21世纪：海洋开发时代

人类社会发展到今天,已面临着“人口剧增、资源匮乏和环境恶化”三大亟待解决的问题。人类继续生存和发展的出路是开发利用海洋资源,使用现代科学技术手段,调查研究海洋,开发利用海洋和保护海洋;发展海洋产业,从大海中索取更多的海洋资源,来满足人类社会     

迎接海洋科学的新时期——为什么编写《海底观测》一书

人类作为陆生生物,认识世界、观测世界的立足平台在地面。20世纪的航天技术使人类克服地球引力进入太空,第一次看到地球的全貌,为人类观测地球提供了第二个平台。这场变革可以与17世纪从地球放眼太阳系、带来“日心说”的科学进步相比拟,被喻为“第二次哥白尼革命”。     

海洋内波动力学

海洋内波的研究已有较长的历史。Stokes(1847)和Raleigh(1883)分别作了两层流体界面处的波动和连续层结流体中的内波理论研究。本世纪初(1902)Nansen第一次报告了有关海洋内波的观测结果。但由于观测技术限制和理论研究的困难,关于海洋内波的研究长期处于缓慢发展状态。 到了40年代,由于内波对潜艇活动和声纳功能的严重影响等原因促使人们重视海洋内波的观测与研究,而海洋调查仪器和资料分析方法的发展也使内波观测和分析快速发展起来。到了70年代初,在大量调查和研究的基础上,Garrett和Munk(1972,1975)提出大洋内波谱模型(在物理海洋学中被称为GM模型)。此模型假设大洋内波场可抽象成一平稳随机场,它具有水平均匀、水平各向同性、垂向对称性(即上传与下传波能相等)。内波可表示成在一定频率区间内各种频率、各种波数的自由传播的进行波之叠加。从当时所得观测资料看,此模型几乎普遍地适用于世界各大洋。     

海洋地球物理技术的发展

海洋地球物理的海底探测技术在20世纪里的迅猛发展推动了地球科学的进展。高精度的导航定位技术是实现海底高精度探测的基础。高精度的导航定位包括水面船只和水下探测系统的精确定位。现代水面船只定位依赖以全球卫星定位技术为主的导航定位系统；水下定位系统主要发展有超短基线定位系统(USBL)、短基线定位系统(SBL)和长基线定位系统(LBL)等。海洋重力测量系统的主体技术得到改进，陀螺稳定平台广泛采用光纤陀螺技术，开发出改正交又耦合效应的新技术，系统实现数字化控制，卫星测高技术引入海洋重力测量领域。海洋地磁测量发展出光泵式测量技术、多分量测量技术和梯度测量技术，近数十年快速发展起来的海底声学探测技术有多波束测深技术、声纳侧扫技术和浅层剖面测量技术等，这些技术已经在当代海底科学研究、海底资源勘查、海洋工程和海洋开发等方面发挥出极其重要的作用。在新的世纪里，海洋地球物理仍然保持着前沿科学的地住。     

全球海洋观测系统展望

一、引言 海洋在全球变化中起着关键性的作用。为了弄清海洋的作用我们必须进行长期的全球资料收集,并由此进行全球性的海洋观测,这需要熟悉海洋以及海洋与大气、陆地耦合的基本知识,以及必须的技术与人力、物力来发展和负担长期的海洋观测活动。 全球海洋观测系统的主要任务是长期、系统地收集物理、化学及生物学的观测资料,从而提供全球海洋现时状况,这些资料也能提供全球气候耦合模式的初始条件。在1990年8月的一份报告中,Henry Stommel曾指出:希望在2000年能得到完善的海洋“动态”模型,以此用来预测海洋涡流事件、厄尔尼诺事件、深水和中间层水构造的异常现象以及污染物扩散等问题,同时也可提供气候模式边界条件。     

全球实时海洋观测网(Argo)与上层海洋结构、变异及预测研究

围绕国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“基于全球实时海洋观测计划(Argo)的上层海洋结构、变异及预测研究”,首先介绍Argo这一新型全球海洋观测网给海洋和大气科学带来的发展机遇以及我们面临的挑战,接着阐述项目重点研究区域西北太平洋和热带印度洋—太平洋的国内外进展,最后给出了项目的关键科学问题和主要研究内容。     

海洋观测能力建设的现状、趋势与对策思考

海洋观测是海洋科学发展的基础和重要支撑,海洋科学的创新发展在很大程度上依赖于海洋观测能力的提升.介绍了国际海洋观测能力的现状和趋势,提出了目前海洋观测能力建设所面临的挑战.针对我国海洋科学发展的需求和海洋观测能力存在的差距,提出了对策思考.     

