Regional innovation systems,high-technology development,and governance in the periphery: The case of Northern Finland

The article examines high-technology development networks in peripheral areas using the case of Northern Finland (as defined by the EU under its Structural Funds programme). Few material and social resources and long distances between key development actors are challenging for research and the development of technologies targeted at global markets. The case study concerns the regional innovation system-based Multipolis network, which brings together technology-related actors in Northern Finland, located on both sides of the Arctic Circle, in an area of c.155,000 km² and with a population of 0.7 million. The results of the research, which used Q-methodology, reveal that networking is needed between technology development actors in the region and at various spatial levels. However, conflicting viewpoints on the development of Northern Finland exist, and indicate a mismatch between competitiveness policies to support high-technology development and regional policies to promote local employment. It is recommended that more attention should be paid to the governance of technology development in peripheral areas.     

Terrestrial heat flow and lithospheric thermal structure in the Chagan Depression of the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin,north central China

The Chagan Depression in the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin, located at the intersection of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the Tethys Ocean domains is an important region to gain insights on terrestrial heat flow, lithospheric thermal structure and deep geodynamic processes. Here, we compute terrestrial heat flow values in the Chagan Depression using a large set of system steady-state temperature data from four representative wells and rock thermal conductivity. We also estimate the “thermal” lithospheric thickness, mantle heat flow, ratio of mantle heat flow to surface heat flow and Moho temperature to evaluate the regional tectonic framework and deep dynamics. The results show that the heat flow in the Chagan Depression ranges from 66.5 to 69.8 mW/m², with an average value of 68.3 ± 1.2 mW/m². The Chagan Depression is characterized by a thin “thermal” lithosphere, high mantle heat flow, and high Moho temperature, corresponding to the lithospheric thermal structure of “cold mantle and hot crust” type. We correlate the formation of the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin to the Early Cretaceous and Cenozoic subduction of the western Pacific Plate and the Cenozoic multiple extrusions. Our results provide new insights into the thermal structure and dynamics of the lithospheric evolution in central China.     

A New Model for Heat Flow in Extensional Basins: Radiogenic Heat,Asthenospheric Heat,and the McKenzie Model

The McKenzie model proposed in 1978, which is widely used in calculating the thermal history of rift basins and other extensional basins, incorrectly assumes that all heat passing through the lithosphere originates below the lithosphere. In reality, heat from radiogenic sources within the lithosphere, especially in the upper crust, may represent more than half the heat flow at the top of basement. Thinning of the lithosphere during extension does indeed result in an increase of heat flowing from the asthenosphere, but this thinning also reduces the radiogenic heat from within the lithosphere. Because these two effects cancel to a large degree, the direct effects of lithospheric extension on heat flow at the top of basement are smaller than those predicted by the McKenzie model. Because of permanent loss of radiogenic material by lithospheric thinning, the heat flow at the top of basement long after rifting will be lower than the pre-rift heat flow.The McKenzie model predicts an instantaneous increase in heat flow during rifting. The Morgan model proposed in 1983, however, predicts a substantial time delay in the arrival of the higher heat flow from the asthenosphere at the top of basement or within sediments. Using the Morgan model, heat flow during the early stages of rifting will actually be lower than prior to rifting, because the time delay in the loss of radiogenic heat is less than the time delay in arrival of new heat from the asthenosphere.     

煤炭资源型城市空间结构演化过程、模式及影响因素——基于淮南市的实证研究

以淮南市为案例,结合历次城市规划用地现状资料,利用GIS软件,动态追踪了淮南城市空间结构时空演化进程。结果表明:作为煤炭资源型城市,淮南城市空间形态较为分散,正逐步填充向紧凑布局演化;内部空间以工业用地、居住用地、商业及公共设施用地的增长为主,空间重构现象自20世纪80年代开始逐步加强,并以居住用地取代工业用地和商业及公共设施用地取代居住用地两种形式为主。在不同生命周期阶段,煤炭资源型城市空间扩展模式不同:发生期以城矿共生扩张模式为主,成长期以厂兴镇、联厂成镇、延伸扩展模式为主,中兴期以后多通过新区扩张模式来实现空间结构演化,自组织扩展模式贯穿煤炭资源型城市发展始终。最后分析了资源、自然环境、交通、产业结构以及城市规划等主要因素对煤炭资源型城市外部形态和内部空间结构演化的影响及作用机理。     

