Petrology and geochemistry of granulite xenoliths from Central Hoggar (Algeria) — Implications for the lower crust

Granulitic xenoliths, enclosed in Neogene alkali basalts from the Atakor and Adrar N'Addjer volcanic massifs in Central Hoggar, southern Algeria, include mafic metaigneous and felsic metasedimentary rocks. The main mineral phases of metaigneous xenoliths are plagioclase and pyroxenes whereas quartz, feldspars, sillimanite, garnet and sapphirine occur in metasedimentary granulites. The metaigneous xenoliths represent a magmatic sequence of cumulitic and non-cumulitic rocks which resembles gabbroic bodies associated with anorthosites and has calc-alkaline affinities. Similar types and distributions of granulitic xenoliths are widespread and are probably characteristic of the lower crust in general, suggesting its homogeneity on a large scale but heterogencity on a local scale.     

Petrology of the Rainy Lake area,Minnesota, USA-implications for petrotectonic setting of the archean southern Wabigoon subprovince of the Canadian Shield

The Rainy Lake area in northern Minnesota and southwestern, Ontario is a Late Archean (2.7 Ga) granite-greenstone belt within the Wabigoon subprovince of the Canadian Shield. In Minnesota the rocks include mafic and felsic volcanic rocks, volcaniclastic, chemical sedimentary rocks, and graywacke that are intrucded by coeval gabbro, tonalite, and granodiorite. New data presented here focus on the geochemistry and petrology of the Minnesota part of the Rainy Lake area. Igneous rocks in the area are bimodal. The mafic rocks are made up of three distinct suites: (1) low-TiO₂ tholeiite and gabbro that have slightly evolved Mg-numbers (63–49) and relatively flat rare-earth element (REE) patterns that range from 20–8 x chondrites (Ce/Yb_N=0.8–1.5); (2) high-TiO₂ tholeiite with evolved Mg-numbers (46–29) and high total REE abundances that range from 70–40 x chondrites (Ce/Yb_N=1.8–3.3), and (3) calc-alkaline basaltic andesite and geochemically similar monzodiorite and lamprophyre with primitive Mg-numbers (79–63), enriched light rare-earth elements (LREE) and depleted heavy rare-earth elements (HREE). These three suites are not related by partial melting of a similar source or by fractional crystallization of a common parental magma; they resulted from melting of heterogeneous Archean mantle. The felsic rocks are made up of two distinct suites: (1)low-Al₂O₃ tholeiitic rhyolite, and (2) high-Al₂O₃ calc-alkaline dacite and rhyolite and consanguineous tonalite. The tholeiitic felsic rocks are high in Y, Zr, Nb, and total REE that are unfractionated and have pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The calcalkaline felsic rocks are depleted in Y, Zr, and Nb, and the REE that are highly fractionated with high LREE and depleted HREE, and display moderate negative Eu anomalies. Both suites of felsic rocks were generated by partial melting of crustal material. The most reasonable modern analog for the paleotectonic setting is an immature island arc. The bimodal volcanic rocks are intercalated with sedimentary rocks and have been intruded by pre- and syntectonic granitoid rocks. However, the geochemistry of the mafic rocks does not correlate fully with that of mafic rocks in modern are evvironments. The low-TiO₂ tholeiite is similar to both N-type mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) and low-K tholeiite from immature marginal basins. The calc-alkaline basaltic andesite is like that of low-K calc-alkaline mafic volcanic rocks from oceanic volcanic arcs; however, the high-TiO₂ tholeiite is most similar to modern E-type MORB, which occurs in oceanic rifts. The conundrum may be explained by: (1) rifting of a pre-existing immature arc system to produce the bimodal volcanic rocks and high-TiO₂ tholeiite; (2) variable enrichment of a previously depleted Archean mantle, to produce both the low- and high-TiO₂ tholeiite and the calc-alkaline basaltic andesite, and/or (3) enrichment of the parental rocks of the high-TiO₂ tholeiite by crustal contamination.     

