On the stimulation of acoustic emission in rock samples by electromagnetic fields

The combined impacts of the electromagnetic fields generated by two independent sources on the process of crack formation in loaded heterogeneous materials (rocks) are studied. The interest in such experiments lies in the fact that in natural conditions, the combination of several fields—the potential triggers of seismic activity—is rather the rule than the exception. It is shown by examples that in the conditions of crossed electric and magnetic fields (CrEMFs) the enhancement in acoustic activity can be triggered with a lower strength electric field than in case of the electric impact alone.     

The acoustic emission from rock under stress and hydraulic pressure

The essential conditions for effective and ecologically safe exploitation of underground waste storage are maintenance, prevention, and monitoring of tightness of rock masses covering and surrounding the reservoir rock complex. This monitoring can be realized by a especially designed acoustic measurement system.The reservoir rock complexes - without leakage - are supposed to be in physical equilibrium; without changes of rock dynamic properties the acoustic emission vanishes. In contrast, as is shown, the results of the field tests carried out in coal mines proved that there was a correlation between the stresses and the acoustic emission ratio. The laboratory experiments also showed correlation between changes of permeability of coal samples and acoustic emission.the explanation of the observed results is based on the development of inelastic deformation of a rock skeleton. The plastic strains in the porous rock appear after overcoming the yield point. The yield point value can be extended by increase of shear stresses, effective stresses and interstitial pressure.In particular, there are three kinds of dynamic phases which may appear preceding the failure of leak tightness:

1. (1) breaking of the rock masses due to stress (Griffith criterion of stability may be expressed in terms of the acoustic emission parameters),

2. (2) the dilatant corrosion of pressure plasticity resulting from chemical, physical and thermal activities, and

3. (3) the destructive increase of pressure in rock pores.

This paper presents the statistical parameters describing the acoustic emission from the rock mass and the dynamic processes mentioned above are described in terms of seismoacoustic activity.     

Experimental studies of He and Ar degassing during rock fracturing

We studied degassing of He and Ar from granite, basalt and volcanic tuff samples which were subjected to uniaxial compression. From the samples which were fractured in the dilatant region He was always degassed, while degassing of Ar dependent not only on the dilatancy, but also on the type of rock and the compressional conditions such as wet, room dry or vacuum conditions. It is concluded that degassing of rare gases from the compressed samples depends primarily on the generation of new surface area by dilatancy.     

Observations of the solar radio emission with the Callisto spectrometer

In the framework of the program for setting the Callisto spectrometer network into operation, the spectral measurements were carried out at the sites of spectrometer locations in India and Russia in winter 2006. The results achieved at Badary, the site where the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) is located, are presented. The measurements were performed using a broadband log-periodic antenna connected to the Callisto spectrometer developed at the Institute of Astronomy (Zurich). The results of these measurements should explain whether spectral studies at frequencies below 1 GHz can be performed using such antennas or new antennas should be developed. The presented results are compared with the similar results obtained in Switzerland in the frequency intervals of interest for radio astronomy. Concerning electromagnetic noise, Badary is a better site for observing the Sun in the 50–800 MHz frequency range as compared to observatories in Switzerland.     

Physical characteristics of the radio emission of solar coronal holes

This paper presents a brief overview of works dedicated to the studies of solar coronal holes (CH). Special attention is paid to CH studies at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths. The observational data in the millimeter range, combined with satellite observations in the ultraviolet and soft X-ray range, as well as solar eclipse observations of March 29, 2006, at centimeter wavelengths with RATAN-600, provide new results for understanding the physical nature of coronal holes on the Sun.     

Development of solar flares and features of the fine structure of solar radio emission

The reason for the occurrence of different elements of the fine structure of solar radio bursts in the decimeter and centimeter wavelength ranges has been determined based on all available data from terrestrial and satellite observations. In some phenomena, fast pulsations, a zebra structre, fiber bursts, and spikes have been observed almost simultaneously. Two phenomena have been selected to show that the pulsations of radio emission are caused by particles accelerated in the magnetic reconnection region and that the zebra structure is excited in a source, such as a magnetic trap for fast particles. The complex combination of unusual fiber bursts, zebra structure, and spikes in the phenomenon on December 1, 2004, is associated with a single source, a magnetic island formed after a coronal mass ejection.     

