用P波初动法测定2014年11月22日康定6.3级地震的震源机制

利用140个台站的P波初动资料,其中包括Pg波11个台站、Pn波75个台站、远震P波54个台站,采用格点尝试法获得了康定地震的震源机制解。结果表明,此次地震的震源机制是走滑型,与鲜水河断裂带的破裂特征一致。将本文使用的P波初动资料分别投影到其它机构给出的震源球模型,并计算相应的矛盾比,可以看出本文的结果最符合观测资料。康定地震余震分布、烈度分布情况以及构造应力场的结果,与本文所得康定地震震源机制相符。     

不同震源机制地震PP波与P波振幅比特征的讨论

本文用WKBJ方法,计算了中国境内已知震源机制的六个地震————1973年7月14日西藏约基台错地震;1975年2月4日海城地震;1976年8月16日、1976年8月21日及1976年8月23日松潘地震和1976年11月15日宁河地震————的远震垂直向P波和PP波的理论地震图,并与观测波形进行对比,以检验计算方法。讨论了西藏地震的震源机制。 作者注意到,走滑型地震和倾滑型地震PP波与P波最大振幅的比值在一定的震中距范围内有不同的特征。为此,计算了走滑型和倾滑型地震在破裂方位角为330,240和0,震源深度为8km,17km和24km,台站方主角为310时,震中距由40到80间的P波与PP波理论地震图。给出了PP波与P波最大振幅比(APP/AP)随震中距而变化的曲线。讨论了用(APP/AP)值对地震震源机制类型给出粗略的估计的可能性。此项工作有助于确定一些资料不全,例如本世纪30年代到60年代间中国地震的震源机制类型。      

地核界面波在微震仪上的体现及应用

利用南平台ＤＤ－１地震仪所记录到的地核界面反射波ＰｃＰ、地核界面反射转换波ＳｃＰ、ＰｃＳ测定震源深度。结果表明,用这些震相测定地震震源深度,提高了台站测定远震震源参数的精度。     

地核界面波在微城仪上的体现及应用

利用南平台ＤＤ－１地震仪所记录到地核界面反射波ＰｃＰ、地核界面反射转换波ＳｃＰ、ＰｃＳ测定震源深度。结果表明,用这些震相测定地震震源深度,提高了台站测定远震震源参数的精度     

2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震序列S波分裂变化特征

本文采用质点运动判别与偏振分析相结合的方法对2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震震源区10个台站于2013年4月25日至2019年7月31日记录到的波形数据进行S波分裂参数测定,其中9个台站获取4条以上有效S波分裂参数.结果表明,震源区各台站的S波分裂参数不仅在空间上存在分区特征,还会随时间发生改变.快波偏振方向在空间上的...     

2021年3月5日新西兰克马德克群岛M7.8面波震级测定差异分析

2021年3月5日新西兰克马德克群岛发生M7.8地震,本文计算了全球台网692个台站和中国地震台网全球监测台网112个台站的面波震级,并对此震级进行了偏差分析.结果表明:由于面波震级测定公式的不同,我国和美国测震的面波震级偏差为0.2;面波震级的测定受震源破裂过程的影响,由于此次地震主要破裂方向沿北东向,地震的多普勒效...     

宽频带数字地震仪计算面波震级的讨论

引言 地震波是限定在地球内部的弹性波，一般分为两类：一是发自震源的纵波和横波，通称体波；二是发自震源区的勒夫波和瑞雷波，通称面波。地震震源的几何特性使所有的地震波都具有方向性。因震源取向不同，其能量在震源空间的不同方向辐射强度差别也很大，这直接影响不同方位的地震仪测定震级的差异。同一地震，不同台站测定同一标度的震级有可能相差较大，其差甚至在1.0以上。就震源物理和弹性波传播理论而言，这属于正常的范围。通常，我们测定的震级是那些记录较好台站测定的震级的平均值，这往往掩盖了震源辐射强度的方向性。 1 地震…     

首都圈平均波速比分析

首都圈数字地震台网覆盖京、津和河北中部,其中自2002年5月—2003年12新记录1级以上地震1186个,台站记录的纵、横波到时差约2~25 s。选取被5个以上台站所记录到的地震,震中位于网内或者网缘附近,计算其平均波速比。分析认为:(1)通过HYPODD修订震源位置,绝大多数震源深度在8~10 km,平均波速比所反映的是地壳上层的状态。(2)无论是从较长的时间尺度还是从较大的空间范围来看,平均波速比值都是非常稳定的。(3)平均波速比的可靠性有赖于较多的台站数目,以满足拟合精度的要求。少数台站的测定结果往往伴随较大的误差,单一地震的平均波速比值大幅度的涨落,不宜表征地壳介质性质的改变。     

用P波、S波初动和振幅比计算中小地震震源机制在云南地区的应用

利用云南数字地震台网记录的区域波形资料,用P、S波初动和P、S波的振幅比联合计算了发生在云南省内的91次中小地震的震源机制.通过与矩心矩张量法和P波初动法的结果对比分析,认为用P、S波初动和振幅比求解震源机制的方法是可行可靠的,用这种方法不仅可以得到5级以上地震的震源机制,也可以计算台网分布较好地区的3～4级地震的震源机制.另外,用91个地震的震源机制资料得到了云南地区震源机制类型、主压应力轴的平面分布及其统计图,结果表明云南地区以走滑型地震为主,主压应力轴优势分布方向为NNE向,这些结果与利用哈佛得到的结果是一致的.     

区域地震事件的纵横波差异与震源类型

简要介绍地震与爆炸的震源物理性质及地震波激发机制特征。利用地震观测波形直达纵横波震相能量释放的差异,在时间域引进标志事件震源性质的参量a。132个台站记录的22个不同震源类型事件的计算结果表明,a值具有震源性质依附效应,展现出在事件识别领域的应用前景。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.