Comparison of turbulence schemes for prediction of wave-induced near-bed sediment suspension above a plane bed

Based on a wave bottom boundary layer model and a sediment advection-diffusion model, seven turbulence schemes are compared regarding their performances in prediction of near-bed sediment suspension beneath waves above a plane bed. These turbulence algorithms include six empirical eddy viscosity schemes and one standard two-equation k-ε model. In particular, different combinations of typical empirical formulas for the eddy viscosity profile and for the wave friction factor are examined. Numerical results are compared with four laboratory data sets, consisting of one wave boundary layer hydrodynamics experiment and three sediment suspension experiments under linear waves and the Stokes second-order waves. It is shown that predictions of near-bed sediment suspension are very sensitive to the choices of the empirical formulas in turbulence schemes. Simple empirical turbulence schemes are possible to perform equally well as the two-equation k-ε model. Among the empirical schemes, the turbulence scheme, combining the exponential formula for eddy viscosity and Swart formula for wave friction factor, is the most accurate. It maintains the simplicity and yields identically good predictions as the k-ε model does in terms of the wave-averaged sediment concentration.     

The improvement of the one-dimensional Mellor-Yamada and K-profile parameterization turbulence schemes with the non-breaking surface wave-induced verticalmixing

Both the level 2.5 Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme(MY) and K-profile parameterization(KPP) are popularly used by the ocean modeling community.The MY and the KPP are improved through including the non-breaking surface wave-induced vertical mixing(Bv),and the improved schemes were tested by using continuous data at the Papa ocean weather station(OWS) during 1961–1965.The numerical results showed that the Bv can make the temperature simulations fit much better with the continuous data from Papa Station.The two improved schemes overcame the shortcomings of predicting too shallow upper mixed layer depth and consequently overheated sea surface temperature during summertime,which are in fact common problems for all turbulence closure models.Statistical analysis showed that the Bv effectively reduced the mean absolute error and root mean square error of the upper layer temperature and increased the correlation coefficient between simulation and the observation.Furthermore,the performance of vertical mixing induced by shear instability and the Bv is also compared.Both the temperature structure and its seasonal cycle significantly improved by including the Bv,regardless of whether shear instability was included or not,especially for the KPP mixing scheme,which suggested that Bv played a dominant role in the upper ocean where the mean current was relatively weak,such as at Papa Station.These results may provide a clue to improve ocean circulation models.     

Numerical study on wave-induced filtration flow across the beach face and its effects on swash zone sediment transport

A numerical model, coupling an analysis of beach groundwater flow with an analysis of swash wave motion over a uniform slope, is presented. Model calculations are performed to investigate the variations of swash-induced filtration flows across the beach face for different input parameters. Swash zone sediment transport under the influence of such filtration flow across the beach face is investigated through modification of effective weight of sediment particle and modification of swash boundary layer thickness. These effects are quantified based on a bed load transport model with a modified Shields parameter.     

天然感潮河道水流紊动特性分析

采用多谱勒三相流速仪，在长江口徐六泾水文观测断面分别进行了涨潮、落潮时中泓与近岸垂线的流速观测，根据这些观测资料，对天然感潮河段潮流紊动的周期、频率、概率密度函数等进行了定量的数学描述，并对时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力等沿垂线分布进行了分析计算。     

OWC wave energy devices with air flow control

A theoretical model is developed to simulate the energy conversion, from wave to turbine shaft, of an oscillating-water-column (OWC) plant equipped with a Wells air-turbine and with a valve (in series or in parallel with the turbine) for air-flow control. Numerical simulations show that the use of a control valve, by preventing or reducing the aerodynamic stall losses at the turbine rotor blades, may provide a way of substantially increasing the amount of energy produced by the plant, particularly at the higher incident wave power levels. From the hydrodynamic point of view, a by-pass valve or a throttle valve should be used depending on whether the wave energy absorbing system is over-damped or under-damped by the turbine.     