On the connection between tectonic stresses and well fracturing data

Summary Theories of hydraulic fracturing of wells are usually based upon a model of a well in which the latter is assumed to be equivalent to an infinitely long cylinder. In this fashion, the stress state induced by the pressure in the well turns out to be two-dimensional. This is certainly an oversimplification, and therefore a different model is proposed in the present paper. In this, we assume that the pressure in the well is equivalent to a spherical pressure center. The fracture condition is formulated and the model is applied to the calculation of underground stresses from well data.Published by permission of Imperial Oil Limited.     

宏观非均匀性对岩石微震序列类型和破裂方式影响的数值试验研究

运用岩石破裂过程分析RFPA^2D系统．研究了岩石介质宏观非均匀性（含裂纹）对宏观力学行为和微震序列类型的影响。通过对5种不同岩石介质结构的宏观非均匀性样本进行破裂过程的数值模拟,发现非均匀程度不同会产生不同地震序列类型,主要有：前震-主震-余震型、主震型和震群型。此外,对5种不同均质度系数的岩石样本破裂过程的模拟。结果表明,岩石介质结构的宏观非均匀性不仅对岩样宏观强度和宏观变形非线性行为有显著的影响,而且也显著地影响试样破裂模式。随着非均匀程度的降低,主破裂呈现脆断模式,而随着非均匀程度的增加而呈现韧性破坏特征。     

Variant of more accurate determination of the locations of shortwave radio emission sources

The paper discusses how the trajectory calculation method can be used to solve the problem of locality determination of shortwave (SW) emission sources. The dependence of the electron concentration on the coordinates is specified using the SPIM model; it is corrected using the ionospheric solar activity index, which is specified with the help of maps of total electron content. We suggested a variant of how a regional map of the total electron content can be plotted according to measurements of signals from GLONASS/GPS navigation systems. It is shown that the trajectory calculation method, coupled with an adjustable ionospheric model, allows for a more exact locality determination of SW radio emission sources.     

The electromagnetic background of the high frequency radio range during solar eclipses

We examine variations in the level of the electromagnetic background of the high-frequency radio range based on monitoring data conducted in Tomsk. We establish the main laws by which it changes in various frequency bands during three solar eclipses observed in Tomsk: the level of the electromagnetic background increases to 40 dB at frequencies of 3–7 MHz, decreases to 40 dB at frequencies of 11–30 MHz, and remains almost unchanged relative to the level of control days at frequencies of 7–11 MHz.     

利用声发射和波速变化判定岩石损伤状态

对岩石受单轴压缩损伤过程中的声发射和超声波波速进行了同步测量,对比分析了声发射和波速随损伤过程的变化规律。研究表明,岩石损伤过程可分成几个阶段,不同阶段声发射和声波波速变化呈现不同特征;利用超声波波速的相对变化能够稳定可靠地鉴别岩石的"加载强化"与"加载弱化";声发射b值对裂隙的非稳定扩展更加敏感,可以作为岩石失稳预警参数;岩石声发射和波速都对损伤具有记忆性,重复加载下的声发射和超声波波速变化可提供更丰富的岩石损伤状态信息。     

变化环境下珠江流域洪水频率变化特征、成因及影响(1951-2010年)

