安徽省两淮矿区地质环境治理技术

由于采煤、采石活动影响,两淮矿区内分布着大面积的沉陷区、积水域和采石场遗迹地。针对两淮矿区矿山地质环境现状,提出了因地制宜、多元综合整治的地质环境治理理念,在矿区内采用沉陷区复垦、设立特色矿山公园、山地地质环境治理等技术对地质环境进行治理。探讨了矿山地质环境治理的多元治理技术模式,提出采煤沉陷区的“两大层次、三大类型、六种模式”复垦技术,因地制宜设立了淮北矿山公园及采石场遗迹的治理技术等模式。      

浅析高海拔、高寒环境对青海木里煤田露天矿区开采的影响

青海省木里煤田地处高海拔、高寒环境地区,煤田在露天开采生产过程中会受到高海拔、高寒环境等恶劣气候的影响。青海省木里煤田聚乎更矿区二井田露天开采,在生产过程中易遇到冻土开挖难度大,爆破成本高,冻土消融形成蠕动滑坡、路基冻胀变形,破坏运输线路,大气降水导致剥岩进度缓慢,积水影响穿孔爆破,以及强降雨天气极易形成山洪,冲垮河道危及矿区安全等影响。矿区要合理有效地利用资源、保护矿山环境、加强监测与信息化管理,利用更好的技术手段减小高寒、高海拔坏境对露天开采的影响,实现矿业的可持续发展。     

Exploratory Study of Archaebacteria and their Habitat in Underground,Opencast Coal Mines and Coal Mine Fire Areas of Dhanbad

Coal contains abundant microbial genera which include archaebacteria. The study of archaea kingdom in coal mines is a significant tool for knowing the relationship between coal and archaebacteria, the major role in geochemical cycle and application for further coal bio–beneficiation. The present study related to exploration of archaebacteria and their habitat in coal mining area of Dhanbad with reference to their ecology and nutrient availability that have evolve to grow under extreme conditions. Total six different sites such as two underground coal mines (Sudamdih shaft and Chasnalla underground mine), two opencast coal mines (Chandan project and Bhowra abandoned mine), Jharia mine fire and Sudamdih coal washery of Dhanbad was selected. Seven gram negative obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the selected sites. The isolated species were rod and cocci shaped and the colony was round, smooth, off white in colour and with entire margin and little are cluster of cocci in shape. The isolated species were identified as Methanococcus spp, Methanobacterium spp and Methanosarcina spp. Apart from that two thermoacidophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria Sulfolobus spp was also isolated from Jharia Coal Mine Fire. The physicochemical and biological characterization of the habitat was also studied for the entire selected area.     

煤矿塌陷区覆土造地综合研究——以新庄孜矿为例

以新庄孜矿为例,针对覆土造地过程中,煤矸石充填可能带来的重金属元素的迁移污染作了相关分析。采用煤矸石充填塌陷区,既减少矸石山占地面积,又能在塌陷区覆土造地;同时,填埋矸石有利于保护环境,防止环境污染,具有较大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,对淮南矿区覆土造地及工农业持续发展具有重要的示范意义。      

贵州岩溶山区井采煤矿水土流失问题及防治对策探讨

贵州煤炭丰富,开采活跃。据统计,贵州已探明的煤炭储量约500亿t,2005年,有煤矿2143对,其中乡镇小煤矿1 700多对。煤矿开采占压土地普遍,水土流失严重,其中,仅煤矿整合、技改和新建占压土地和引起水土流失面积约达250～300 km2,新增水土流失量达100万t以上;特别是煤矿建设施工引起的水土流失最为严重,平均侵蚀模数大多高于7 500 t/a?km2,个别地段有的甚至大于15 000 t/a?km2。贵州煤矿整合新建过程中多存在“三同时”制度落实不到位、防治责任范围界定不合理、防治措施覆盖不够、树种选择不当、水土流失防治技术手段落后、水保投入不足等问题。为此,今后的井采煤矿区水土流失防治应与区域水土保持有机结合,加强岩溶山区环境与矿山水土流失关系研究,增强防治措施的科学性。同时,在水土流失方案编制时应适当扩大防治责任范围和提高预算单价。      

Response of soil enzyme activities to synergistic effects of biosolids and plants in iron ore mine soils

