多波束海底地形水深注记抽稀软件对比

多波束采集的海底地形数据具有海量性与冗余性特征,海量的多波束数据不利于海底DEM构建与水深图生产。因此,对于离散的多波束测深数据,行之有效的抽稀算法在多波束测深数据处理与水深图制图中尤为重要。本文介绍了常用的数据抽稀软件南方CASS、Fledermaus以及CARIS的原理与方法,并对比分析了各个软件的数据抽稀结果,在一定程度上为后续的科学研究与工程建设提供参考。     

基于Ping的Douglas-Peucker法抽稀阈值优化选取

抽稀阈值的合理选取直接影响多波束测深数据抽稀结果和构建海底地形的表征能力,在基于Ping的Douglas-Peucker法多波束测深数据抽稀的基础上,提出了计算拟合曲线曲率值确定多波束测深数据抽稀阈值的方法。通过算例分析,验证了该方法在多波束测深数据抽稀中的适用性和有效性,取得了较好的抽稀效果。     

基于变异函数的多波束抽稀间距确定方法

在格网化抽稀方法中,抽稀间距的选取直接影响多波束测深数据抽稀结果和构建海底地形的表征能力。为了合理确定多波束测深数据抽稀间距,将地质统计学中的变异函数理论引入到多波束测深数据抽稀中,由水深变异函数估计海底DEM的精度,得出海底DEM精度与抽稀间距的关系。通过仿真计算表明:如果给定海底DEM的精度,再依据计算得到的拟合水深变异函数参数值,即可确定多波束测深数据抽稀网格间距的大小,该法适用于多波束测深数据抽稀的应用中。     

面向地形匹配的多波束测深数据抽稀方法研究

基于多波束测深的地形定位是水下潜器导航技术研究和发展的重点,多波束测深数据的高精度快速重采样是水下地形匹配定位的前提。传统的实时抽稀方法因对多波束测深数据模型的过分简化而效果欠佳。参考Douglas-Peucker算法和点云数据抽稀方法,采用角度-弦高联合准则对多波束每ping数据进行抽稀处理,参考导航地形图对抽稀后的多ping数据基于点云离散度进行二次抽稀处理,从而实现多波束测深数据的高精度快速抽稀处理。典型的数学仿真地形和实测多波束条带数据实验表明:文中提出的抽稀方法数据抽稀率仿真地形在85%以上,实测地形在90%以上,数据抽稀前后点云构成的曲面DEM误差在3%以内,并且算法实时性较好。     

海量多波束数据抽稀方法的比对分析

针对构建海底DEM高效率、高精确度的要求,对比分析了海量多波束水深数据的抽稀方法。利用格网分块结构高效组织海量多波束水深数据,分别采用三种数学模型内插网格节点水深值,实现了不同网格尺度下的数据抽稀。实验证明:所提分块索引策略能提高多波束数据抽稀效率;距离加权内插模型能有效提高海底DEM模型的准确度。     

利用MVDR算法削弱多波束测深声纳的隧道效应

分析了海底多波束测深声纳中存在的隧道效应及其产生机理,指出旁瓣干扰是引起隧道效应的重要因素,隧道效应的出现导致多波束测深声纳把相对平坦的海底误测成凹面向上的水平半圆柱面海底地形。研究了基于GSC结构的自适应波束形成算法,推导提出了MVDR算法的连续自适应实现方案,并利用该算法对多波束测深声纳湖试数据中存在的隧道效应进行处理,结果表明该算法能够有效削弱多波束测深数据边缘波束中存在的旁瓣干扰。     

青岛奥帆竞赛海域扫测工程的实施

为掌握青岛奥帆基地重点海域海底水深数据、地形地貌及障碍物分布特征,采用多波束测深系统对该区海域进行了全覆盖、高效率的海底地形扫测,经过高精度的数据处理,编绘得到海底地形地貌图,并发现了可疑沉船、暗堤等海底障碍物的分布,保障了奥帆赛事的顺利进行.     

海底地形数据组织与可视化选取技术

海洋测绘数据信息化是构建智慧海洋的基础, 而海底地形数据是海洋测绘数据中的重要内容。为更加便捷和高效地 管理与利用地形数据, 本文结合工程实际需求, 研发了海底地形数据管理平台。首先, 基于海底地形数据的特点, 提出多分 辨率海底地形组织模型, 对不规则区域的海底地形进行多分辨率模型构建, 实现了对多波束实测数据的组织管理; 在此基础 上, 提出了多尺度海底地形分级渲染优化算法与海底地形数据空间截取算法, 利用分级渲染与数据裁剪算法实现对海底地形 数据的可视化表达预览和选取服务; 最后, 以典型的多波束测深数据为例, 基于研发平台完成了数据从存储 、组织管理到可 视化预览选取的一体化管理与服务, 验证了本文算法的可靠性与实用性, 同时可为海底地形数据管理服务提供一定参考。     

基于三角网构建海底DEM的抽稀算法

为压缩海量水深数据,实现在高分辨率下快速、完整和准确地表示海底地形,提出了一种基于三角网拓扑结构的数据抽稀方法。该方法利用Delaunay三角网的模型优势,快速寻找与水深点相关的区域。根据水深点对区域贡献度大小决定取舍。实验表明,该方法充分顾及海底地形变化趋势,能有效识别海底地形特征点,并且抽稀速度快、失真小、精度高。     

基于相干原理的多波束测深新算法

为了改善多波束声纳的分辨率,提出了一种基于相干原理的测深新算法,对每一个波束脚印内的信号进行相干处理,获得了大量的海底深度值。在此基础上,采用新算法对仿真数据和某型号多波束测深声纳湖上实验数据进行处理。结果表明,相对于传统多波束测深算法,该算法可显著提高声纳海底测量的分辨率,获得大量的海底深度测量值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.