斜向波浪对半圆型防波堤作用的实验研究

通过正向与斜向波浪对半圆型防波堤(不开孔出水堤)的实验研究,给出了其水力特性及单位堤长所受的无因次水平波浪力、竖向波浪力和波浪浮托力随各主要影响因素的变化规律,特别指出了斜向波浪力可大于正向波浪力及水平波浪力中波谷作用大于波峰作用发生的条件。     

A Lagrangian model for wind- and wave-induced near-surface currents

A theory is outlined for time-dependent currents induced near the sea surface in deep water, away from coastal boundaries, by a variable wind stress and deep-water wave field. It is based on the theory of Weber (1983) which uses a second-order perturbation expansion of the Navier-Stokes equations in Lagrangian coordinates and includes the Coriolis effect. It uses an eddy viscosity formulation for both wave dissipation and momentum transfer within the current field: the eddy viscosity ν may be allowed to vary with depth. The wind stress may be time-varying and the wave field may vary in both space and time.For the case of a constant ν, the results agree with those of Ursell (1950), Hasselmann (1970) and Pollard (1970) in the limit ν→0, and the steady-state results agree with those of Weber. For a particular case of depth-varying ν, results (obtained from numerical simulations) are in better general agreement with observations of wind-induced surface drift than when a constant ν is used.An outline is given of the application of the theory to the case of a random sea state. There are good prospects for using output data from numerical wave prediction models to drive the equations of this near-surface current model.     

The effect of standing biomass on flow velocity and turbulence in Spartina alterniflora canopies

Plant-flow interactions on the surface of tidal wetlands result in flow characteristics that are profoundly different from non-vegetated flows. Reductions in mean flow velocity and turbulence, especially the vertical components, limit vertical mixing and may impact a wide range of processes including geochemical exchanges at the sediment water interface, larval recruitment and dispersion, and sediment deposition and retention. The goal of this paper is to quantify horizontal and vertical components of velocity, turbulence intensity and total turbulent kinetic energy in Spartina alterniflora canopies in southeastern North Carolina and to relate flow characteristics to particulate transport on the marsh surface. Another aim of this paper is to assess the extent to which the distribution of standing biomass affects mean flow and turbulence by comparing S. alterniflora data to other canopy types and through a series of canopy manipulations which altered canopy height and stem densities.The results of this study indicate that flow velocity, turbulence intensity, and total turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are significantly reduced within the vegetated canopy and that this reduction is inversely related to the amount of biomass present in the water column. Within the canopy, approximately 50% of the initial mean velocity and TKE is reduced within 5 m of the canopy edge. Within the canopy, mean velocity and TKE_horiz usually exceeded vertical velocity or TKE_vert and the vertical components of flow were attenuated more strongly than the horizontal. These results suggest that within the vegetation, turbulence contributes more to lateral advection than to vertical mixing. As a result, total suspended solid concentrations were shown to decrease logarithmically with distance from the canopy edge and to decrease at a faster rate in more densely vegetated regions of the canopy (i.e. lower TKE_vert) as compared to areas of sparser vegetation (i.e. higher TKE_vert).     

基于紊流随机理论的航槽三维流动数学模型

根据窦国仁的紊流随机理论，建立了一种模拟河口海岸水域中航槽三维流动的数学模型。采用控制体积法导出三维偏微分方程的离散格式；将水压力分解为动水压力和静水压力，用Patankar和Spalding提出的压力校正法求解动水压力，通过求解水位控制方程来得到自由表面；紊流模型采用安国仁提出的紊流随机理论，克服了k—ε模型中采用各向同性紊动粘滞系数的不足，而k—ε模型可作为紊流随机理论的一个特例。该模型计算了各种不同挖深比，各种航槽与水流交角的航槽流速分布，利用该模型计算得到的挖槽中的流速分布与水槽及水池试验资料相吻合。利用该模型可为开敞水域中开挖航槽的选择提供依据。     

俯冲带水圈-岩石圈相互作用研究进展与启示

俯冲带系统是研究地球水圈-岩石圈相互作用的天然实验室。俯冲板片所携带的水进入俯冲带系统,显著影响俯冲板片上地幔蛇纹石化程度、岛弧岩浆活动以及俯冲带地震机制等构造动力学过程。沿着环太平洋俯冲带,由主动源地震探测得到的板片含水量结果可以很好地解释区域相关地震观测,同时由被动源地震探测到的上地幔低速异常区域都与俯冲板片断层发育区相一致。多道反射地震探测与数值模拟都揭示了俯冲板块正断层广泛存在,可穿透莫霍面,深度可达海底下至少20 km。俯冲板块正断层为流体进入地壳与上地幔提供了重要通道,导致上地幔蛇纹石化程度达到1.4%,甚至更高。在洋壳俯冲过程中,随着温压增加,在不同深度脱水形成不同性质流体与地幔反应。通过俯冲带流体包裹体和交代成因矿物等的研究发现水岩相互作用广泛存在。本文旨在回顾俯冲板片含水量探测及水岩相互作用研究,简述近年来取得的重要进展以及对将来相关研究的启示。     

Biology,natural selection and the prediction of maximal wave-induced forces

Appropriate interpretation of body form often requires knowledge regarding the maximal force that an organism is likely to encounter in its lifetime. In many situations, prediction of maximal forces is nearly impossible, but the statistical distribution of ocean waves allows prediction of the maximal lift and drag to which a benthic plant or animal is subjected. These predictions can, in turn, be used to provide quantitative estimates of the severity of natural selection on specific attributes of body form.     