The Stonyford Volcanic Complex: a Forearc Seamount in the Northern California Coast Ranges

Jurassic age volcanic rocks of the Stonyford volcanic complex(SFVC) comprise three distinct petrological groups based ontheir whole-rock geochemistry: (1) oceanic tholeiites; (2) transitionalalkali basalts and glasses; (3) high-Al, low-Ti tholeiites.Major and trace element, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic dataindicate that the oceanic tholeiites formed as low-degree partialmelts of normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-source asthenospheresimilar in isotope composition to the East Pacific Rise today;the alkalic lavas were derived from an enriched source similarto that of E-MORB. The high-Al, low-Ti lavas resemble second-stagemelts of a depleted MORB-source asthenosphere that formed bymelting spinel lherzolite at low pressures. Trace element systematicsof the high-Al, low-Ti basalts show the influence of an enrichedcomponent, which overprints generally depleted trace elementcharacteristics. Tectonic discrimination diagrams show thatthe oceanic tholeiite and alkali suites are similar to present-daybasalts generated at mid-oceanic ridges. The high-Al, low-Tisuite resembles primitive arc basalts with an enriched, alkalibasalt-like overprint. Isotopic data show the influence of recycledcomponents in all three suites. The SFVC was constructed ona substrate of normal Coast Range ophiolite in an extensionalforearc setting. The close juxtaposition of the MORB-like olivinetholeiites with alkali and high-Al, low-Ti basalts suggestsderivation from a hybrid mantle source region that includedMORB-source asthenosphere, enriched oceanic asthenosphere, andthe depleted supra-subduction zone mantle wedge. We proposethat the SFVC formed in response to collision of a mid-oceanridge spreading center with the Coast Range ophiolite subductionzone. Formation of a slab window beneath the forearc duringcollision allowed the influx of ridge-derived magmas or themantle source of these magmas. Continued melting of the previouslydepleted mantle wedge above the now defunct subduction zoneproduced strongly depleted high-Al, low-Ti basalts that werepartially fertilized with enriched, alkali basalt-type meltsand slab-derived fluids. KEY WORDS: CRO; oceanic basalts; California     

Trace element evidence for the origin of ocean island basalts: an example from the Austral Islands (French Polynesia)

The Austral Islands, a volcanic chain in the South-Central Pacific Ocean (French Polynesia) are composed mainly of alkali basalts and basanites with subordinate amounts of olivine tholeiites and strongly undersaturated rocks (phonolite foidites and phonolite tephrites). The basaltic rocks have geochemical features typical of oceanic island suites. The distribution of incompatible trace elements indicate that the lavas were derived from a heterogeneous mantle source. The chondrite-normalized patterns of the incompatible elements in basaltic rocks of the Austral Islands are complementary to those of island arc tholeiites. As supported by isotope data, the observed trace element heterogeneities of the source are probably due to mixing of the upper mantle with subducted oceanic crust from which island arc tholeiitic magma was previously extracted.     

西天山阿吾拉勒一带伊什基里克组火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境

西天山阿吾拉勒一带晚石炭世伊什基里克组为一套以钙碱性系列为主、碱性系列次之的双峰式火山岩建造,其中玄武岩类以碱性为主.岩石富FeO、Hf、Th、Y、Rb、Ba、Sc、Zr、Cs、V和LREE,贫TiO2、MgO、P2O5、Cr和Nb,岩石组合及地球化学各种参数和图解均证实,其形成于大陆板内裂谷环境.伊什基里克组火山岩是证实阿吾拉勒地区晚石炭世演化为大陆板内裂谷环境的重要记录.     

Subcompositional Patterns in Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks of Hungary

Data selected from an extensive major element database of Cenozoic volcanic rocks (including calc-alkaline andesites, dacites, rhyolites, and alkali basalts) of Hungary are used to illustrate the detection and modeling of subcompositional patterns using a statistical analysis based on the assumption that relative differences between the observed values are more meaningful than absolute ones. In particular, two roughly linear compositional patterns (associated one to the alkaline basalts, the other to the calc-alkaline series) are revealed and evaluated, and it is shown how principal component analysis can be used to obtain the estimated subcomposition of their incidental intersection point.     

冀北太古代花岗质片麻岩的成因

冀北是华北克拉通早前寒武纪变质基底的主要出露地区之一。分布于承德-滦平和赤城-张家口地区的新太古代花岗质片麻岩主要由英云闪长岩、奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩(TTGM)组成,构成了低钾、中钾和高钾钙碱性三个岩石化学系列。二长花岗质片麻岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb和Lu-Hf同位素特征揭示其岩浆结晶年龄为2509±10Ma。全岩岩石化学、Sm-Nd同位素和锆石Lu-Hf同位素研究表明:(1)低钾钙碱性系列的岩石形成于拉班玄武质岩石的低度部分熔融;(2)中钾钙碱性系列岩石主要形成于玄武质岩石和杂砂岩的部分熔融,局部存在英云闪长质片麻岩的部分熔融;(3)高钾钙碱性系列的岩石形成于以高钾中酸性火山岩为主要成分的杂砂岩的部分熔融。结合近年来冀北早前寒武纪地质研究成果,这些太古代花岗质片麻岩全岩Sm-Nd同位素和锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征揭示~2.7Ga是本区太古代地壳的主要生长期。在新太古代发生了大规模的火山喷发,火山物质形成后不久发生部分熔融形成花岗质岩浆,接着发生变质、变形作用。这些花岗质片麻岩的形成与南美洲西海岸的构造-岩浆活动特征有类似之处,可能反映了太古代末期冀北地区从活动大陆边缘地壳增生、加厚到弧后伸展转化的动力学背景。     

