方面的应用和发展。