气候变化和人类活动导致珠江流域水文变化,变化前后洪水频率分布显著不同.运用滑动秩和(Mann-Whitney U test)结合Brown-Forsythe、滑动T、有序聚类和Mann-Kendall检验法,并用累积距平曲线法获取年最大流量序列详细信息,综合确定样本最佳变化节点,并对水文变化成因做了系统分析.在此基础上,对整体序列、变化前后序列用线性矩法推求广义极值分布参数以及不同重现期设计流量.结果表明:(1)西江大部以及北江流域最佳变化节点在1991年左右;东江流域最佳变化节点与该流域内3大控制性水库建成时间基本吻合;(2)变化后,西江、北江年最大流量持续增加,洪峰强度增大,尤其是西江干流年最大流量显著增加;东江流域年最大流量显著减小,洪峰强度降低;(3)变化后,西江与北江洪水风险增加,尤其是下游珠三角地区本身受人类活动显著影响,加之西江与北江持续增加的洪水强度,珠三角地区发生洪水的强度及频次加剧,而东江洪水风险减小.此研究对于珠江流域在变化环境下的洪水风险评估与防洪抗灾具有重要意义.     

岩石破裂电磁辐射频率与弹性参数的关系

为进一步研究岩石破裂电磁辐射特征,本文根据岩石破裂电磁辐射是由岩石破裂时产生带电粒子扰动引起的假说,通过断裂力学理论中的张开位移法计算岩石破裂过程中的裂纹宽度,由电磁辐射频率与破裂宽度之间的关系,研究电磁辐射频率与弹性参数之间的关系,并给出了它们之间的关系表达式.通过建立具有中心贯穿裂纹的无限大平板模型,根据破裂宽度计算了在该模型条件下几种岩石破裂过程中产生电磁辐射频率范围.理论模型计算出来的频率范围主要集中在实验观测的中高频段,并体现出频率随弹性参数的变化.     

岩石破裂电磁辐射频率与岩石属性参数的关系

为进一步明确岩石破裂电磁辐射频率特征,基于岩石破裂电磁辐射是由岩石破裂时传播裂纹引起原子扰动产生的假说, 通过断裂力学理论中小范围屈服条件下张开位移法计算岩石破裂时的裂纹宽度,由单脉冲电磁辐射频率与裂纹宽度之间的关系,研究电磁辐射频率与岩石属性参数之间的关系,并给出了它们之间的关系表达式;单独讨论了不同属性参数对电磁辐射频率的影响.结果表明,电磁辐射频率随弹性模量增大而增大,随岩样尺寸和强度增大而减小,随泊松比的变化、岩石弹模的不同电磁辐射频率有变化;当弹模较小时,泊松比的影响也较小,而当弹模很大,即岩石刚度很大时,泊松比的增大会导致频率的增大;裂纹初始长度的变化受试件尺寸的影响,进而影响频率,当尺寸较大时,裂纹长度对频率影响较小,当尺寸较小时,频率随裂纹长度增大而增大.通过计算几种常见岩石破裂时电磁辐射频率值发现,岩石破裂时电磁辐射频率达到105 Hz量级,这与现有的实验结果相吻合.     

Response of mesospheric ozone to the heating of the lower ionosphere by high-power HF radio emission

We detected a decrease in the intensity of microwave radiation at the atmospheric ozone line at a frequency of 110836.04 MHz during ionospheric modification by high-power HF radiowaves radiated by the Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility. The obtained experimental data allowed us to hypothesize that this effect was caused by the fact that mesospheric ozone was affected by internal gravity waves generated in the E region of the ionosphere during its high-power HF radiowave heating.     

Dynamics of large-scale ionospheric inhomogeneities caused by a powerful radio emission of the Sura facility from the data collected onto ground-based GNSS network

The measurements of variations in the total electron content of the Earth’s ionosphere along the GPS satellite signal propagation path are described. The signal parameters were measured at a network of receivers at three distant sites: Sura (Vasilsursk), Zelenodolsk, and Kazan. They are arranged along the geomagnetic latitude of the Sura Facility under short-wave radio irradiation of the ionosphere. One feature of the experiment is the crossing of a disturbed region by the radio path between a GPS satellite and Vasilsursk. This resulted from the angular sizes of the Sura array pattern; the radio paths between a GPS satellite and Zelenodolsk and a GPS satellite and Kazan did not cross. Variations in the total electron content of up to 0.15?0.3 TECU were revealed at all three sites during four experimental campaigns (March 2010, March 2013, May 2013, and November 2013). The lateral scale of an ionospheric disturbance stimulated by a high-power radio wave and the velocity of its west-to-east propagation along the geomagnetic latitude were 30–60 km and 270–350 m/s, respectively. A decrease in the total electron content (down to 0.55 TECU) was recorded along the Kazan–Zelenodolsk–Vasilsurks line, which is connected with the solar terminator transit; the lateral scale of the related ionospheric inhomogeneities was ~65–80 km.     