Geological characteristics and metallogenic significance of the Devonian intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Dachang deposit, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Recently discovered intermediate-basic volcanic rocks in the Devonian strata at Dachang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are dominated by basalts and andesites. Most of them belong to the calc-alkali and alkali series. Petrology and geochemistry data indicate that the volcanic rocks may be formed in a continental rift environment. The volcanic rocks are in conformable contact with the overlying and underlying wall rocks, with such typical sedimentary structures as laminated and striped ones, and the host rocks of the volcanic rocks contain lots of marine fossils such as tentaculite. Many pieces of evidence indicate that the eruption environment of the volcanic rocks is a sea-facies one. The volcanic rocks are of the LREE-enrichment type, with high ratios of light rare-earth elements to heavy rare-earth elements. In addition, they display moderately negative δEu anomalies and moderately negative δCe anomalies with a higher degree of LREE and HREE fractionation. Through the Q-cluster analysis of the REE samples, it is indicated that the ores have a closer relation with the layered volcanic rocks, and also possess a certain inheritance-consistency relationship with the layered volcanic rocks. The source of ore-forming materials may be related with volcanism. It is proposed that the ore deposit in the study area should be genetically explained as the result of marine volcano-sedimentary exhalation of hot water and late superposition-reworking.     

西天山式可布台铁矿火山岩地球化学特征、成岩时代厘定及其构造意义

式可布台铁矿位于西天山阿吾拉勒铁矿成矿带西段,是此矿带极具代表性的铁矿床。主要赋存于以凝灰岩为主的石炭系上统伊什基里克组火山岩中。本文通过对式可布台矿区的火山岩进行岩石地球化学和LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年分析来探讨火山岩形成的构造环境与成岩时代。地球化学分析表明大多数火山岩样品显示为高钾钙碱性系列;主量元素表明矿区火山岩主要由安山岩、英安岩、流纹英安岩组成,为钙碱性系列;微量元素和稀土元素表明矿区火山岩产出的构造环境为火山岛弧;LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年显示火山岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为(301±1)Ma和(313±2)Ma,表明该区的火山岩为晚石炭世早期。结合区域地质资料,认为矿区内出露的高钾钙碱性系列火山岩可能属于俯冲过程末期大陆岛弧岩浆作用的产物,其岩石的形成与构造岛弧环境有关,主体与下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩岩石化学特征相似。     

东南沿海中生代火山岩带地球化学特征

中国东南沿海位于太平洋板块和欧亚板块的结合处,广泛分布着中生代火山岩,并伴随有大规模的成矿作用。酸性火山岩占绝对优势,基性中性火山岩仅零星出露。酸性和中性火山岩为一套富碱、富钾、富铝、低钛的高钾钙碱性系列,基性火山岩为一套富硅贫碱的高钾和中钾钙碱性系列。从基性到酸性火山岩稀土分馏和铕的负异常逐渐加剧。基性火山岩贫Nb、Zr、Y,弱富集Ba、Hf、Th、Ce。中性火山岩和酸性火山岩贫Ba、Ti、P、Nb、Zr、Ta、Sr,强烈富集Pb。通过主量、微量和稀土元素的研究认为,基性火山岩和酸性火山岩为独立的岩浆起源,在中生代,东南沿海广泛存在着玄武岩的底侵作用,给下地壳提供了大量的热源,从而诱发了下地壳重熔,形成了大量的酸性火山岩。中性火山岩由酸性和基性岩浆混合形成,其地球化学特征主要受酸性岩浆的制约。     

北祁连九个泉蛇绿岩及其上覆岩系的岩石地球化学特征和地球动力学意义

本文通过对北祁连九个泉蛇绿岩及其上覆岩系的详细的野外、岩石学和地球化学的研究表明：该区火山岩由多个火山角砾岩—块状玄武岩—凝灰岩的旋回所组成;蛇绿岩之上整合覆盖着一套火山岩—沉积岩组合（蛇绿岩的上覆岩系）。蛇绿岩中玄武岩为典型的N-MORB,其上覆岩系中玄武岩为E-MORB。剖面从下到上,玄武岩中LREE,HFSE含量递增。火山岩的地球化学和沉积岩的岩相学反映了洋壳从扩张中脊向大陆方向迁移的动力学过程,蛇绿岩从形成到侵位的时间间隔较短。     

