橡胶砂应力-应变特性三轴-单剪联合试验研究

橡胶砂作为一种环保的岩土材料有广泛的应用前景。应用三轴和单剪两种试验方法对2种固结压力下、7种配比橡胶砂的应力-应变特性、体变特性和模量衰减特性进行了对比研究,结果表明：随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂模量降低,应力-应变曲线向应变硬化型转变,线性关系增强;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂剪胀特性减弱,剪缩增大;橡胶砂应力-应变关系可用扩展邓肯-张模型进行模拟,模型参数受橡胶颗粒含量影响的规律明显;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增加,橡胶砂的静剪切模量Gs与剪应变? 曲线降低,而橡胶砂模量衰减曲线Gs /G0 -?（G0为初始剪切模量）向大应变方向偏移;三轴和单剪两种试验方法得到的橡胶砂应力-应变特性、体应变-剪应变规律类似,但试验参数明显受应力状态和应力路径的影响,两者的差异主要表现为三轴试验得到的应力-应变曲线和模量曲线高于单剪试验,产生这种差异的主要原因是由于前者的平均应力相对较大。试验还得到了橡胶砂初始模量随橡胶颗粒含量降低的经验关系。     

Influence of size of granulated rubber and tyre chips on the shear strength characteristics of sand–rubber mix

Use of scrap tyres in isolation systems for seismic damping, requires a knowledge of the engineering properties of sand–rubber mixtures (SRM). The primary objective of this study is to assess the influence of granulated rubber and tyre chips size and the gradation of sand on the strength behaviour of SRM by carrying out large-scale direct shear tests. A large direct shear test has been carried out on SRM considering different granulated rubber and tyre chip sizes and compositions. The following properties were investigated to know the effect of granulated rubber on dry sand; peak shear stress, cohesion, friction angle, secant modulus and volumetric strain. From the experiments, it was determined that the major factors influencing the above-mentioned properties were granulated rubber and tyre chip sizes, percentage of rubber in SRM and the normal stress applied. It was observed that the peak strength was significantly increased with increasing granulated rubber size up to rubber size VI (passing 12.5 mm and retained on 9.5 mm), and by adding granulated rubber up to 30%. This study shows that granulated rubber size VI gives maximum shear strength values at 30% rubber content. It was also found that more uniformly graded sand gives an improved value of shear strength with the inclusion of granulated rubber when compared to poorly graded sand.     

三轴压缩试验中橡皮膜约束影响的校正

基于风化砂的三轴压缩试验，讨论了橡皮膜约束对土强度的影响。结果表明橡皮膜的约束力随试样的径向应变的增大而增大，橡皮膜的约束将使测得的无粘性土的排水强度偏大。在此基础上提出了一种校正橡皮膜 约束的比较简易的方法。     

Strain patterns of pluton emplacement in a crust undergoing non-coaxial deformation,Sierra Morena,Southern Spain

This paper investigates the problem of interference between regional and local strain fields, the latter corresponding to a pluton ballooning. Natural examples from the Sierra Morena (Southern Spain) are described. Two distinct patterns have been recognised, according to whether transcurrent motions or thrusting motions predominate in the regional deformation. The map of foliation trajectories shows typical features such as triple points and geometric continuity between pluton internal fabric and country rock cleavage even when these are oblique to the contact.A simple mathematical model of interference between ballooning and simple shear is presented. In this model, the ballooning may be circular or elliptical. The model is used to predict the position of triple points, patterns of principal trajectories and variations of finite strain. A comparison is made with plutons from the Sierra Morena.     