Past mining activities in Swaziland have left a legacy of abandoned mine sites (iron ore, asbestos, diamond and coal mine dumps), all of which have not been reclaimed. These sites were recently (2013) considered by the country’s wastewater treatment authorities as suitable places where biosolids can be applied, firstly as a biosolids disposal alternative and, secondly, as a strategy to accelerate mine soil remediation through phytostabilization. In order to understand the effects that this might have on mine soil conditions and microbiota, two (2) plant growth trials were conducted in biosolid-treated iron mine soils and one (1) trial on undisturbed soil, under greenhouse conditions, for twelve (12) weeks. According to the results obtained, the combination of biosolids and plants led to significant improvements (p < 0.05) in parameters related to soil fertility. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase and urease soil enzyme activities were also observed. Copper and zinc were significantly (p < 0.05) increased (Cu from 17.00–50.13 mg kg^?1; Zn from 7.59–96.03 mg kg^?1); however, these sludge-derived metals did not affect enzyme activities. Improvements in soil physicochemical conditions, organic matter–metal complexes, effects of plants on metals and the essentiality of Cu and Zn to soil enzymes were thought to have masked the effects of metals. Increases in soil enzyme activities were considered to be indicative of improvements in the quality, fertility health and self-purification capacity of iron mine soils due to synergistic effects of biosolids and plants.     

大柳塔煤矿采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程的影响

陕西神木大柳塔县地区煤炭资源的开发不可避免会产生地面塌陷、地裂缝、地下水位下降等矿山环境地质问题,地面塌陷是否会加剧土地沙漠化成为研究的热点问题。调查表明20年间整个研究区和其中的主要矿区土地沙漠化呈现出重度沙漠化土地逐年减少、轻度及非沙漠化土地面积逐年增大的一致演化趋势,采煤塌陷区土地沙漠化没有出现加剧的现象。通过4处采煤塌陷区及2处煤矿未开采区土壤垂向剖面研究,地表植被类型及覆盖度、植被根系垂向分布、土壤粒度、含水率、地下水位之间等关系表明,采煤塌陷对土地沙漠化进程没有明显的影响。年均415mm的降雨量基本满足采煤塌陷区沙生植被正常生长所需水份,其结论为该地区大规模煤炭资源开发土地沙漠化防治提供了科学依据。     

Hypothesis of the multiple subsidence trough related to very steep and vertical coal seams and its prediction through profile functions

Coalfields in the north of Spain (Asturias) are mainly steeply dipping and at considerable depth. There is widespread use of caving mining methods at the present time. This paper describes a theory developed to predict the subsidence related to very steep and nearly vertical coal seams (70°–90°). This theory of the multiple subsidence trough is applied through a new profile function. Three real cases are analysed and the profile function is adjusted. An empirical relationship between the parameters of the new profile function and geological and mining factors has been developed.     

宿州矿区浅层地下水污染评价及源解析

宿州矿区由于长期煤炭开采,不仅形成了浅层地下水降落漏斗,而且造成了不同程度的地下水污染,其污染现状及主要形成原因尚不清楚。为此,本文利用研究区水土污染调查获取的21个地下水样品的 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}等13项污染指标开展地下水污染源解析工作。在采用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法对研究区浅层地下水环境质量进行评价的基础上,利用因子分析和反距离权重插值方法对研究区浅层地下水进行污染源及空间分布特征解析。研究结果表明:(1)研究区浅层地下水受到了重度污染,以Ⅳ类水为主,污染较严重的指标为 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Mn、Fe和F^-。(2)研究区浅层地下水主要包括4个污染源:原生地质环境(F1),其高值区分布在桃园煤矿及其周边;矿坑排水和矸石山淋溶作用下形成的矿业废水(F2),其在桃园和钱营孜煤矿及其周边地区污染较为严重,其余矿区也存在一定程度的矿业废水污染;由生活垃圾、人畜排泄物造成的农村污水(F3),其污染地区主要为朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿一带; 由化肥施用引起的农业污染(F4), 其高值区集中在朱仙庄煤矿及其周边区域。地下水水质的主要影响因素是浅层地下水原生地质环境和矿业废水,其中约有51.040%的污染来源于原生地质环境及煤矿矿业污染的混合污染,约有11.841%的污染来自煤矿矿业废水,其余污染主要来源于农村生活和生产污水以及农业面源污染。(3)研究区浅层地下水主要污染区域为桃园和钱营孜煤矿一带,祁南和祁东煤矿污染相对较轻,朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿水质较好。(4)建议对矿区地下水主要污染源及污染途径进行综合防治:加强矿坑排水口的污水达标排放监管力度;煤矿企业采用生产建筑材料等方法提高矸石的综合利用率;进一步加强与矿区污水、垃圾填埋处理等相关的基础设施建设。     

矿山地质灾害分析

中国是世界上矿山地质灾害多发的国家之一。矿山地质灾害关系到国计民生,关系到社会的可持续发展。常见的矿山地质灾害包括矿井突水、瓦斯爆炸、采空区塌陷、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、水土流失、土地沙化和盐碱化、三废污染、煤层自燃、尾矿库溃坝、地方病、矿震等。灾害发生的原因有客观及主观两类。对矿山地质灾害必须予以高度关注。矿山地质灾害的防治是项综合的系统工程。矿山腐败现象和官商勾结敛财害民是矿山地质灾害发生的深层次原因,应予高度重视。     

