华南陆块东北部构造特征、成矿作用与动力学机制——来自大地电磁测深的认识

通常认为,华南陆块在新元古代由扬子克拉通和华夏地块沿江南造山带碰撞拼合而成,之后经历了陆内造山、洋壳俯冲等多期岩浆—构造活动。但因华南陆块所处的特殊地质构造环境,就目前华南陆块各块体之间的接触关系、江南造山带深部构造特征及区域动力学意义等诸多地质问题争议颇多。本文依托地质调查项目和“深部探测技术与实验研究（SinoProbe）”项目完成的8d和12g两条大地电磁测深剖面,经过精细的数据处理,使用非线性共轭梯度（NLCG）算法对TE+TM模式数据联合反演得到华南陆块东北部岩石圈尺度的二维电性剖面,并用ModEM三维反演代码对全阻抗张量数据反演获得了三维电性模型。对研究区内扬子地块东部、江南造山带以及华夏地块进行电性结构研究,发现研究区内的江南造山带西南段存在扬子地块和华夏地块碰撞镶嵌的构造表现,扬子地块已越过江南造山带,在江山—绍兴断裂位置与华夏地块挤压,形成江绍断裂等逆冲型深大断裂,从电性结构推测其现今仍然为活动断裂,但东北段块体之间的接触关系被上侵的地幔物质破坏,江绍、赣东北等断裂的深部结构已被剧烈改造,推测这种深部成矿热物质上涌是形成赣东北以金银矿种为主的岩浆热液型矿床的深部动力原因;研究区东部华夏地块电性特征为高阻的上地壳以及被岩浆底侵而破坏的中下地壳,发育其中的屯溪—鹰潭—安远和上虞—大浦—政和断裂切割深度超过了50 km,为深大断裂构造。结合前人地表侵入岩填图结果,认为由于中生代以来古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲,华南陆块东部上地壳被严重破坏,从电性特征推断可能发生过大面积的板片重融,华夏地块东北部地壳相较于西南部厚度明显更小、后期改造严重,受到的太平洋板块俯冲导致的热扰动更剧烈。     

景德镇-温州大地电磁剖面深部电性结构研究

华南大陆历经长期复杂的构造演化,其浅部复杂而多样的构造形态与深部壳幔结构及其动力学机制有着密切联系,但当前的深部探测资料有限,深部构造并不明确。为了研究华南的深部岩石圈结构状态,布设了多条宽频长周期大地电磁联合探测剖面。通过对景德镇-温州剖面的数据处理,获得了该剖面的岩石圈电性结构模型。分析表明:华夏地块与扬子地块东部的江南造山带以江绍断裂为界;华夏地块整体呈现高阻特征,可能具有深部岩石圈背景的上虞-政和-大浦断裂将其分为华夏褶皱带与东南沿海岩浆岩带;扬子地块东部的江南造山带整体电阻率较低,结构更破碎,受到深部改造明显,岩石圈底界约为110 km;剖面发现3处低阻带通道,可能与软流圈上涌相关;江绍断裂呈喇叭状向深部张开,华夏地块与扬子地块的裂解拼合可能与断裂深部的高导体活动有关。华夏地块与扬子地块的接触状态呈现为双向汇聚,华夏地块在上地幔挤入扬子地块,深部接触边界可能越过江绍断裂带。     

江南造山带深部边界及成矿制约：来自综合地球物理的认识

江南造山带位于组成华南大陆的扬子地块和华夏地块之间，是揭示华南陆块演化及其动力学过程、探索该地区大规模岩浆多金属成矿作用的关键窗口。前人在构造学、岩石学和矿床学等方面取得了诸多进展，但仍对江南造山带的深部结构认识不明，导致对其定义、边界范围、形成时代及演化过程等方面长期存在争议，故亟需开展综合地球物理探测工作，为解决上述争议问题提供约束。鉴于后期构造运动对上地壳大幅改造的影响，致使对于江南造山带的深部边界存在不同认识，本文以重力数据和航磁数据为主、辅以大地电磁测深结果、并与水系沉积物地球化学资料相结合，厘定江南造山带的深部边界。综合重磁多尺度边缘检测、深部电性结构及75种元素水系沉积物地球化学数据聚类分析结果，推测钦杭结合带可能为江南造山带东南侧深部边界，并推断了江南造山带北部可能的深部边界和周缘的断裂构造。基于上述结果和认识，分析了区域构造对金、铜矿床的控制作用，认为江南造山带深部边界及深部断裂扮演了成矿系统中“导矿通道”的角色，从深大断裂形成之初就提供了铜、金等幔源成分为主的矿物质，在合适位置就位成矿；后期复杂的构造运动，使得局部位置再次活化，成矿物质重新富集迁移，在次级断裂等有利...     