Small-Strain Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Sand-Rubber and Gravel-Rubber Mixtures

This study examines the small-strain dynamic properties of mixtures composed of sandy and gravelly soils with granulated tire rubber in terms of shear modulus (G_O), and damping ratio in shear (D_min). Torsional resonant column tests are performed on dry, dense specimens of soil-rubber mixtures in a range of soil to rubber particles size 5:1–1:10 and rubber content from 0 to 35% by mixture weight. The experimental results indicate that the response of the mixtures is significantly affected by the content of rubber and the relative size of rubber to soil particles. Concering the small-strain shear modulus, an equivalent void ratio is introduced that considers the volume of rubber particles as part of the total volume of voids. Based on a comprehensive set of test results a series of equations were developed that can be used to evaluate the shear modulus and damping ratio at small shear strain levels if the confining pressure, the content of rubber by mixture weight, the grain size of soil and rubber particles, and the dynamic and physical properties of the intact soil are known.     

橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比循环单剪试验研究

对7种不同配比的橡胶颗粒-砂混合物（简称橡胶砂）进行了循环单剪试验,得出了4种不同竖向固结压力p下不同配比橡胶砂的动剪模量和阻尼比的变化规律。研究表明：同一固结压力下,橡胶颗粒的增多使得应力-应变曲线明显降低,动剪模量衰减,阻尼比和隔震消能能力提高;同一配比下,橡胶砂的应力-应变曲线和动剪模量随固结压力的增大而增大,而阻尼比则随着固结压力的增大略有降低;橡胶颗粒含量的增加,会使得动剪模量归一化 曲线衰减更早,更有利于橡胶砂的隔震应用;与已有研究的对比分析表明,该试验结果与已有文献的试验结果吻合良好,橡胶砂混合物的动剪模量和阻尼比受试验方法的影响不大。     

Strain patterns and shortening in a folded thrust sheet: An example from the southern appalachians

Total strain patterns estimated across the Pulaski thrust sheet of the southwest Virginia Appalachians show an approximately homogeneous, plane strain deformation associated with folding and distortion above a subsurface décollement. Estimated strains are low (1.2 < < 2.0) with a subvertical extension. Chlorite fibers in pressure fringes on framboidal pyrite indicate that non-rotational deformation produced weak cleavage and pencil structure in mudrock. Variations in shape of pencils and fiber lengths in pressure fringes define highest strains in fold hinges and adjacent to contraction faults. Fabric transitions, delineated by distribution and intensity of cleavage, pencil structure and bedding fissility across the thrust sheet are strain dependent. Balanced cross-sections suggest 35% horizontal shortening due to regional folding and faulting within the Pulaski sheet. Strain integration techniques give 17–35% horizontal shortening associated with cleavage formation. Removal of this strain indicates that cleavage was superposed on open to tight, class-3 folds. Pre-existing thickness variations and anomalous low strains in tight folds require early folding accomodated by intergranular deformation (perhaps controlled grainboundary sliding). Suppression of cleavage formation and penetrative strain was possibly due to higher pore fluid pressure in the early stages of thrust sheet deformation. Observed variations in bedding-cleavage angle and low cleavage fans are compatible with this deformation sequence.     

Mechanical properties and time-dependent behaviour of sand-granulated rubber mixtures

The use of granulated recycled rubber as a lightweight material in civil engineering applications has been widely growing over the past 20 years. Processed waste tires mixed with soils have been introduced as lightweight fills for slopes, retaining walls, and embankments. It has also been considered as a damping material under foundations in seismic zones. Understanding the properties of sand-rubber mixtures is essential to evaluate its performance in geotechnical applications. Isotopically consolidated drained (CD) triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the effect of rubber size, content and saturation condition on the mechanical properties of sand-rubber mixtures. Moreover, the compressibility of the sand-rubber mixtures under sustained loading was investigated through one dimensional consolidation tests. The unit weight, shear strength and stiffness of sand-rubber mixtures decreased whereas deformability increased at increased rubber content. A non-linear stress-strain response was observed, that changed from brittle to ductile behaviour at increased rubber content. Sand-rubber mixtures, under one dimensional loading, exhibited significant settlement that increased as rubber content increased.     