山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水野外监测

酸性矿井水在我国鲁西南、山西、内蒙、云南和贵州等煤矿区普遍存在,酸性矿井水其pH往往在2~5之间,高SO₄2?、HB、TDS、Fe、Mn。这些物质进入地下水、地表水或土壤后,会对其造成严重危害。文章选择山西阳泉市典型废弃煤矿区山底河流域为研究区,通过水文地质调查,水文地质钻探,水文地质剖面等方法阐述山底流域地层岩性,水文地质条件概况,得出受煤矿开采影响,与天然条件下相比山底河流域的地表水和地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件均发生了根本变化。补给通过破坏产生的导水裂隙带运移,以垂向运动为主;径流通过坑道,导水裂隙带运移,以横向运动为主;排泄以矿坑排水和泉水溢出方式为主。并简述山底河流域煤矿酸性矿井水试验站观测站分布情况与水化学特征。      

Research Progress and Perspectives on Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration of Coal Mine Reclamation Area

Biodiversity provides many ecosystem functions and services in the coal mine areas and plays an important role in improving the environment and sustainable development of mining area. From the view of coal mining-damage-the whole process of reclamation, the biodiversity conservation planning and biodiversity survey, monitoring and evaluation technology were briefly introduced before coal exploiting. The main contents for biodiversity conservation and technology including the protection of topsoil seed bank, soil fauna, biological soil crusts and optimization techniques of concurrent mining and reclamation during coal mining and the operational phase were elaborated. The key factors affecting biodiversity restoration in land reclamation stage were analyzed. The research on soil improvement and revegetation was discussed. Finally, the development direction of research about conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of coal mine were proposed. It may provide some ideas for further promoting the research in this area.     

平朔露天煤矿复垦区不同地质层组岩土质量综合评价

露天煤矿生态地质环境系统恢复过程中,排于地表的不同年代地质层组的岩土剥离物都有可能成为复垦土壤母质。为科学合理利用矿区岩土剥离物,重构高质量复垦土壤,并指导后期分类排放,以平朔露天矿区黄土母质作为对照,评价不同类型岩土理化性状差异,从复垦土壤母质来源进行造地的源头控制,为露天煤矿土地复垦与生态修复提供依据。结合单项养分含量及有益微量元素含量分析结果,借助修正的内梅罗综合指数法,评价各岩土层肥力质量;借助单因子质量指数法,评价各岩土层环境质量。结果表明:各岩土层综合肥力系数位于0.40～1.26范围内,属贫瘠或一般水平;安家岭矿中2个煤矸石层的有机质或全氮含量、上部页岩层的全钾含量,以及东露天矿中炭质泥岩层的全磷含量丰富,显著高于黄土母质层;东露天矿底部细砂岩层及安家岭矿中泥灰岩层硫含量过高;东露天矿镉元素环境质量指数为1.05,属轻微污染等级;安家岭矿底部细砂岩层pH值低至4.25,酸度过大。平朔露天矿大多岩土层环境质量较好,但综合肥力质量较差,其中单项养分含量丰富,环境质量安全且易于风化的岩土层,适宜作为重构复垦土壤的备选材料。     

SPOT5卫星影像在矿山环境调查中的应用

以吉林省辽源市煤炭矿山为研究对象,通过对SPOT5卫星影像纠正、融合、解译等处理,快速、便捷地查清矿区的地质环境问题:矿区固体废物堆放、尾矿库分布情况;矿山采空区地面塌陷、山体开裂、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、岩溶塌陷、煤田自燃等地质灾害分布情况;由矿产开发引发的水土流失、土地沙化、侵占土地、植被破坏的情况;矿区水体、植被、土壤污染状况等。通过矿山地质环境调查实践,总结出了SPOT5卫星影像最优波段组合、融合方法及矿山地质环境调查中的地物判读标志,从而使SPOT5卫星影像在遥感环境地质调查中发挥了重要作用。     

陕西省特殊用煤资源分布特征及清洁利用方向

陕西省煤炭资源丰富,煤类分布齐全,以陕西省煤炭规划矿区为评价单元,在对矿区主要煤层煤岩煤质特征分析的基础上,参照特殊用煤资源潜力评价指标体系,对陕西省14个煤炭规划矿区液化、气化及焦化用煤资源进行了初步划分,结果表明:陕西省直接液化用煤和气化用煤资源丰富,焦化用煤相对较少,气化用煤主要分布于黄陇侏罗纪煤田黄陵矿区、旬耀矿区、彬长矿区和永陇矿区,陕北侏罗纪煤田的神府矿区、榆神矿区、榆横矿区以及陕北石炭-二叠系古城矿区;焦化用煤主要分布于渭北石炭-二叠纪煤田铜川矿区、蒲白矿区、澄合矿区和韩城矿区中高阶烟煤分布区,液化用煤主要分布于府谷矿区、榆横矿区、神府矿区、榆神矿区等低阶长焰煤分布地区;为陕西省煤化工产业布局和煤炭资源清洁高效利用提供了方向。     