华南壳幔结构与动力学的宽频地震观测研究

了解华南各岩石圈块体壳幔结构和各向异性方面的差异是揭示华南深部构造演化的基础。本文利用布设于华南的两条宽频地震测线观测数据,采用多种地震学方法对华南的地壳上地幔结构和各向异性进行了研究。接收函数结果表明,华南地区地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度都较薄,地壳厚度自东南沿海向西北内陆增厚,扬子克拉通的泊松比(波速比)低于华夏块体,表明扬子克拉通地壳较华夏块体更偏长英质。约北纬29°以北的扬子克拉通地幔转换带厚度明显增厚,可能是由地幔转换带底部停滞的冷的古太平洋板片或中生代克拉通碰撞残留造成的。层析成像结果显示华南上地幔具有很强的横向差异性,上地幔中的强烈低速异常体可能对应了晚中生代发生广泛岩浆作用时的岩浆房和岩浆通道。台湾下方的上地幔存在南北横向差异明显的高速异常,分别对应台湾南部向东俯冲的欧亚板块及台湾北部向北俯冲的菲律宾海板块。俯冲的欧亚板块在台湾南部是连续的,而在台湾中北部,由于与菲律宾海板块的相互作用,俯冲的欧亚板块被折断。剪切波分裂结果显示,以江绍断裂为界,华夏块体与扬子克拉通的岩石圈地幔各向异性存在明显的横向变化,表明两者的构造演化过程有显著差异。     

江南造山带中段地壳结构特征——来自武宁—吉安深反射地震随机介质相关长度分析的认识

江南造山带位于扬子和华夏地块中间, 受华南陆块及其周缘多期次的碰撞、裂解及再造过程影响, 经历了复杂的构造运动和变形, 于中生代期间受区域构造-岩浆事件影响, 发生成矿“大爆发”, 是研究陆内深部过程、成矿作用的关键地区。受沉积覆盖、出露较少等因素影响, 江南造山带中段地壳结构、深部过程及其边界范围等还存在争议。为进一步提高对江南造山带中段中生代深部构造背景、动力学过程及成矿作用的认识, 本文利用武宁—吉安深反射地震数据, 进行随机介质参数的计算, 获得了相关长度剖面。结果发现江南造山带中段地壳厚度沿剖面由北向南逐渐减薄, 结合前人研究推测研究区受控于燕山期晚期伸展构造体制, 在伸展构造背景下, 导致地壳减薄, 诱发幔源物质上涌, 受地幔上涌影响由南往北逐渐减弱。同时揭示了宜丰—景德镇断裂深大断裂极性, 进一步证明了萍乡—广丰断裂为江南造山带中段与华夏地块的边界。最后综合分析了中生代区域构造对成矿的影响, 认为在伸展构造背景下, 幔源物质沿断裂上涌控制了该区金、钨等矿床的形成。     

江南造山带的形成与演化

处于扬子地块和华夏地块之间的江南造山带是理解华南地壳演化、岩浆过程和成矿效应的关键。近年来,围绕江南造山带的构造-岩浆演化产生了较大争论,因而影响到对华南显生宙岩浆-成矿事件内在联系及动力学机制的认识。本文总结了近年来对江南造山带研究大量资料,对有关江南造山带形成和演化的几个方面进行了剖析和讨论,明确了江南造山带是一个稍晚于世界典型Grenville期造山事件的新元古代的造山带,具有完整的蛇绿岩、岛弧火山岩、高压变质岩、同碰撞岩浆岩、造山磨拉石、碰撞后岩浆岩和造山后岩浆岩等与造山过程相吻合的岩石组合,经历了从洋洋俯冲、弧-陆碰撞到洋-陆俯冲、弧后盆地打开再到造山后伸展的构造过程,在华南中部形成了大量中元古代末到新元古代早期的新生地壳,很可能是显生宙成岩-成矿作用的重要物源。     

江南造山带东段新元古代至早中生代多期造山作用特征

新元古代江南造山带远离晚中生代活动大陆边缘,是研究华南地区新元古代至早中生代多期造山作用的理想对象。文章通过对江南造山带东段沉积建造、岩浆活动、构造变形以及同位素年代学数据的综合分析,总结了其晋宁期、广西期以及印支期造山作用的特征。江南造山带东段在晋宁期经历了南北两侧大洋俯冲和两期碰撞造山作用。新元古代早期(880~860 Ma)双溪坞岛弧与扬子陆块东南缘发生弧-陆碰撞作用,形成淡色花岗岩、高压蓝片岩、NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造以及弧后前陆盆地。新元古代中期(约850 Ma),扬子陆块北缘开始发育由北向南的大洋俯冲。随着俯冲作用的进行,弧后盆地发生关闭,扬子陆块与华夏陆块发生陆-陆碰撞并形成新元古代(820~810Ma)江南造山带,导致近E-W走向褶皱-逆冲构造、韧性变形以及过铝质花岗岩的发育。江南造山带东段在约810Ma开始发生后造山垮塌和裂谷作用,以发育南华纪早期(805~750 Ma)花岗岩、中酸性火山岩、基性岩以及裂谷盆地为特征。江南造山带东段万载—南昌—景德镇—歙县断裂带以南地区卷入了华南广西期造山作用,发育近E-W走向由南向北的逆冲构造(465~450 Ma)、NNE向正花状构造(449~430 Ma)以及后造山近E-W走向韧性走滑剪切带(429~380 Ma)。印支期造山作用导致了NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造和花岗岩的发育,并奠定了江南造山带东段的基本构造面貌。     