Preliminary mapping of high-resolution rural population distribution based on imagery from Google Earth: A case study in the Lake Tai basin, eastern China

There is a large rural population in China. Throughout the country, sewage from rural households is mostly discharged with minimal treatment. Knowledge of rural population distribution is essential to study the rural households’ impacts on their surrounding environment. However, high-resolution spatial datasets on rural population distribution are rarely available in China. This study explores the feasibility of using the image from Google Earth to derive a high-resolution map on rural population distribution for a town in the Lake Tai basin of eastern China. Study results show that texture analysis in conjunction with other processing procedures can extract man-made building features from the image reasonably, which can then serve as the basis for the preliminary mapping of rural population distribution in the study region. This may prove to be a promising alternative for deriving spatial datasets on rural population distribution in many parts of the world.     

Mapping soil salinity using a combined spectral response index for bare soil and vegetation: A case study in the former lake Texcoco, Mexico

Mapping soil salinity is difficult due to its large spatial and temporal variability. Remote sensing is widely used to lower survey costs, but existing studies usually analyze bare soils and make little reference to the halophytic plants and their role as salinity indicators.This paper aims to correlate soil characteristics (electric conductivity in saturation extract (EC_e) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) with the spectral response of plant species and bare soils, integrating an algorithm to allow multi-scale mapping using remote sensors.Ground radiance was measured on different plant species and bare soils. A Combined Spectral Response Index (COSRI) was calculated for bare soils and vegetation by adjusting the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). EC_e and SAR were determined in surface soil samples. Correlation coefficients between COSRI and soil salinity were obtained and a model was adjusted to predict soil salinity. Landsat-ETM and airborne digital images were used to calculate raster maps of COSRI, and EC_e and SAR were estimated using adjusted models. Correlation between COSRI and EC_e and SAR was of −0.885 and −0.857, respectively. Variance accounted for by exponential models for EC_e and SAR was of 82.6% and 75.1%, respectively. It may be concluded that the method is an easy, low-cost procedure to map salt-affected areas.     

居住空间视角下多民族聚居城市民族融合格局演变及影响因素分析——以呼和浩特为例

居住融合是社会群体混合分布程度的表现,对认识城市内部民族融合结构和互动关系具有重要的意义。以典型多民族聚居城市呼和浩特市为例,基于2000-2015年人口统计数据,采用融合指数法和反距离加权插值法,分析居住融合在城市、市辖区和街区三个尺度的演变过程,并运用双变量相关分析和多元线性回归模型,从城市居民的个体属性方面考察对居住融合的影响作用。分析结果表明,呼和浩特城市内部少数民族同汉族之间的混居程度持续加深,居住空间视角下的民族融合程度逐渐强化;居住融合程度最高的区域集中在汉族长期居住的玉泉区,随着时间推移,融合程度最高区域快速向整个市区扩散,居住融合空间向均匀化方向发展;城市中心区域存在三个点状分布的教育型和生活型民族聚居街区,但两类街区融合指数在考察期内上升趋势显著;个体属性中的年龄、性别、婚姻、教育、家庭、户籍、职业等要素对呼和浩特城市内部民族间居住融合具有显著影响。     

地形和遥感图像融合技术在冲沟参数提取中的应用——以栖霞市庵里水库东缘流域为例

受图像的空间分辨率和反立体现象等因素的影响,单纯基于二维遥感图像提取冲沟参数精度较低。以山东省栖霞市庵里水库东岸流域为研究区,建立一种地形和遥感图像融合技术,并用于提取沟沿线、坡底线等冲沟参数,以期为沟蚀参数的大量、快速提取提供一种新方法。结果表明：① 基于HSV变换,高斯标准化地表粗糙度作为地形图像融合的权重,建立了地形与遥感图像融合方法,增强和丰富了图像中的地形信息。② 基于融合数据,结合沟沿线和沟底线坡度阈值处理,在研究区内提取了144条冲沟,总面积为1.699 km²,占流域总面积的29.89%,为强烈侵蚀。③ 选择张家沟—北丁家沟流域作为检验区,以RTK-GPS实测数据为参照,地形融合法提取冲沟的准确率和沟头平均偏移量分别为98.413%和4.12 m,其精度明显高于传统的遥感图像目视解译法（73.016%和9.61 m）。     

北上广深城市人口预测及其资源配置

人口数量持续增长是困扰超大型城市发展的重要因素,适度人口为研究人口增长下的城市资源合理分配提供了较好的思路.本文以适度人口为切人点,利用可能—满意度模型测算北京、上海、广州和深圳4座超大型城市2035年适度人口规模,同时利用灰色BP神经网络模型预测各市2035年常住人口规模,并基于适度人口规模测算和常住人口规模预测结果...     