海洋浮游生物原位观测技术研究进展

原位观测技术在生物海洋学过程研究中的应用,从海洋生物多样性、海洋生物的生理生态响应和宏观的生态过程及其变动机制等方向的研究中得到迅速的发展,极大提高了对海洋生物学、生态学以及不同时空尺度生物地球化学过程的认识.包括原位光学检测技术、水下显微摄像与自动化鉴定技术、水下流式细胞技术、分子生物传感器等新型原位观测技术,拓宽了各类型观测平台的研究对象范围.重点阐述生物海洋学原位观测技术的发展现状、应用实例及其在立体海洋观测系统中的应用前景.     

北阿拉伯海的光纤海洋观测网络:成功、挑战和机遇

2005年夏,一个先进的海洋观测网络——包括实时的光纤海洋观测系统和内部存储的自动化观测系统——被投放在了阿曼海和北阿拉伯海并运行至今.在2010年初,其中的自动化观测系统被升级到了新的深水光纤观测系统.这个海洋观测网络是在阿曼农业和渔业部的资助下,由美国的Lighthouse R&D公司设计、开发、安装和维护的.这2个观测系统作为一个整体已经连续工作了7年多的时间.所采集数据包括海流、温度、盐度、压力、溶解氧和浊度等.该海区是一个多水团的汇合区,波斯湾的高盐水和阿拉伯海的低盐水在这里汇合并蔓延南下到印度洋.对采集的数据研究表明,这一观测网络对研究该区域的物理和生物过程具有重要价值.在此,将系统介绍整个观测网络,并简要阐述已经完成和接近完成的4个研究主题:①对阿拉伯海有记载以来最强热带气旋“古怒”的海洋响应的研究;②阿曼海北部的季节性缺氧现象的季节及年际变化和成因分析;③深海声散射层的时空演变;④阿曼海和北阿拉伯海的高温高盐现象的成因.该观测网络采集的长期、连续的时间序列对这一地区的海洋动力研究、水文的季节性变化,以及气候的长期变化等研究都有很大帮助.此外,如果观测网络可以完成25年的设定观测目标,这将对验证和改进海洋环流模式和海气耦合模式具有重要意义.     

海洋科学研究15年回顾与展望

1　海洋科学的研究对象和主要任务海洋科学是一门认识海洋的科学。海洋科学不仅研究巨大的海洋水体部分 ,也研究 :海岸带、河口和滨海湿地———通过这里淡水连续不断地进入海洋 ;海洋与大气界面———这里发生着海气间物质和能量的交换 ;海水和沉积物界面及海底岩石圈等。由于海洋的观测难度大且花费高 ,海洋学家始终致力于大力发展快速、高效和先进的观测仪器和技术 ,并且依托海洋科学调查船、卫星和自动观测系统 (如锚系浮标等 )实施海洋观测。海洋科学主要研究海洋中的物理过程、生物过程、化学过程和地质过程及其相互作用。其分支学科…     

基于生态系统的海洋管理理论与实践

海洋孕育了丰富的生态系统服务功能,包括为人类提供多种海产食物、净化海洋环境和提供宜人景观及发展空间等。随着工程科技水平的提高,人类对海洋资源和空间的开发利用越来越多、越来越快,对海洋生态系统的影响也越来越大,这一问题在我国尤为突出。近20年来一些发达国家通过推行基于生态系统的海洋管理(MEBM),在海洋生态系统的框架下规范和管理开发活动,特别是在解决区域性海洋管理问题方面取得了一定成效,值得我们借鉴。概述了海洋生态系统及其服务功能,回顾了海洋开发中存在的问题以及MEBM的发展历程,系统阐述了MEBM的原则和措施,剖析了国内外MEBM的成功案例,探讨了在中国实施MEBM的必要性和前提条件。近年来,我国依据海洋功能区划来管理海洋开发已取得一定的成果。建议以此为基础,强化相关生态科学研究及相应技术和法规支撑,从而为我国海洋经济可持续发展提供保障。     