钦-杭接合带之构造特征

华南大陆壳由扬子地块和华夏地块两个主要的地质构造单元组成,其间发育一条板块碰撞拼接带——钦-杭接合带,依据地层组成、构造变形差异,进一步划分为鄣公山构造混杂岩带、绍兴-江山对接带,前者叠加发育在扬子地块南部陆缘江南古岛弧之上,后者代表两地块间消减了的大洋及边缘海混杂体,经历了晋宁-加里东多期碰撞拼贴：晋宁期华夏陆块向扬子陆块俯冲、碰撞、走滑,形成了透镜-网结状韧性剪切系统争三期褶皱变形;加里东运动,华夏陆块再次与扬子陆块碰撞、仰冲,导致华南加里东造山带逆冲推覆在晋宁期造山带之上。至此,两者最终焊接成一体,形成了统一的晚古生代沉积盖层。     

华南大陆东部若干构造问题的思考

华南大陆的结构、属性、过程与动力学一直是地质学家关注的热点。本文以钦杭构造带东段为主要研究地区,通过精细的构造解析、变质变形研究、年代学分析,结合反射地震剖面,探讨了华南大陆东部几个科学问题。（1）江南造山带形成于新元古代华夏板块与扬子板块的“软碰撞”作用,可划分为扬子板块南缘、扬子—华夏汇聚带和华夏板块北缘3个构造单元,江南断裂带和武夷山—遂昌断裂带分别为江南造山带的北界和南界。（2）扬子—华夏板块汇聚带由多个小板块拼合而成,其间有多条缝合带,大约900 Ma开始汇聚,760 Ma全面闭合,850~780 Ma为活动高峰期,具有递变式的汇聚拼合过程,由南向北发展,先斜向俯冲,后右旋走滑,最晚集中在中部活动。（3）华南大陆东部为中生代奠定的构造格架,主要构造为一系列北东走向褶皱和逆冲断层,大量地壳范围内的叠瓦状逆冲推覆构造,由南向北逆冲,可下切到中—下地壳。（4）华南大陆燕山晚期区域性伸展构造广泛发育,存在“华南热隆”构造,震旦系内的滑覆构造典型,同期大规模岩浆活动、火山活动和大规模的热液成矿。（5）华南大陆构造演化为：850 Ma扬子—华夏板块递进式汇聚,760 Ma全面拼合,江南造山带形成;600 Ma华南大陆盖层发育;430 Ma钦杭构造带受南部构造影响;220 Ma钦杭构造带受北部远程构造影响;160 Ma逆冲推覆构造产生;140 Ma大规模伸展,构造-岩浆-成矿关系密切;随后江南持续隆升,华南强烈热隆。     

2008年汶川8.0级地震的发震构造:沿龙门山断裂带新生的地壳深部断裂

在区域地质构造研究中,龙门山断裂带也称为龙门山褶皱-冲断带或推覆构造带。许多研究者认为,2008年汶川8级地震的发震构造是这条断裂带或其中央映秀—北川断裂。笔者在深入分析龙门山断裂带的构造演化和岩石圈结构构造特征的基础上,着重探讨8级地震的发震构造,提出不同的认识。龙门山断裂带经历了松潘—甘孜造山带的前陆褶皱-冲断带(T3-J)、造山带(K-E)和青藏高原边缘隆起带(N-Q)3个动力学条件不同的演化阶段,在前两个阶段断裂带递进发展,第三阶段断裂带则被改造。从三维空间看,龙门山断裂带位于松潘—甘孜地块东南缘的上地壳内,并被推覆到扬子陆块上;而松潘—甘孜地块的中—下地壳和岩石圈地幔发生韧性增厚,而且向扬子陆块壳下俯冲,从而使浅、深部构造在垂向上形成"吞噬"扬子地块的"鳄鱼嘴"式结构。虽然在平面上汶川8级地震的主余震分布与映秀—北川断裂一致,但从剖面上看其震源所构成的震源破裂体位于龙门山断裂带之下的扬子陆块内。这种不一致性表明,8级地震的发震构造不是龙门山断裂带,而是扬子陆块内新生的高角度断裂,其走向基本与龙门山断裂带一致。推测这一震源断裂的形成过程是:当松潘—甘孜地块向东南推挤时,其前缘"鳄鱼嘴"构造咬合并错断被吞噬的扬子陆块部分,形成具有右旋逆平移性质的新断裂,导致汶川8级地震的发生。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with