基于小波变换的生态系统服务权衡尺度效应与影响因素研究——以珠江三角洲为例

识别生态系统服务间的多尺度权衡关系及其影响因素对于指导管理决策和推进可持续发展至关重要,然而尺度响应特征及差异变化成因尚不明确,其中一个重要原因是缺乏科学合理的尺度划分方法。本文评估了珠三角地区的土壤保持、水源涵养、生境质量、自然游憩共4种关键生态系统服务量,基于小波变换的特征尺度估算方法,确定了研究权衡关系的最佳聚合规模序列。应用相关性分析和地理探测器方法,定量化识别权衡强度在各个尺度的影响因素,并比较了不同尺度间主导影响因素的差异特征。结果表明：① 权衡强度在6条样线上的特征尺度突出,2000~11500 m是研究权衡关系的最佳尺度序列范围。② 自然游憩与水源涵养、生境质量之间存在协同关系,自然游憩与土壤保持互为权衡关系。三对服务组合之间的相互作用大多随着尺度的增大而增强,特别是在县级行政管理规模上,所有配对服务表现出最强的协同或最弱的权衡关系。③ 植被覆盖度对权衡强度的驱动作用突出且相对稳定。地形因素是小尺度范围内权衡关系变化的主导影响因素,而气候因素和景观格局指数在较大尺度的影响作用显著。本研究通过优化传统的多尺度研究序列构建方法,为调控各类驱动因素以制定多级管理决策提供参考。     

影响淤地坝建设的地理要素——以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为例

采用定性分析和定量计算、微观机理研究和宏观分析相结合的方法,对影响淤地坝建设的地理要素进行筛选,重点分析了沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀模数、农业人口密度对小流域淤地坝建设,主要是对淤地坝空间布局的影响;以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为研究对象,根据研究区域45个县(旗、市)的沟壑密度、土壤侵蚀模数、农业人口密度和淤地坝密度的基础数据,从地理学角度系统分析它们和研究区域淤地坝密度的关系,研究影响该区域淤地坝建设及布局的主要地理要素。结果表明,在黄河中游多沙粗沙区,影响淤地坝建设最主要的地理要素是农业人口密度,即人类活动的剧烈程度和淤地坝密度之间存在着直接的关系,分析结果为黄河中游多沙粗沙区淤地坝建设提供了科学依据。     

散居族群婚姻圈的空间结构演化及其形成机制——贵州坡帽仡佬族案例

婚姻圈作为民族社会建构的重要机制,以及族群认同的表现形式和民族文化传承载体,对其现况及未来的研究关乎散居族群的社会经济和文化发展大计。采用口述史、深度访谈法及文本分析的方法研究发现:贵州坡帽仡佬族的婚姻圈经历了族内异地通婚——族内本地通婚与近邻异族通婚——族内本地、近邻异族与异地异族通婚并存等几个阶段的演化。在传统农业社会,散居族群经历了居住、社会和教育多重隔离,通婚受族群性影响,以异地族内通婚为主;而在长期散杂居过程中,族际之间的长期接触融合,其婚姻圈又产生空间近邻性效应,异族通婚开始出现;中国社会转型期及经济一体化使散居族群的婚姻场域发生急剧变化,由此导致远距离通婚,族群性与空间近邻性效应开始减弱。坡帽仡佬族的婚姻圈演化反映了散居族群与主体社会关系的建构过程,但散居族群尚无独立发展的力量。当随着族群内部原有稳定性的打破,族群语言、文化习俗如何保留,族群认同如何维系等都将面临很大的挑战。通过婚姻圈变化之研究视角,关注全球化影响下少数族群文化的保护和发扬问题,是文化扩散和文化整合研究领域新的尝试。     

Along‐strike structural linkage and interaction in an active thrust fault system: A case study from the western Sichuan foreland basin,China