Boundary layers and turbulence

We analyze the results of investigation of turbulent boundary layers typical of geophysical objects. It is shown that boundary layers of various nature are self-regulating sustems characterized by relatively slow evolutionary processes of formation accompanied by the growth of instabilities of different types and then replaced by the rapid development of instabilities and destruction of the boundary layers. This cycle is repeated with a certain quasiregular frequency. The destruction of the boundary layer is accompanied by the ejection of turbulent structures whose parameters are characterized by stable experimentally reproducible mean values. This mechanism is responsible for the process of exchange in the boundary layers. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Effect of turbulence modelling on the computation of the near-wake flow of a circular cylinder

An evaluation of four well-known Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-based turbulence models was performed in comparison with the results of a dedicated experimental measurement on the near-wake of a circular cylinder in a large water (cavitation) tunnel using a state-of-the-art two-dimensional Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) device.The turbulence models investigated were Spalart-Allmaras (S-A), Realizable k-ε (RKE), Wilcox k-ω (WKO) and Shear-Stress-Transport k-ω (SST), which were assessed based on their comparative performances in predicting some important flow field characteristics of the near-wake region of the experimental circular cylinder flow. Within the flow range investigated in this study, which implied a cylinder diameter-based Reynolds Number of 41,300, the qualitative and quantitative comparisons revealed that the application of the SST model to the wall-bounded unsteady flow - that experienced severe adverse pressure gradient, massive flow separation and vortex shedding - presents more successful predictions compared to other models investigated for such challenging flow conditions.     

Interaction between a synoptic eddy and a Rossby wave

The behaviour of an isolated synoptic eddy on the -plane in the field of a plane Rossby wave is reported. As is shown, the eddy exchanges its energy intensively with Rossby waves having zero frequency in the frame of axes moving with the eddy. If the Rossby wave has an amplitude exceeding some critical value, a transition from average translational eddy motion along the meridian to oscillations in the vicinity of the equilibrium latitude is possible.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov. UDK 551.465.535:551.466.     

利用被动示踪物模拟对黑潮入侵南海的数值研究

由于缺少观测数据和对黑潮水准确定义,很难识别出从太平洋入侵到南海的黑潮水团。本文基于一个经过观测验证的三维模式MITgcm,利用被动示踪物标记黑潮水,研究了入侵南海的黑潮水的时空变化。研究表明,在冬季,黑潮水入侵的范围最广,几乎占据了18°N-23°N和114°E-121°E的区域;并有一个分支进入台湾海峡;黑潮入侵的范围随深度增加逐渐减小。在夏季,黑潮水被限制在118°E以东,且没有分支进入台湾海峡;入侵的范围从海面到约205米是增大的,之后随深度增加逐渐减小。通过分析从2003年到2012年黑潮入侵的年际变化,与厄尔尼诺年和正常年相比,冬季黑潮入侵后向台湾海峡的分支在拉尼娜年是最弱的,这可能与中国大陆东南方向的风应力旋度有关。通过吕宋海峡的黑潮入侵通量（KIT）是西向的,其年平均值约为-3.86×10⁶ m³/s,大于吕宋海峡通量（LST,约-3.15×10⁶ m³/s）。250米以上的KIT约占了全深度通量的60-80%。此外,从2003年到2012年KIT与Niño 3.4指数的相关系数到达0.41,小于LST与Niño 3.4指数的相关系数0.78。     

波致海床滑动稳定性计算方法及滑动失稳特征研究

波浪引起的海床不稳定性是海洋工程中需要考虑的重要问题。在对现有波致海床滑动稳定性计算方法进行分析的基础上,提出了一种波致海床滑动稳定性计算的全应力状态法,将其与现有计算方法进行了对比分析,并进一步研究了波致砂土海床和软土海床的滑动失稳特征。结果分析表明,全应力状态法在波致海床滑动稳定性分析中具有较好的适用性。对于砂土海床,其滑动稳定性受饱和度的影响较大,且当海床计算厚度约为0.2倍波长时对应的滑动深度最大。波浪作用下坡度不超过2°的均质软土海床,其最危险滑动面的位置仅与波长有关,其滑动深度约为0.21倍波长,滑动面半弦长约为0.33倍波长;海床表面的波压力数值只影响其安全系数的大小,而不影响其滑动深度。