明代洛河流域洪涝灾害序列分形结构研究

通过对历史文献资料的整理和统计分析,对明代1368—1644年的277年间洛河流域的洪涝灾害进行了研究。研究得出,洛河流域在这一时段内共发生了56次洪涝灾害,平均约4.95年出现1次;其中特大涝灾3次,大涝灾12次,中度涝灾16次,轻度涝灾25次。洛河流域明代洪涝灾害可分为4个大的阶段,其中1368—1429年和1490—1539年两个阶段是洪涝灾害少发阶段,1430—1489年和1540—1644年两个阶段是洪涝灾害多发阶段。洪涝灾害的自相似特征揭示了灾害的分形性质。研究发现,明代洛河流域的各级洪涝灾害的分堆值都低于0.2,且无标度区相同,这表明了此时段洪涝灾害的长周期分量较强,且存在灾害的集中性。     

关中地区元代干旱灾害与气候变化

通过对元代关中地区历史资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期关中地区的干旱灾害等级、干旱灾害事件在时间上的变化及其成因进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区从元代早期(公元1266年)至元代晚期(公元1359年)的94年中,共发生干旱灾害33次,平均每2.85年发生一次;元代关中地区的干旱灾害主要以轻度旱灾为主,占旱灾总数的42.4%,其次是中度旱灾,占旱灾总数的24.2%,特大旱灾的发生频率也较高,占旱灾总数的21.2%,大旱灾发生频率最低,占旱灾总数的12.1%。关中地区干旱灾害在元代早、中、晚期分布不均匀,从早期到中期再到晚期,干旱灾害呈现出由少变多又变少的趋势;降水量的年内分布不均匀是该区在元代发生轻度和中度干旱灾害的主要原因,而气候的异常明显变干是该区在元代中期干旱灾害加剧和大旱灾频繁发生的主要原因。该地区自身的地理位置,所处的气候背景以及人类活动导致植被破坏也加剧了干旱灾害的发生。元代关中地区发生了1次干旱气候事件,时间在1326—1332年。初步确定元代关中大旱灾发生年份主要灾区的年均降水量为400 mm左右,特大旱灾发生年份主要灾区的年均降水量为350 mm左右。     

南海北部海洋气象调查研究--2004年9月南海北部开放航次海洋气象观测意义及数据采集成果

我国地处东亚季风区,由于受到东亚季风系统的影响,气候灾害发生频繁且严重,尤其是20世纪80年代以来,大范围的旱、涝等重大气候和天气灾害已给我国工农业生产和国民经济带来严重损失。每年由于旱涝灾害造成的经济损失达2000亿元人民币左右,约占国民经济总产值的3％-6％。1998年长江流域、松花江和嫩江流域的特大洪涝灾害给国民经济带来了2600亿元的严重经济损失;     

辽东湾北部LH01孔晚更新世24Ka以来古环境演变

通过对辽东湾北部LH01孔柱状岩芯样品进行粒度、孢粉、有孔虫和测年多项环境指标测试,探讨了辽东湾北部晚更新世24ka BP以来的古环境演变。LH01孔沉积环境经历了晚更新世晚期河湖相沉积—全新世早期海陆交互相沉积—全新世中期浅海相沉积—全新世晚期河口滨海相沉积;气候经历了晚更新世晚期冷较干—晚更新世晚期凉稍润—新仙女木降温—全新世早期凉稍润—全新世中期温暖较润—全新世中期温暖较干—全新世晚期温较干的变化;LH01孔在大约7.5ka BP发生了盘山海侵。     

贺兰山树轮晚材宽度记录中的降水量变化

通过贺兰山地区树木年轮晚材宽度的研究，建立了贺兰山地区最近250年来的树轮晚材宽度年表。与气象观测记录的相关分析结果表明，树木生长与生长季当年5—7月降水量呈明显的正响应，在此年表的基础上重建了贺兰山地区过去250年来5—7月降水量，发现其具有明显的干湿变化，相对干旱年占总年数的52％，相对湿润年占总年数的35．5％，平年为14．5％，旱灾是该地区主要旱涝灾害。谱分析结果显示该地区5—7月降水有明显的2．6、3．5、21．3年的3个准周期。同时贺兰山地区降水量的变化历史可以反映东亚夏季风的变迁历史。     