贵州官寨煤矿“先抽后建”地面瓦斯抽采工艺分析

新建突出矿井必须进行地面钻井预抽,做到"先抽后建"的要求。结合贵州官寨煤矿开拓部署,构建了官寨煤矿"先抽后建"的工艺流程,提出了主斜井地面实施定向井水力压裂、副立井采用洞穴完井、首采面采用丛式井水力压裂的工艺,从而使官寨煤矿实施"先抽后建"地面瓦斯抽采与矿井建设工程可以做到很好的统筹衔接,对于煤矿区协调实施煤层气与煤炭开发具有很好的借鉴意义。      

The formation of sinkholes in karst mining areas in China and some methods of prevention

 Mining of coal, lead and zinc, gold, and iron ore deposits in karst areas has been closely associated with sinkholes in China. Surface collapse causes an increase in mine water drainage and the possibility of major water inflow from karst aquifers, which threatens the environment in mining areas and endangers mine safety. The origin of such sinkholes is analyzed quantitatively in this paper and a combination of factors including soil weight, buoyancy, suffosion process and vacuum suction can contribute to surface subsidence. The key measures to prevent sinkholes in mining areas are to control the amount of mine drainage, reduce water-level fluctuation, seal off karst conduits and subsurface cavities in the overlying soil, prevent water inflow, and to increase gas pressure in the karst conduits. Received: 2 May 1996 · Accepted: 29 July 1996     

深部煤炭资源安全高效开发地质保障系统研究

在分析深部煤矿床就位机制和理清影响深部矿井安全高效开采各种地质因素的基础上,将深部煤矿床勘查类型划分为2类5型12亚类,讨论了不同勘查类型的地质保障任务、勘查方略与技术保障体系:新区和老矿区的深部煤炭资源勘查采取"快速扫面、筛选靶区、地面物探先行、深钻验证"方略;生产矿井深部资源勘查采取"物探先行、井下钻探验证";采区地质条件探测实施"物探先行、长钻验证";工作面地质条件探测实行"井下物探先行、长钻验证、短钻保证、巷探跟踪"。采取地面与井下结合的立体式勘查模式,优化配套勘查技术开展综合勘探,通过多手段相互补充与多成果互相验证,为深部矿井生产建设提供可靠的地质保障,是解决"有煤难采"问题的关键。      

关闭煤矿工业广场再开发策略研究

随着我国煤炭去产能政策的有力实施,一批资源枯竭及产能落后矿井陆续关停废弃,传统的独立工矿区因此沉寂,服务于煤炭生产和职工生活的工业广场面临功能丧失、土地闲置等问题。挖掘关闭煤矿工业广场的价值并赋予其新功能,是盘活存量资源、激发独立工矿区活力的关键。以山西省晋城市关闭煤矿凤凰山矿为例,研究该矿与晋城市的发展演变及其相互作用;分析关闭煤矿工业广场空间构成要素,采用层次分析法(AHP)进行价值评估,判明主要空间要素的价值特征与更新挑战;进而探索关闭煤矿工业广场的再开发城市设计策略。分析认为,山地矿业风貌与绿色生态本底是凤凰山矿的核心价值表征,应将风貌存续与生态保育作为再开发重点。关闭煤矿需确立“矿退城进”的更新目标,主动与城市产业对接,由“封闭的工业广场”转变为“开放的城市街区”。在此基础上,提出景观引导下的秩序控制、功能空间的整合与重置、交通体系的外通与内融、矿业文脉特色的延续与塑造、既有建筑的再循环改造5个方面的城市设计策略。研究表明,通过基础设施景观化改造,可在提升矿区环境质量的同时创造城市特色;借鉴城市设计思维可为关闭煤矿保护性再开发策略的制定提供帮助,在此类资源型地区的城市更新中具有应用前景。      

湖南省涟源市岩溶地面塌陷特征分析

涟源市属中低山-丘陵地形,区内碳酸盐岩分布面积广,岩溶发育。由于受采煤活动影响,诱发地面岩溶塌陷48处,造成重大经济损失。岩溶塌陷多分布于岩溶采煤区,发生原因主要是矿坑突水、抽排地下水,使地下水位大幅变动,上覆岩土体失去浮托而产生塌陷。