Exploring the anatomy of Geographic Information Systems and Technology (GIS&T) textbooks

Choosing a textbook is among the most important decisions instructors make in preparation for an academic term. Geographic Information Systems and Technology (GIS&T) textbook development has been influenced by a unique set of circumstances, mainly the rapid development of the discipline within an interdisciplinary environment, which has resulted in a continuous state of evolution. We examine the anatomy of GIS&T textbooks through a comparison of their organization, content, and depth of coverage. Specifically, utilizing the Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge (BoK) as a comprehensive reference, we categorize the content of 26 of the most widely used introductory GIS textbooks. Our results show that there has been consistent coverage of topics over time, with analytical methods and geospatial data being the most prominent topics covered in texts. However, individual textbooks place varying emphasis on the BoK knowledge areas, which is potentially useful to instructors seeking books that emphasize particular knowledge areas. Additionally, long‐term trends indicate a shift toward an emphasis on new forms of geospatial data (e.g., social media). Ongoing efforts to expand and revise the BoK reflect how the discipline continues to manage its own evolution as new geographic research linked to GIS and GIScience emerges.     

A framework design for the Chinese National Disaster Reduction System of Systems (CNDRSS)

China is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. Currently, the disaster prevention and relief mechanism in China is mainly based on single disaster types and is implemented by different ministries and divisions in single administrative regions. Subsequently, the available resources, including data, services, materials, and human resources, cannot be shared and used effectively. Based on the idea of an observation system of systems and a business system of systems, this paper presents an integrated framework for a Chinese National Disaster Reduction System of Systems (CNDRSS) to address this issue. The CNDRSS framework aims to achieve data sharing and collaboration among different disaster-related ministries/institutions by providing one-stop services for all phases of disaster management and linking together existing and planned disaster-related business systems and observation systems. The key technologies use federated databases and a web service to integrate multiple disaster management systems among different ministries/institutions and a sensor web to integrate airborne, space-borne, and in-situ observations through the web service. These event-driven focused-services connecting the various observations, processing, and mapping processes can meet the requirements for complex disaster-chain systems.     

Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) for environmental remote sensing: challenges and opportunities revisited

Hardin and Jensen (2011) presented six challenges to using small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) for environmental remote sensing: challenge of the hostile flying environment, challenge of power, challenge of available sensors, challenge of payload weight, challenge of data analysis, and challenge of regulation. Eight years later we revisit each of the challenges in the context of the current sUAS environment. We conclude that technological advances made in the interim (as applied to environmental remote sensing) have either (1) improved practitioner ability to respond to a challenge or (2) decreased the magnitude of the challenge itself. However, relatively short flight time remains a primary challenge to using sUAS in environmental remote sensing.     

An Evaluation of Internet Versus Paper‐based Methods for Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS)

Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) are an increasingly important tool for collecting spatial information about the social attributes of place. The availability of Internet‐based options for implementing PPGIS presents new opportunities for increased efficiency and new modes of access. Here we used a mixed‐mode approach to evaluate paper versus Internet mapping methods for the same PPGIS survey in Wyoming. We compared participant characteristics, mapping participation, and the spatial distribution of mapped attributes between participants who responded to the paper versus Internet option. The response rate for those who completed the paper version of the survey was nearly 2.5 times the response rate of the Internet version. Paper participants also mapped significantly more places than did Internet participants (43 vs. 18). Internet participants tended to be younger, more likely to have a college degree, and had lived in the region for less time than paper participants. For all but one attribute there was no difference in the spatial distribution of places mapped between Internet and paper methods. Using a paper‐based PPGIS survey resulted in a higher response rate, reduced participant bias, and greater mapping participation. However, survey mode did not influence the spatial distribution of the PPGIS data.     

基于情境的POI个性化推荐方法研究

为了实现地图POI推荐服务的个性化和智能化,满足用户兴趣偏好,探讨了POI个性化推荐的情境因素,分析了影响用户对POI个性化需求的多维情境,研究了基于情境的POI推荐方法和步骤,提出了顾及效能的改进TOPSIS个性化推荐算法,着重讨论了推荐算法中地理时空等多维情境的处理策略。通过实验对推荐结果、推荐验证进行分析,证明了本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

Evaluating the potential of multi-view data extraction from small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) for object-based classification for Wetland land covers

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) have the potential to provide multi-view data, but the approaches used to extract the multi-view data from UAS and investigation of their use in image classification are currently unavailable in publications to our best knowledge. This study presents a method that combines collinearity equations and a two-phase optimization procedure to automatically project a point from real world coordinate system of an orthoimage to UAS image coordinate system (row and column numbers) to be used in multi-view data extraction. The results show average errors for the computed UAS column and row numbers were 1.6 and 1.8 pixels respectively evaluated with leave-one-out method. Based on this algorithm, it’s also for the first time that object-based multi-view data were extracted and presented, and the potential of using the multi-view data to aid Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis(GEOBIA) through bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) modelling was evaluated with two representatives of BRDFs, the Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete(RPV) and Ross-Thick-LiSparse (RTLS). Our results indicate the RPV model tends to overestimate the bidirectional reflectance for land cover types with high reflectance, while perform well for those with relatively low reflectance in our study area. To test the impact of using multi-view data on image classification, we extracted parameters from BRDF models and used these parameters as object features for object-based classification. The 10-fold cross validation results show that the 3-parameter RTLS significantly improved overall accuracy compared to the classifications relying only on the orthoimage features, while other BRDF models did not show significant improvements, raising the needs to develop new methods to better utilize the multi-view information in GEOIBA in the future.     