Relationship of concretions and chlorite-muscovite porphyroblasts to the development of domainal cleavage in low-grade metamorphic deformed rocks from north-central Wales,Great Britain

Spaced or domainal cleavage is widespread in deformed rocks of low metamorphic grade. This study presents evidence on the origin of spaced cleavage in deformed pelites from Silurian turbidite sequences in north-central Wales. The variable development of cleavage folia is related to the presence of concretions, which served to concentrate strain effects of well-developed cleavage folia in the matrix in some zones and to produce ‘strain shadows’ (few or no cleavage folia) in others. Compositional differences between matrix, narrow transition zones, and concretions also influenced the development of cleavage folia. Chlorite-muscovite porphyroblast growth was initiated before cleavage formation, but its further growth and development took place during cleavage formation. The relationship of cleavage to the concretions and to the chlorite-muscovite porphyroblasts indicates that cleavage developed in a matrix that must have been in an advanced state of lithification (anchimetamorphic to lowermost greenschist facies of metamorphism) and not during soft-sediment deformation.     

含水率对大应变下橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比的影响

橡胶砂作为轻质耗能填料在工程中应用广泛,其含水状态随应用领域及外界因素变化而不同。研究含水率变化对橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比的影响,对于其合理应用具有重要意义。利用大型循环单剪试验装置对6种含水率的橡胶砂在3种竖向压力下进行了循环剪切试验,得到了动剪应变幅值在1%～3%范围时,橡胶砂动剪模量和阻尼比随含水率变化的试验现象。结果表明：橡胶颗粒的加入使得纯砂的动剪模量随含水率的衰减受到抑制,当橡胶颗粒含量达到30%时,橡胶砂动剪模量随含水率的增大反而表现出增大的趋势;随着橡胶颗粒含量的增大,橡胶砂阻尼比随含水率的增大表现出衰减的趋势;虽然离散性较大,但含水率对橡胶砂动力特性的影响不可忽略,橡胶砂动剪模量受含水率影响的平均最大变化幅值可达20%,阻尼比受含水率影响的平均绝对变化值接近0.025;在动力特性随含水率的稳定性方面,橡胶颗粒质量含量为20%的橡胶砂表现相对较好。     

低级变质沉积岩区压溶作用在褶皱变形中的意义

拉卡兰褶皱带中,发育于Ballarat-Bandigo冲断带中的低级变质砂、泥岩的宏观构造以间离劈理和人字形褶皱为特征,而且劈理在褶皱中呈扇形发育。劈理和褶皱的几何关系分析显示:劈理和褶皱的形成为压溶作用、压扁作用、弯曲作用和被动旋转共同作用的结果,而褶皱砂、泥岩中变形构造则以与压溶作用和再沉淀过程有关的显微构造为其典型特征。Fry法进行的全岩应变测量显示,褶皱砂岩的内部应变相当低(X/Z=1.40—1.83),褶皱应变格局给出变形机制的信息包括:缩短过程中的压扁作用和压溶作用、褶皱过程中由弯滑导致的层平行剪应变、以及褶皱后期发育阶段内弧区强烈的压溶作用。宏观构造、显散构造以及应变特征多方面信息证明:低级变质的沉积岩在褶皱变形过程中,压溶作用为一重要的变形机制。应变分解显示在30％—50％的总地壳水平缩短量下,弯曲导致的缩短最为14％—36％,压扁导致的缩短量为3％—14％,压溶导致的缩短量为8％—26％,而且压溶作用主要发生在褶皱内弧区。     

