鄂尔多斯盆地西北部下白垩统罗汉洞组中的铀矿化与沉积相

基于沉积相的研究认为鄂尔多斯盆地西北部罗汉洞期在缓倾斜坡带发育河流相一辫状河三角洲相一湖泊相沉积。依据酸解烃特征参数C1／∑C,C1／C2＋及酸解烃判别分析（z值法、Φ值法及判别因子法）论证了赋存于罗汉洞组地层中的烃气源于三叠系上统湖相生油岩系中的油型气。通过综合剖析赋存于罗汉洞组中油气的地球化学特征、油气还原蚀变特征和铀矿化关系,论证了罗汉洞组的褪色蚀变（漂白）是渗逸到该层位中的酸解烃类气体对岩石发生诱发蚀变的结果,论述了沉积成岩作用期间在辫状河三角洲相中发生铀初步富集,提出沉积相组合与油气还原蚀变带的空间配置是后期铀矿化空间定位的制约因素。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜区直罗组砂岩中烃类流体特征与铀成矿关系

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区纳岭沟、大营铀矿床直罗组下段砂岩中139个样品的酸解烃分析,探讨了酸解烃中烃类气体组成特征、成因及来源,并结合该区铀矿地质特征初步分析了烃类流体与砂岩型铀成矿关系。研究结果表明,直罗组下段砂体中CH_4及C_2+含量具有从含矿砂体、灰色砂体、灰绿-绿色砂体逐渐变小的分布特征,表明该区铀成矿与烃类气体关系密切。酸解烃中气体组成特征参数C_1/ΣC、C_1/C_2~+、C_2/iC_4、C_2/C_3、iC_4/nC_4、iC_5/nC_5、ln(C_1/C_2)、ln(C_2/C_3)及δ~(13) C_(CO_2)特征表明,中侏罗统直罗组下段砂岩层中烃类气体为有机成因的油型气,烃类气主要处于成熟—高成熟阶段,是原油裂解气与原油伴生气的混合气。通过气源对比分析认为,直罗组下段砂体中的烃类气主要来源于上三叠统延长组深湖—半深湖相腐泥型烃源岩。这些原油裂解气和原油伴生气的混合气主要沿深大断裂、微裂缝等其他运移通道向上运移到直罗组砂岩中,直罗组下段砂体褪色蚀变(漂白)和绿色蚀变均是深部逸散到该层位中的烃类气体对岩石发生蚀变作用的结果,靠近断裂的直罗组下段褪色蚀变砂岩与绿色蚀变砂岩之间的氧化-还原过渡带是该区砂岩型铀矿找矿的重点方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部直罗组油气流体活动特征与铀成矿作用初探

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部地区直罗组中砂岩型铀矿化与油气改造作用关系密切。从宏观及微观角度分析了鄂尔多斯盆地东南部直罗组油气流体空间展布规律、油气流体对砂体的后生蚀变改造作用,探讨了油气活动期次及其与砂岩型铀成矿的关系,对铀成矿规律认识与成矿预测具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵地区直罗组有机地球化学特征及其与铀成矿关系

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部直罗组油气作用明显,区域铀成矿与褪色蚀变关系密切。本文在铀矿化发育较密集的黄陵地区开展了直罗组有机地球化学特征及其与铀成矿关系研究。通过饱和烃气象色谱分析,可见有机质正构烷烃主峰碳位于C_(15)~C_(22)之间,(C_(21)+C_(22))/(C_(28)+C_(29))值范围为0.72~26.08,∑C_(21)~-/∑C_(22)~+值分布在0.88~6.39之间,Pr/Ph值分布在0.47~0.85之间,OEP值分布在0.87~1.08之间,CPI值分布在1.04~1.22之间,指示烃源岩有机质处于成熟的热演阶段,油气主要来源于三叠系延长组盐湖相的沉积母质。研究区三叠系延长组湖相烃源岩的生烃高峰期与含铀目的层沉积成岩以来地层缺失期及铀成矿期基本吻合,生成的油气既可为铀成矿提供还原能力,又可以避免已形成的铀矿体遭受后期氧化改造。     

青海省天峻县木里地区天然气水合物发现区 浅表地球化学特征

在青海木里天然气水合物发现区分别采集50件浅表土壤样品和顶空气样品,采用顶空间轻烃法、酸解烃法和蚀变碳酸盐法研究其浅表地球化学特征。结果表明,顶空气中可检测出C1—C3,土壤中检测出C1—C5,酸解烃各指标之间具有显著的相关性,碳酸盐指标与酸解烃也呈显著的正相关。地表烃类气体来源为原油伴生气、凝析油伴生气和煤型气,与水合物同源,显示出深部热解成因气的特征。     