GNSS天线阵列接收机与无线传感器网络在灾害监测中的集成方法研究

主要讨论如何将GPS、GLONASS和Galileo系统集成到天线阵列接收机中,如何与无线传感器网络集成,实现数据传输的自动化,并利用无线传感器网络自组网、自适应等特点,实现节点定位,将GNSS天线阵列接收机的几何监测功能与传感器的物理监测功能结合起来,实现地面/地下、几何/物理的三维立体自动化监测。     

Systems and Technologies for the Reception,Processing, and Dissemination of Remote Sensing Data at the Russian Aerospace Agency (Rosaviakosmos)

A number of key problems relating to the collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of data from operational remote sensing systems of the Russian Aerospace Agency are examined. More specifically, methods and strategies of Rosaviakosmos are described in the areas of data reception and registry; verification and metrological certification of information; cataloguing, storage, and servicing of users; and the generation of informational products.     

人工免疫系统及其在空间信息系统中的应用

介绍生物免疫系统的基本理论，并详细介绍国内外主要的人工免疫系统模型的特点和作用，最后提出了人工免疫系统模型在空间信息系统研究中的应用前景。     

Understanding the spatial distribution of elephant (Loxodonta africana) poaching incidences in the mid-Zambezi Valley,Zimbabwe using Geographic Information Systems and remote sensing

The objective of this study was to understand the factors that explain the spatial distribution of elephant poaching activities in the areas of the mid-Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe using geographic information system (GIS) and remotely sensed data integrated with spatial logistic regression. The results showed that significant (α = 0.05) elephant poaching hot spots are located closer to wildlife protected areas. Results further demonstrated that resource availability (water and forage) are the main factors explaining elephant poaching activities in the mid-Zambezi Valley. For example, the majority of poaching activities were found to occur in areas with high vegetation fractional cover (high forage) and close to waterholes. The results also showed that poaching incidences were more prevalent during the dry season. The findings of this study highlight the significance of integrating GIS, remotely sensed data and spatial logistic regression tools for understanding and monitoring elephant poaching activities. This information is critical if poaching activities are to be minimized and it is also important for planning, monitoring and mitigation of poaching activities in similar protected areas across the sub-Saharan Africa.     

现代大地测量参考系统

概述现代大地测量参考系统的定义及不同参考系统之间的关系.主要讨论我国当代大地测量界常使用的3种用以表示几何位置的参考系统1980年国家大地坐标系、全球大地测量系统 1984 (WGS 84)、国际地球参考系统(ITRS),和一种用以表示物理位置,高程的参考系统1985年国家高程基准.并讨论大地测量中框架和基准的概念.     

现代大地测量参考系统

概述现代大地测量参考系统的定义及不同参考系统之间的关系。主要讨论我国当代大地测量界常使用的3种用以表示几何位置的参考系统－1980年国家大地坐标系、全球大地测量系统1984（WGS84）、国际地球参考系统（ITRS），和一种用以表示物理位置，高程的参考系统－1985年国家高程基准。并讨论大地测量中框架和基准的概念。     

Integrating Remote Sensing Techniques,Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and Stochastic Models for Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes in the Northern Coastal Region of Nayarit,Mexico

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes in northern Nayarit, Mexico were estimated using post-classification change detection methods and a Markov chain model. Three thematic maps were generated by classifying Landsat images from 1973, 1900, and 2000, which were then overlaid to generate three change-detection matrices to assess the intensity and direction of changes. Between 25% and 30% of the region displayed LULC changes, attributable to a stochastic behavior that can be modeled with a first-order Markov chain. The steady-state distribution estimates indicate that the LULC patterns in the region have not yet reached equilibrium and predict the expansion of the agricultural boundaries.     

航空重力测量中的厄特弗斯改正

为提高航空重力测量数据的处理精度,在分析厄特弗斯改正计算模型的基础上,研究飞机的速度误差、方位误差和位置误差对厄特弗斯改正的精度影响,进一步研究模型中平方项对滤波处理的影响。结果表明：速度误差是影响厄特弗斯改正精度的主要因素,另外,厄特弗斯改正不需要进行滤波处理。     

改进的GM(1,1)模型及其应用分析

GIM(1)模型是一种改进的GM(1,1)模型。文章在介绍两种模型的基础上,分别进行实例计算和分析,得出了GIM(1)具有更大的优越性,具有预测结果精确,对时间的依赖性较小的特点。     

航空数字摄影测量传感器系统新进展

近些年来,随着数字成像技术的快速发展,大幅面框幅式数字航空成像系统和机载三线阵成像系统正得到迅速推广和应用,本文根据数字成像系统的新特点及国内外主要研究方向,参考第21届国际摄影测量与遥感大会中关于该专题的49篇文章,对航空数字成像系统的数据处理与系统集成、Leica ADS40系统、VEXCEL/Microsoft UltraCamD/UltraCamX系统、Intergraph DMC系统、无人机（UAV）数字航空成像系统等研究方向进行了总结。