On rotational temperature of the hydroxyl emission

The method for determining the rotational temperature of the hydroxyl emission of the upper atmosphere is analyzed. It is shown that a discrepancy of up to 14 K appears in the temperature values determined for the region of OH emission (～87 km) since different researchers use the intensity factors (line strengths) of the lines of the rotational structure of hydroxyl bands based on various theoretical calculations. This discrepancy considerably exceeds the error (2–3 K) of direct temperature measurements. The use of the set of such data in the analysis of the time and spatial temperature regime can lead to a distortion of the character of the long-term changes in the mesopause temperature. Analytical expressions are obtained making it possible to calculate a systematic correction for the temperatures determined with the use of various intensity factors. One should also take into account considerable seasonal variations in the dependence of rotational temperature values on the level of the hydroxyl vibrational excitation.     

Numerical study on the fracturing mechanism of shock wave interactions between two adjacent blast holes in deep rock blasting

With the application of electronic detonators, millisecond blasting is regarded as a significant promising approach to improve the rock fragmentation in deep rock blasting. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the fracturing mechanisms of short-delay blasting. In this work, a rectangle model with two circle boreholes is modeled as a particles assembly based on the discrete element method to simulate the shock wave interactions induced by millisecond blasting. The rectangle model has a size of 12 × 6 m (L × W) and two blast holes have the same diameter of 12 cm. The shock waves are simplified as time-varying forces applied at the particles of walls of the two boreholes. Among a series of numerical tests in this study, the spacing between two adjacent boreholes and delay time of millisecond blasting are considered as two primary variables, and the decoupling charge with a coefficient of 1.5 is taken into account in each case. The results show that stress superposition is not a key factor for improving rock fragmentation (tensile stress interactions rather than compressive stress superposition could affect the generation of cracks), whereas collision actions from isolated particles or particles with weakened constraints play a crucial role in creating the fracture network. The delay time has an influence on causing cracks in rock blasting, however, whether it works heavily depends on the distance between the two holes.

     

On the accumulative contribution of CO2 emission from China to global climate change

A study of the contribution to global climate change from China’s CO₂ emission is conducted using the FIO-ESM v1.0 climate model. A series of sensitivity experiments are performed to identify two kinds of contributions to global climate change of China’s CO₂ emission due to fossil fuel combustion: one is the pure contribution which is the historical climate response from the sensitivity experiment forced only by China’s CO₂ emission, the other is the accumulative contribution which is proposed in this research and defined as the difference of historical climate responses between the experiments forced by all countries’ CO₂ emission and other countries’ CO₂ emission excluding China. The pure contribution approach considers the total CO₂ discharged by China, while the accumulative contribution approach considers not only the discharge amount of China but also the discharge order of China and other countries. The latter is a more realistic approach to quantify the contribution of CO₂ emission to the historical change of atmospheric CO₂ concentration, surface air temperature (SAT), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice coverage in the Arctic. Model results show that from the accumulative perspective, the ratio of the contribution of CO₂ emission from China for the increase of atmospheric CO₂ concentration, SAT and SST, and the decrease of the sea ice coverage in the Arctic to that from all other countries excluding China varies from 8% to 92%, 5% to 95%, 9% to 91% and 18% to 82%, respectively. Here we take the contribution of China’s CO₂ emission as an example, the contribution of CO₂ emission from any other country or area can be evaluated by the same approach.