Archaean greenstone belt from the Central African Republic (Equatorial Africa)

The Bandas belt, one of two prominent Archaean greenstone belts in the Central African Republic (Equatorial Africa), is ca. 250 km long. At the southernmost part of the belt, a metasedimentary—metavolcanic rock suite is preserved only in brachysynclines. The suite can be divided into two lithostratigraphic units. The lower unit is composed predominantly of volcanic rocks, while the upper one contains mainly metasedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks, which are part of a sequence ca. 3600 m thick, can be sub-divided according to stratigraphic position, lithology and geochemistry into three groups. The lowermost group includes low-K tholeiitic basalts depleted in light REE. The second group consists of tholeiitic basalts with light REE-enriched patterns and the third, uppermost, group includes andesites, which are similar in several respects to Recent calc-alkaline andesites.The tholeiitic basalts of the first two groups are probably related to different upper mantle sources. The andesites of the third group were produced either by fractional crystallization from a basaltic magma enriched in light REE or equilibrium melting of eclogite or garnet amphibolite.     

The devonian and carboniferous volcanism of the peloritan mountains (sicily) and the evolution of palaeozoic basins in the calabrian-peloritan arc

Volcanic rocks from three Palaeozoic low-grade metamorphic sequences of different age from the Peloritan Mountains, Sicily, have been analysed for major and trace elements. On the basis of the relative abundances of certain comparatively immobile elements (especially Zr, Ti, Nb, and Y) the petrogenetic affinities of the volcanic rocks in each area have been established. The Fiumara Fitalia sequence contains Lower Devonian within-plate alkaline basalts, the Ogliastrello sequence contains Upper Devonian continental within-plate calc-alkaline basalts and the Randazzo-Floresta road sequence contains Lower Carboniferous calc-alkaline basalts probably of island arc affinity. When account is taken of their stratigraphic positions, geochemical characteristics of the volcanic rocks indicate Devonian extensional conditions and Lower Carboniferous compressional conditions. Evidence for Lower Devonian extension is present in several circum-Mediterranean basins (i.e. Calabria, Sardinia, Carnic Alps). In the Peloritan Mountains, as well as in Calabria and Sardinia, extensional conditions were already present in the Cambro-Ordovician. The compression in the Calabrian-Peloritan Arc was probably related to a period of subduction during the Hercynian orogeny and resulted in the closure of the basins in the Carboniferous.     

东天山企鹅山群火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

根据主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究结果,觉罗塔格构造带中企鹅山群火山岩企鹅山群火山岩分为拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性玄武岩,拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性玄武岩均具有高铝、低钛和相对富集轻稀土元素（LREE）、大离子亲石元素的特征,与典型的岛弧玄武岩相似。钙碱性玄武岩具有显著的Eu的负异常,其不相容元素含量显著高于拉斑玄武岩,在La/Sm-La图解中,钙碱性玄武岩为结晶分异作用的产物,拉斑玄武岩则为平衡部分熔融的产物。Sr-Nd同位素特征表明企鹅山群火山岩源自亏损地幔。在玄武岩构造环境判别图中样品均落入岛弧玄武岩范围内。通过综合该区岩石组合特征、地球化学特征、地球物理特征,认为企鹅山群为康古尔洋壳向北俯冲在大南湖岛弧南侧形成的石炭纪岛弧火山岩。     

浙北湖(州)-安(吉)火山岩盆地：锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学与岩浆成因

处于浙-赣火山岩带东北缘的湖(州)-安(吉)盆地内的火山岩/潜火山岩从中性到酸性,中间没有明显的成分间断,以中酸性—酸性组分占绝对优势,中性组分相对较少,缺少基性组分,代表一套连续的中性—酸性岩浆系列。岩石化学总体表现为富碱和高钾的特征,中性岩属橄榄玄粗岩系列,中酸性—酸性岩类属高钾钙碱性系列。盆地内的火山岩在地球化学上均表现为富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等则有一定程度的亏损。火山岩中主量和微量元素的变异规律揭示分离结晶作用是盆地内岩浆演化的主要机理,但岩浆演化的不同阶段分离的矿物相有所差异,斜长石自始至终都是分离结晶的重要矿物相,在中性—中酸性岩浆演化阶段,角闪石可能也是重要的分离矿物,而中酸性—酸性岩中钾长石和黑云母的分离结晶也起着重要影响。本文所作的精确定年结果表明,盆地内三期火山活动产物的LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄在误差范围内几乎一致,介于128~130 Ma之间,指示盆地内主要火山活动持续的时间很短。另外测得粗安岩集块的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为136±1 Ma,可能意味着该盆地初期有少量偏基性的火山活动。推测湖安火山岩盆地发育于活动大陆边缘的后造山环境,岩浆的形成可能受控于岩石圈的拆沉或俯冲板片的断落,母岩浆主要是由镁铁质下地壳物质部分熔融形成的,几乎没有地幔物质的参与,所形成的安山质-英安质岩浆在浅部岩浆房中发生过强烈的分异演化。     