Marine Ecosystem—Based Management: Definition,Principles, Framework and Practice

As the largest ecosystems of the earth, marine ecosystem provides many types of ecosystem service to human. More than 60% of the global population lives the coastal area. A healthy ocean is critical to our economy, health and way of life. However, with rapid population growth and densely inhabited coastal areas, our dependence on marine resources is greater than ever. The overuse and mismanagement of ecosystem services have placed great pressure on marine systems, thereby threatening the future of marine ecosystems, and the services they provide. With anthropogenic pressures increasing in coastal cities, adopting ecosystem-based management frameworks that minimize impacts on marine environments while allowing for sustainable development is critical. Marine Ecosystem-Based Management seeks to manage marine resources in ways that protect ecosystem health while providing the ecosystem services needed by people. Rather than focusing solely on a single species or resource, MEBM incorporates science and balances the demands of user groups in a manner that produces management strategies that are more likely to be sustainable than traditional approaches. The definition, principles and framework were discussed in this paper based on the summary of literature, and two examples were introduced. Last, some suggestions were put forward to marine ecosystem management for ocean ecosystem and for healthy coastal resources sustainable utilization.     

Abundance and Community Structure of Airborne Microorganisms over the Ocean and Their Influencing Mechanisms

Airborne microorganisms play an essential role in the microbial propagation and maintenance of the ecosystem diversity, and also significantly affect the climate by acting as effective Ice Nucleus (IN) and Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). The ocean is a vital source and destination for airborne microbes. Nevertheless, little information has been obtained on the distribution of abundance and diversity of airborne microorganisms over the ocean. This paper systematically reviewed the abundance, size distribution, and community structure of airborne microorganisms over the ocean, as well as various environmental and meteorological factors that control the distribution of microbes in marine aerosols. The commonly used methods for detecting airborne microorganisms and their development prospects were also discussed. We pointed out that sampling and detection of extremely low concentration microorganisms in marine aerosols are key problems to be solved in this field, and future research directions include the increase of the cruising observation in open oceans and combination of advanced molecular techniques and other traditional methods. This paper provides extensive and crucial information for subsequently in-depth research on airborne microorganisms over the ocean, revealing their sources, activities, climate and ecological effects.     

数据同化在海洋生态模型中的应用和研究进展

将数据同化方法引入海洋生态系统动力学模型研究,利用现有的观测数据,获得最佳的模式参数、初始场或提高状态模拟,是当前多学科交叉研究的热门领域。本文依据国内外研究进展,主要就海洋生态模型研究中所采用的变分伴随、卡尔曼滤波、模拟退火法方法进行了介绍,总结了数据同化在我国的海洋生态系统研究中的现状和发展趋势。     

海洋生态系统动力学研究与海洋生物资源可持续利用

围绕国家重点基础研究发展规划（973）项目“东、黄海生态系统动力学与生物资源可持续利用”，介绍了海洋生态系统动力学研究对我国社会与科技发展的意义、研究现状和发展趋势、拟解决的关键科学问题以及实施计划。该项研究的最终目标是弄清我国近海海洋生态系统的结构、功能及其服务与产出，量化其动态变化及生态容纳量，预测生物资源的补充量，寻求可持续开发利用海洋生态系统的途径。使集中多种机制于一体并具陆架特色的我国近海生态系统力学理论体系和研究队伍进行国际先进行列。     

The changing vision of marine minerals

Non-fuel marine minerals are reviewed from the perspective of resources and their value as active analogs that can advance understanding of types of ancient ore deposits that formed in marine settings. The theory of plate tectonics is the largest influence in expanding our vision of marine minerals and in developing our understanding of geologic controls of mineralization in space and time. Prior to the advent of plate tectonics, we viewed the ocean basins as passive sinks that served as containers for particulate and dissolved material eroded from land. This view adequately explained marine placer deposits (heavy minerals and gems), aggregates (sand and gravel), and precipitates (phosphorites and manganese nodules). Although numerous sites of placer mineral deposits are known on continental shelves worldwide, current activity pertains to diamond mining off southwestern Africa, tin mining off southeastern Asia, and intermittent gold mining off northwestern North America, which are all surpassed economically by worldwide recovery of marine sand and gravel, in turn dwarfed by offshore oil and gas. With the advent of plate tectonics, plate boundaries in ocean basins are recognized as active sources of mineralization in the form of hydrothermal massive sulfide deposits and proximal lower-temperature deposits hosted in oceanic crust (mafic at ocean ridges and felsic at volcanic island arcs), and of magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide, chromite and PGE deposits inferred to be present in the oceanic upper mantle–lower crust based on their occurrence in ophiolites. Some 300 sites of hydrothermal active and relict mineralization, most of them minor, are known at this early stage of seafloor exploration on ocean ridges, in fore-arc volcanoes, at back-arc spreading axes, and in arc rifts; deposits formed at spreading axes and transported off-axis by spreading are present in oceanic lithosphere but are virtually unknown. The TAG (Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse) hydrothermal field in the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (latitude 26° N) is considered to exemplify a major Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) deposit forming at a spreading axis. The most prospective of these occurrences lie within the 200 nautical mile (370 km)-wide Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the nations of the volcanic island arcs of the western Pacific where metal content of massive sulfides (Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn) exceeds that at ocean ridges. Plate tectonics early provided a framework for mineralization on the scale of global plate boundaries and is providing guidance to gradually converge on sites of mineralization through regional scales of plate reorganization, with the potential to elucidate the occurrence of individual deposits (e.g., Eocene Carlin-type gold deposits). Investigation of the spectrum of marine minerals as active analogs of types of ancient mineral deposits is contributing to this convergence. Consideration of questions posed by Brian Skinner (1997) of what we do and do not know about ancient hydrothermal mineral deposits demonstrates the ongoing advances in understanding driven by investigation of marine minerals.     