The mantled gneiss domes of Kuopio (Finland): Interfering diapirs

Finite strain data from the Kuopio mantled gneiss domes are described. Synclines located between two domes have flattening-type strains while those situated between more than two domes exhibit constrictional strains. Cleavage trajectory patterns show that cleavage tends to parallel the dome boundaries and encloses characteristic points termed “cleavage triple points”, at junctions of synclines. The stretching lineation is generally steeply plunging in a mean southwest direction. Folds range from inclined to reclined. Their asymmetry is apparently related to irregularities in the cover-basement boundary. Two shear components of the deformation have been deduced from available data. The major one is steeply plunging and is well exhibited by cleavage fans, steeply plunging lineations and finite-strain gradients. The second shear component is horizontal, as deduced from asymmetric folds and other small-scale structures, and is controlled by bosses and dimples in the cover-basement boundaries.The described structural features are explained in terms of interference between progressively inflating neighbouring diapirs. Furthermore, some of these features, such as cleavage triple points, flattening between two domes and constriction between three or more domes, and horizontal shear components controlled by cover-basement boundary irregularities, could be used as criteria of diapirism. A model of progressive dome interference is presented in which each dome inflates and interacts with neighbours. Such a model could possibly be applied to other orogenic situations with closely spaced diapirs, e.g., Archean greenstone belts or granite-rich orogenic belts.     

Cleavage strain in the Variscan fold belt,County Cork,Ireland, estimated from stretched arsenopyrite rosettes

In south-west Ireland, hydrothermally formed arsenopyrite crystals in a Devonian mudstone have responded to Variscan deformation by brittle extension fracture and fragment separation. The interfragment gaps and terminal extension zones of each crystal are infilled with fibrous quartz. Stretches within the cleavage plane have been calculated by the various methods available, most of which can be modified to incorporate terminal extension zones. The Strain Reversal Method is the most accurate currently available but still gives a minimum estimate of the overall strain. The more direct Hossain method, which gives only slightly lower estimates with this data, is more practical for field use. A strain ellipse can be estimated from each crystal rosette composed of three laths (assuming the original interlimb angles were all 60°) and, because actual rather than relative stretches are estimated, this provides a lower bound to the area increase in the plane of cleavage. Based on the average of our calculated strain ellipses this area increase is at least 114% and implies an average shortening across the cleavage of at least 53%. However, several lines of evidence suggest that the cleavage deformation was more intense and more oblate than that calculated, and we argue that a 300% area increase in the cleavage plane and 75% shortening across the cleavage are more realistic estimates of the true strain. Furthermore, the along-strike elongation indicated is at least 80%, which may be regionally significant. Estimates of orogenic contraction derived from balanced section construction should therefore take into account the possibility of a substantial strike elongation, and tectonic models that can accommodate such elongations need to be developed.     

Bundled slaty cleavage in laminated argillite, north-central minnesota

Exceptional bundled slaty cleavage (defined herein) has been found in drill cores of laminated, folded, weakly metamorphosed argillite at several localities in the early Proterozoic Animikie basin of north-central Minnesota. The cleavage domains are more closely spaced within the cleavage bundles than outside them, the mean tectosilicate grain size of siltstone layers, measured normal to cleavage, is less in the cleavage bundles than outside them, and the cleavage bundles are enriched in opaque phases and phyllosilicates relative to extra-bundle segments. These facts suggest that pressure solution was a major factor in bundle development. If it is assumed that opaque phases have been conserved during pressure solution, the modal differences in composition between intra-bundle and extra-bundle segments of beds provide a means for estimating bulk material shortening normal to cleavage. Argillite samples from the central part of the Animikie basin have been shortened a minimum of about 22%, as estimated by this method. These estimates are similar to the shortening values derived from other strain markers in other rock types interbedded with the argillite, and are also consistent with the regional pattern of deformation.     

废旧轮胎胶粉对高岭土变形和渗透性质的影响

废旧轮胎胶粉用于填埋场衬垫材料改性,是提高衬垫系统有效性和扩展废旧轮胎资源化利用途径的一种手段。以高岭土作为黏性土的代表,开展废旧轮胎胶粉-高岭土混合土的力学和水力学性质试验,重点探讨胶粉掺量及尺寸对混合土渗透性、压缩性和收缩性的影响规律。研究表明,废旧轮胎胶粉-高岭土混合土的渗透系数、压缩系数、回弹指数、固结系数和体缩率等均随胶粉掺入比的增加而增大。高岭土及混合土的无侧限抗压强度大于200kPa,50kPa和200kPa压力下渗透系数满足≤1.0×10-7cm·s-1的要求,均属于中压缩性土,且体缩率小于体积应变合格值4%。与30目胶粉相比,12目胶粉-高岭土混合土压缩性和回弹量较小、固结系数较大,胶粉尺寸对无侧限抗压强度、体缩率和渗透系数的影响不显著。在本文试验条件下,为提高黏土衬垫对有机污染物的吸附能力并满足渗透性、强度及变形的要求,12目25%胶粉改性黏土可作为填埋场黏土衬垫材料。     