珠江口海域条纹环沟藻赤潮的生消过程和环境特征

2002年6月4—9日珠江口海域发生了较大规模的条纹环沟藻Gyrodiniuminstriatum赤潮,面积约150—200km2。赤潮高峰期平均盐度为4.98,细胞密度最高达2.5×106cells·L-1,占浮游植物总数量的60%—77%,持续时间为2d,其后逐渐消失,优势种被中肋骨条藻Skeletonemacostatum所取代。对该次赤潮的生消过程和环境因子变化的监测分析表明,赤潮盛期表层水体各形态氮的含量较高,是本次赤潮发生的主要诱因之一。赤潮盛期叶绿素a最大值为136.78mg·m-3,高出正常海区数十倍。DO和pH均出现异常高值现象。从6月9日起出现强降雨天气,是导致本次赤潮逐步消亡的原因。     

基于快慢天线的闪电电场特征分析

通过分析单站快慢天线(时间常数分别为0.1ms,300ms)测量的2015年7—8月的3855次快慢电场数据,选取了18次干扰波形较少的闪电进行分析。18次闪电中负地闪占比83.3%,平均回击次数1.78次,2次闪电慢电场出现了饱和现象。预击穿平均持续时间264ms,梯级先导平均持续时间781.4μs。慢前沿过程持续时间平均6.85μs,快变化2.388μs,过零时间平均40.45μs。     

1979—2018年长江口及邻近海域风速和波高的分布特征与变化趋势

本文基于欧洲中期天气预报中心 （ECMWF） 的 ERA5 与 ERA-Interim 再分析资料,提取长江口及其邻近海域1979— 2018 年间共 40 年的风场和海浪场数据,探讨该海域风浪和波高的时空变化特征,EOF 经验正交函数分解法分析结果显示风速与波高的数值在外海普遍高于近岸,且符合长江口所在东海海域受盛行东亚季风影响的特征。Mann-Kendall 检验法分析结果显示,在 1979—2018 年间该海域海表面年均风速呈增长趋势,平均增长速率为 0.228 cm/（s·a）,累计增长 1.6 %;年均有效波高呈增长趋势,平均增长速率为 0.120 cm/a,累计增长 5.4 %;年风速和波高的极端值也呈不同程度的增长趋势。     

南海东北部及其邻区新生代构造事件

南海东北部及其邻区新生代构造事件主要有白垩纪末—古新世早期、始新世中期、始新世晚期—早渐新世、中新世晚期—上新世初和上新世末—更新世中期发生的５次事件。它们在区内表现明显，伴有不整合、地层缺失和岩浆、断裂、褶皱等活动。同一构造事件在不同构造单元发生的时间可以有早有晚、程度有强有弱、性质有张有压，或造陆造山、或造海造盆，但是这些表现却互有联系且可在全区追踪对比。     

济南市重大短时强降水过程特征分析

利用常规天气资料、多普勒雷达资料和区域自动气象站资料,对发生在济南的33次重大短时强降水过程进行总结分析。结果表明,重大短时强降水过程年均发生3. 3次,主要发生在7月上旬——8月中旬,17——23时和02——08时最易发生,南部山区较北部平原地区更易发生,且雨强更大。低槽冷锋型出现最多,水汽和动力条件充足,层结曲线中上层具有喇叭口型结构,对流有效位能呈瘦高状,平均值为1 370 J·kg~(-1),对流由冷锋触发(有时存在暖区对流),强降水范围最广;副热带高压边缘型水汽充沛,对流有效位能呈粗胖状,平均值为2 400 J·kg~(-1),对流由底层的动力系统触发,局地性和突发性强,强降水分布不均匀;低涡切变线型具有夜雨性,水汽较充沛,动力条件一般,对流有效位能平均值为607 J·kg~(-1)。低槽冷锋型和低涡切变线型平均雨强较大,副热带高压边缘型持续时间较长,低槽冷锋型能够产生平均雨强异常大或持续时间较长的过程,因此易出现极端降水事件。带状回波出现最多,主要由低槽冷锋型产生,块状回波主要由副热带高压边缘型产生,分布零散,絮状回波主要由低涡切变线型产生,强度较弱。强回波主要集中在中低层,回波整体质心偏低,呈现热带降水型特征。10次形成列车效应的过程中有7次由带状回波或短带回波的后向传播形成,另外3次由尺度较大的絮状回波形成,其持续时间和平均降水量是其余过程的两倍。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.