我国21世纪初海洋科学研究中的若干重要问题

海洋科学在20世纪后半叶得到迅速发展，海洋在人类可持续发展中的重要地位也日益为人们所认识。在21世纪初，我国所关注的海洋科学问题中有两方面特别重要，一是海洋在季节、年际、年代尺度的气候变变异中的作用；二是近海系统对自然变异、人类活动及全球变化的响应。在回顾20世纪对大洋环流和海洋生产力两者所取得进展的基础上，对我国在上述两方面应关注的科学问题作了简短的讨论。     

西太平洋——我国深海科学研究的优先战略选区

西太平洋是我国实施由浅海向深海发展战略的必经之地.从国家需求的角度来看,西太平洋海底资源丰富、海洋环境复杂,是维护国家权益的焦点、保障国防安全的屏障;从科学前沿的角度来看,西太平洋发育有独特的沟弧盆构造体系和弧后盆地热液系统,存有海底板块运动的遗迹和众多海山生态系统,更是"大洋传送带"冷暖水系的转换区.科学有序地进入西...     

The Key Layout of UK Marine Science and Technology Plans and Some Implications for China

In this paper, we have analysed the major marine research strategies, programs and projects and the overall layout on marine research of the United Kingdom in recent years and found several characteristics: The United Kingdom increased emphasis on the national top-level design of marine research; The marine research infrastructures of the United Kingdom will be given long-term support in the future; Priority areas on marine research in the future will be determine and identified according to the national science and technology status and national needs of national economy; The United Kingdom will focus on ocean acidification, marine renewable energy development and coastal hazards research in the future. Then we gave out some recommendations on our courtry’ development on marine science and technology: Establishing a long-term national marine science and technology strategic plan; strengthening the investment in the important marine research infrastructure; setting several reasonable research priorities according to China’s national strategic needs.     

Atmospheric Deposition Connected with Marine Primary Production,Nitrogen Cycle: A Review

Atmospheric Deposition (AD) provides external nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) supporting the growth of phytoplankton in oceans and thereby exerts obvious impacts on carbon and nitrogen cycles and climate change associated. Specifically, the external nutrients derived from atmospheric deposition can promote the marine primary production and nitrogen fixation that enhance the ocean capacity in absorbing CO₂; AD may also change a few pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycles in oceans and increase the emissions of biogenic aerosol and radioactive gases such as N₂O, DMS, etc. Due to the underlying important impacts on climate and environmental change, AD and processes related have become the hot topics of multidisciplinary studies in the areas of ocean and atmospheric sciences, and the focus of some international core projects such as Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), an International Study of Marine Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Elements and Their Isotopes (GEOTRACES) and Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER). With the severe air pollution and high frequencies of Asian dust events, as the downwind areas of big cities and dust sources, the East China Sea and adjacent North Pacific have received increasing influences of AD. Limited studies showed that the increase of AD indeed caused significant influence on carbon and nitrogen cycles in these immediately related oceanic areas and the study there would have a signature effect on global oceans. A multidisciplinary study on the impacts of AD in oceans, e.g., combing molecular biology and experimental ecology techniques to study primary production processes, utilizing isotopic techniques to trace the change of the nitrogen cycle, new evidences of ocean-biogenic aerosol emissions, etc. would be the focus in the future.