青海省天峻县木里地区天然气水合物发现区浅表地球化学特征

在青海木里天然气水合物发现区分别采集50件浅表土壤样品和顶空气样品,采用顶空间轻烃法、酸解烃法和蚀变碳酸盐法研究其浅表地球化学特征。结果表明,顶空气中可检测出C1-C3,土壤中检测出C1-C5,酸解烃各指标之间具有显著的相关性,碳酸盐指标与酸解烃也呈显著的正相关。地表烃类气体来源为原油伴生气、凝析油伴生气和煤型气,与水舍物同源,显示出深部热解成因气的特征。     

地球化学场的连续多重分形模式

研究了粤北4292km^2内1448个基岩样品的35项元素、安徽省江南江北各约22000km^2和18100km^2内5489个和4524个水系沉积物样品的14项元素、塔里木盆地5个含油气区的7419个土壤样品的酸解烃（C1－C5）、蚀变碳酸盐、紫外、荧光等油气地球化学指标值的面积校正累计频率（ACAF）特征。研究表明，地球化学指标值的ACAF均显示连续多重分形特征，而且具两种特定模式：简单连续多重分析（SCM）模式和具高浓集的连续多重分形（HACM）模式；主要成矿元素和主要油气化探指标均不同程度地显示为HACM模式，而其他指标多表现为SCM模式。不同的分形模式可望用于区域含矿含油性和区域环境评价，而开始出现高含量叠加的“临界”含量值可能作为区域成矿成油强度的一种度量。     

克拉通盆地内油气垂向微渗漏的烃类地球化学──以鄂尔多斯盆地城川1井为例

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地腹部城川１井（０─４５００ｍ）酸解烃、热解烃及部分层段抽提烃的系统研究，结合剖面上有机质含量的变化及产油气层的分布，讨论了油气垂向微渗漏在浅层沉积层中留下的可识别的地球化学痕迹。该井浅层０─１０２０ｍ井段，有机碳含量低，在０．０６％─０．３％之间，平均为０．１１％，ｔ（ｍａｘ）值小于４００℃，有机质处于未成熟热演化阶段，岩性发育以红色、砖红色粉砂岩和浅灰色砂质泥岩和粉砂岩为主，这样一套沉积组合显然不利于有机质转化成烃。但与其下伏相邻成熟层段相比，Ｓ１／ＴＯＣ，Ｓ１／（Ｓ１十Ｓ２）和Ｃ（２＋）／ＴＯＣ均异常偏大，饱和烃的ＯＥＰ值为１．１１─１．１３，饱／芳值为５．２─６．４，显示了不具有奇偶优势的成熟烃的特征；经丙烯均一化之后，浅层甲烷和重烃异常并未消失，表明有深部热成因气态烃的加入。盆地内断裂不发育，则通过岩石中微裂隙和孔隙系统的油气微渗漏是深部油气运移的主要方式。由此可见，油气垂向微渗漏在浅层沉积层中留下了可识别的地球化学痕迹。     

海底水合物地球化学探测方法的试验研究

选择西沙海槽水合物潜在富集区作为已知区 ,利用陆上油气地球化学勘查方法 (酸解烃、热释烃、蚀变碳酸盐方法 )开展了试验性研究。通过对海底浅表层沉积物各项测试指标的分析 ,发现酸解烃方法效果好 ,而热释烃方法和蚀变碳酸盐方法的试验效果并不理想。同时还对海底浅表层沉积物酸解烃重新进行了释义 ,认为酸解烃方法适合于海底水合物的勘查 ,值得进一步推广     

高精度地表油气化探技术的发展及应用--以济阳凹陷垛石桥地区土壤酸解烃为例

酸解烃技术是油气化探的一个重要方法,在常规的油气化探中被普遍应用,然而多解性一直影响其应用效果。本文选择济阳凹陷垛石桥地区作为研究区,利用改进的酸解烃技术,分析研究区已知背景区和产油气区土壤中的酸解烃含量及其碳同位素特征,以验证改进酸解烃技术在复杂含油气区块油气化探工作中的有效性,为油气化探提供高精度的技术方法。研究结果表明,垛石桥地区地表土壤酸解烃中甲烷的含量受干扰因素较多,与下伏油气藏没有明显的对应关系;而乙烷和丙烷等重烃含量与下伏油气藏的对应关系较好,可以较好地揭示深部油气运移的贡献。另外,该地区土壤酸解烃的组成特征指示其深部油气源以油藏为主,部分为凝析油藏,与实际地质情况较为吻合,表明改进的酸解烃技术可以作为复杂含油气区块指示深部油气藏的有效化探方法。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.