“三江”义敦岛弧带玄武岩喷发序列与裂谷—岛弧转化

岩石-构造组合是恢复古板块构造历史的最有效手段之一,同时是表征古板块边界与板内环境的最重要的地质证据。本文拟从岩石-构造组合角度,通过对义敦岛弧带玄武岩,特别是前岛弧期玄武岩喷发序列、岩石组合、地球化学特征和其形成背景的研究,试图从较深层次上揭示岩浆-构造内在联系,探索义敦古岛弧的形成与发展。     

东昆仑造山带诺木洪郭勒早古生代火山活动

诺木洪郭勒一带发育早古生代火山岩, 可明显分为2种类型: 一类为基性火山岩组合, 岩石主要为具枕状构造的玄武岩, SiO₂碱度均较低, 为拉斑系列玄武岩, 稀土、微量元素特征及构造环境判别显示其形成于洋中脊的构造环境; 另一类为中基性火山岩组合, 火山岩岩石类型复杂, 熔岩和火山碎屑岩均较发育, 熔岩成分从基性到中酸性均有, 火山岩SiO₂成分变化较大, 既有亚碱性, 又有碱性, 亚碱性系列岩石多属钙碱性系列.稀土、微量元素特征及构造环境判别其形成于火山弧的环境.      

西秦岭月照-琵琶寺地区火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

月照-琵琶寺地区的变质火山岩出露于甘肃武都县境内,夹在泥盆系和前震旦碧口群地层之间.按地球化学分类,火山岩可划分为双峰式和碱性两个系列.双峰式火山岩系由低K富Na拉斑玄武岩和酸性英安岩、流纹岩组成.该玄武岩具有类似MORB的微量元素特征,平坦的稀土配分模式,但富Th贫Nb显示其受到陆壳混染的影响.该套火山岩总体特征指示其为大陆裂谷向成熟洋盆转化阶段的产物,从而推测本区火山岩可能为勉略古洋盆西延的分支产物.     

西秦岭月照 琵琶寺地区火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

月照琵琶寺地区的变质火山岩出露于甘肃武都县境内,夹在泥盆系和前震旦碧口群地层之间。按地球化学分类,火山岩可划分为双峰式和碱性两个系列。双峰式火山岩系由低K富Na拉斑玄武岩和酸性英安岩、流纹岩组成。该玄武岩具有类似MORB的微量元素特征,平坦的稀土配分模式,但富Th贫Nb显示其受到陆壳混染的影响。该套火山岩总体特征指示其为大陆裂谷向成熟洋盆转化阶段的产物,从而推测本区火山岩可能为勉略古洋盆西延的分支产物。     

阿尔泰山南缘晚古生代火山岩的地质地球化学特征及其对构造演化的启示

阿尔泰山南缘晚古生代火山岩十分发育,从早泥盆世到早二叠世均有发育。其中中泥盆世北塔山组为一套中基性火山岩,并且底部含有厚度超过100m的苦橄岩;中泥盆世蕴都喀拉组为一套浅海相细碎屑沉积岩夹中性、中基性火山岩;晚泥盆世江孜尔库都克组为火山碎屑岩夹中基性和中酸性火山岩组合;而晚石炭世巴塔玛依内山组以玄武岩和玄武安山岩为主,夹凝灰岩、粉砂岩和炭质页岩。对这4个组火山岩的主要元素、微量元素地球化学特征研究表明,北塔山组和蕴都喀拉组为拉斑和钙碱性系列,并且均具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,而高场强元素与MORB相当,说明其为岛弧环境。江孜尔库都克组火山岩为钾玄岩系列,并且具有较高的LILE富集,表明其形成于岛弧演化的晚期阶段;巴塔玛依内山组火山岩为碱性系列,并且具有强烈富集LILE的特征,指示了其形成于大陆板内环境。因此,从火山岩的时间和空间演化来看,本区晚古生代火山岩与准噶尔洋板块向北的俯冲有关,西伯利亚板块和准噶尔板块的碰撞发生在早石炭-晚石炭世。