Deformation-induced garnet zoning

Compositional zoning patterns in garnet porphyroblasts from kyanite-bearing samples of the Devonian Littleton Formation, north-central Massachusetts, reveal complex patterns of growth that are related to multiple deformation and metamorphic events. Garnet porphyroblasts exhibit asymmetrical and irregular zoning patterns in X_Mn, X_Ca and Fe/(Fe + Mg). Zoning reversals in Mn and Fe/(Fe + Mg) and patch distribution in Ca appear to occur around the boundaries of the textural zones. Also, the compositions of the garnet at the textural boundaries are variable for all traverses. These observations suggest that the garnet zoning was not only modified from diffusion processes, but was also influenced by pre-existing microfabrics through the effects of preferential dissolution and resorption in partial disequilibrium. Relationships between chemical and textural truncations indicate that the zoning patterns of garnet were strongly modified from preferential dissolution and precipitation during the development of successive foliations that occurred in zones of high strain/stress (cleavage seams) and zones of low strain/stress, respectively.     

Oolite deformation in Windgällen, Canton Uri, Switzerland

Detailed analysis of the oolite deformation in Windgällen revealed that the finite-strain states vary significantly and systematically over the major recumbent structures. The strain is lowest at the fold cores and highest along the limbs, which have suffered extensions of up to 150%. These high strains are interpreted as the result of strong overfolding during the development of the nappe-like structure. The maximum ratio of the strain ellipsoids computed from the oolite shapes is 14.6:1, though individual oolites having axial ratios as high as 30 : 1 have been encountered. The intermediate axes of the strain ellipsoids throughout the area have been extended between 3 and 64% and the strain ellipsoids are of the flattening type with K being less than unity. The pre-deformation fabric of the oolites is very weak and their initial axial ratios in any two-dimensional section is generally less than 2:1. Slaty cleavage is coincident with the plane of maximum compression in the rock. The relationship of cleavage, folds and oolite deformation suggest that cleavage develops progressively during deformation and forms at the same time as the folds associated with it.     

Investigations on the mechanical significance of crenulation cleavage

Measurements of total, incremental and progressive strains associated with the development of small scale crenulation cleavage in some low-grade metamorphic rocks from Australia and Switzerland are applied to a discussion of the mechanical significance of the cleavage.Limits are placed on the amount of incremental and total slip or simple shear possible along the cleavage by the observation that the XY principal plane trace of bulk total crenulation strain coincides within 4° of the crenulation cleavage trace in all cases where this strain has been measured or estimated. The measurements are made on eight specimens using deformed porphyroblasts, crystal fibres in pressure-shadows around pyrite and flattened folds and include deformations with coaxial and non-coaxial histories.Further measurements derived from pressure-shadow fibres (eight specimens) show that the style and orientation of incremental deformation are essentially independent of the crenulation cleavage, except for a limit (43°) to the obliquity of the principal incremental extension axis during a given cleavage episode. The only special deformation related to the cleavage is the coaxial one. An indication of passive cleavage behaviour at high strain is shown by the progressive strain history of one specimen. Evidence for passive rotation of a transected axial plane is shown by another. A model is proposed to account for these observations, especially the conditions necessary for initiation and continued development of a new cleavage fabric.Some further applications of existing strain measurement techniques are described: of the R_f/Ø_f method to heterogeneously superposed tectonic strains and of an improved procedure of t′_α/α flattening analysis.