Along‐strike structural linkage and interaction between faults is common in various compressional settings worldwide. Understanding the kinematic history of fault interaction processes can provide important constraints on the geometry and evolution of the lateral growth of segmented faults in the fold‐and‐thrust belts, which are important to seismic hazard assessment and hydrocarbon trap development. In this study, we study lateral structural geometry (fault displacement and horizon shortening) of thrust fault linkages and interactions along the Qiongxi anticline in the western Sichuan foreland basin, China, using a high‐resolution 3D seismic reflection dataset. Seismic interpretation suggests that the Qiongxi anticline can be related to three west‐dipping, hard‐linked thrust fault segments that sole onto a regional shallow detachment. Results reveal that the lateral linkage of fault segments limited their development, affecting the along‐strike fault displacement distributions. A deficit between shortening and displacement is observed to increase in linkage zones where complex structural processes occur, such as fault surface bifurcation and secondary faulting, demonstrating the effect of fault linkage process on structural deformation within a thrust array. The distribution of the geometrical characteristics shows that thrust fault development in the area can be described by both the isolated fault model and the coherent fault model. Our measurements show that new fault surfaces bifurcate from the main thrust ramp, which influences both strain distribution in the relay zone and along‐strike fault slip distribution. This work fully describes the geometric and kinematic characteristics of lateral thrust fault linkage, and may provide insights into seismic interpretation strategies in other complex fault transfer zones.     

农旅融合视角下新型乡村社会关系架构及提升路径——以浙江金华陈界村为例

农旅融合发展作为当前推进乡村建设的重要引擎,为实现乡村振兴,促进新型乡村社会关系下的旅游产业差异化、合作化、创新化发展,基于传统的乡村熟人社会关系特征,梳理乡村社会关系转型要素构架,构建农旅融合视角下亲缘、地缘、业缘、志缘、外缘关系综合作用的新型乡村社会关系“五缘增上”机理模型。通过实地调研、深度访谈,结合GIS空间分析陈界村农旅融合发展中的社会关系特征,总结得出：乡村社会的五缘关系相互支撑、相互渗透、相互反馈,亲缘关系趋向功利化,但仍占主导地位,非亲缘关系正呈现不断增强的趋势。最终,从乡村五缘互补发展路径、乡村人才凝聚振兴路径、利益联合共同信任路径三方面提出发展意见,助推乡村振兴,为乡村旅游产业发展提供借鉴和参考。     

演化经济地理学视角下台湾高山茶产业在大陆的集聚与演化过程

20世纪90年代以来,台湾地区对中国大陆的农业投资快速增长,两岸不同制度背景下台资农业在大陆发展的时空过程值得关注。基于演化经济地理学的路径依赖理论和共同演化理论,借鉴制度经济地理学与关系经济地理学的相关理论,构建“企业-网络-制度-政府”共同演化的分析框架,以漳平国家级台湾农民创业园永福高山茶产业为例,通过实地调研和深度访谈,分析台湾农业在大陆不同制度背景下的集聚与演化过程。研究发现：台湾高山茶产业在永福镇的集聚与演化过程可看作是路径依赖的结果,整个过程可以划分为路径创造（1996—2003年）、路径发展（2003—2012年）和路径锁定与解锁（2012年至今）三个阶段;在永福高山茶产业发展的不同阶段,企业、网络、制度和政府相互适应,共同演化,不断推动产业优化升级。     

Adaptation to living in an open arid environment: lessons from the burrow structure of the two southern African whistling rats, Parotomys brantsii and P. littledalei

This study examines interspecific differences in the architecture and field characteristics of the burrow systems of Brants' whistling rat, Parotomys brantsii, and Littledale's whistling rat, Parotomys littledalei. The two rodents are endemic to the arid west region of southern Africa. Both build complex burrow systems with numerous nest chambers and associated interconnecting tunnels, as well as a number of entrances. Burrow systems of P. littledalei are restricted to areas of good plant cover, whilst many P. brantsii burrows are situated in open locations with only limited plant cover. Further, the burrows of P. brantsii cover a much larger area than those of P. littledalei, with many more entrances. As P. brantsii feed predominantly within the boundaries of their burrows and not in the open veld, their burrow systems effectively serve as a predator refuge, into which this diurnal rodent can quickly run in the event of danger. Thus, by building large multi-holed burrow systems, P. brantsii have become independent of the protection offered by bush cover and can exist within relatively open areas within their distributional range. On the other hand, the reduced number of entrances to P. littledalei burrow systems may largely restrict this species to areas with adequate cover, including coastal and riverine bush, with which it is often associated.