环境因子对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的综合影响

利用多因子实验设计,研究了主要环境因子温度、盐度和光照强度对麻痹性贝毒产毒藻——塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长的影响.经三维ANOVA统计分析(Tukey test)结果表明,在实验条件范围内(温度12,19,25,32℃;盐度10,18,25,30,35和光照强度0.02×1016,0.08×1016,0.3×1016,1.6×1016s-1/cm2),温度、光照强度和盐度对藻生长率有显著的影响(P<0.001).光照强度和温度、盐度和温度、光照强度和盐度以及这3个因子之间存在显著的相互作用(P<0.001),在本实验中该藻生长的最适条件是19℃,1.6×1016s-1/cm2,盐度30.根据塔玛亚历山大藻的生长特性,我们探讨了这些环境因子在塔玛亚历山大藻赤潮形成机制中的作用.     

温度、盐度和光照对浒苔生长和光合作用的影响

Intensive Pyropia aquaculture in the coast of southwestern Yellow Sea and its subsequent waste, including disposed Ulva prolifera, was speculated to be one of the major sources for the large-scale green tide proceeding in the Yellow Sea since 2007. It was, however, unclear how the detached U. prolifera responded and resumed growing after they detached from its original habitat. In this study, we investigated the growth and photosynthetic response of the detached U. prolifera to various temperature, salinity and irradiance in the laboratory. The photosynthetic rate of the detached U. prolifera was significantly higher at moderate temperature levels(14–27°C)and high salinity(26–32), with optimum at 23°C and 32. Both low(14°C) and highest temperature(40°C), as well as low salinity(8) had adverse effects on the photosynthesis. Compared with the other Ulva species, U. prolifera showed higher saturated irradiance and no significant photoinhibition at high irradiance, indicating the great tolerance of U. prolifera to the high irradiance. The dense branch and complex structure of floating mats could help protect the thalli and reduce photoinhibition in field. Furthermore, temperature exerted a stronger influence on the growth rate of the detached U. prolifera compared to salinity. Overall, the high growth rate of this detached U. prolifera(10.6%–16.7% d~(–1)) at a wide range of temperature(5–32°C) and salinity(14–32) implied its blooming tendency with fluctuated salinity and temperature during floating. The environmental parameters in the southwestern Yellow Sea at the beginning of green tide were coincident with the optimal conditions for the detached U. prolifera.     

Effects of salinity,temperature, and light intensity on the growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates in mixed culture

Growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates, Dunaliella euchlora Lerche and D. salina Teodoresco, were studied in mixed batch cultures grown in filtered, axenic brines from Lake Grassmere, New Zealand. Forty‐five combinations of temperature, salinity, and light intensity were used. A maximum growth rate of 1.50 doublings day^‐1 was attained by D. salina at 26°C, 190 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 126 μE m^‐2 s^‐1. D. euchlora showed maximum growth rate of 1.16 doublings day^‐1 at 20°C, 120 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 180 μE m^‐2s^‐1. Predicted maximum values of 1.41 and 1.14 doublings day^‐1 respectively were obtained from regression models based on 45 replicate treatment combinations. In decreasing order of importance, temperature, salinity, and light intensity influence growth rates of brine algae. The optimum temperature for growth of both species increased as the salt concentration increased but decreased with increasing light intensity.     

温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响

为查明波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)幼贝最适生长条件,采用响应面法研究了温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响。利用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的实验设计(3因素为温度(A),盐度(B),密度(C);3水平为-1,0,1),以幼贝生长率为响应值,以A(26℃,28℃,30℃)、B(28,30,32)和C(0.56,1.4,2.24个/cm2)为影响因子。实验结果表明：(1)盐度对幼贝生长影响最显著(P<0.05),3种生态因子对幼贝生长率影响程度大小顺序是：B>A>C;(2)通过SAS软件分析,得出波纹巴非蛤幼贝最适生长环境组合是温度为26.93℃、盐度为31.39、密度为1.12个/cm2,理论最佳生长率为41.47%。为验证响应面法预测结果的准确性,以预测结果为实验条件,相同实验时间后,得到的生长率为42.30%,结果与理论预测值相近,响应面方法可靠。     

The combined effect of salinity,temperature and oil on the growth pattern of embryos of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus Walbaum

Embryos of the estuarine teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed during development to different concentrations of the water-soluble fractions (WSF) of a No. 2 fuel oil under various temperature-salinity combinations. Temperatures and salinities were, respectively: 20, 25 or 30°C and 10, 20 or 30%S. The WSF were extracted from No. 2 fuel oil daily and diluted to concentrations of 15, 20 or 25% of the original mixture. Controls were exposed to seawater without WSF at each temperature-salinity combination.The length of eleutheroembryos was markedly decreased by exposure to WSF. Temperature exerted an effect on growth at low WSF concentrations (0 and 15% WSF) but not at higher ones. The two highest WSF concentrations had a predominant effect on growth that was not further modified by physical factor influences. Conversely, as the WSF exposure increased, the yolk diameter increased, indicating a decreased utilisation of yolk material during development. The mean number of vertebrae in the eleutheroembryos decreased at high WSF concentrations and at high temperatures. Morphological abnormalities consisted predominantly of spinal deformations (scoliosis and lordosis). The data indicate that the survivors of chemical toxicity during embryo development exhibit sublethal responses which would reduce their survival potential in later life.     

温度、盐度和底质对大竹蛏稚贝生长及存活的影响

采用单因子分析方法,在室内模拟设置10个温度梯度(6-36℃)、10个盐度梯度(4‰-40‰)和4种底质(细粉沙、细沙、粗沙、混合沙组)及3个厚度梯度(5、10、30mm),研究温度、盐度和底质对大竹蛏稚贝生长及存活的影响.结果表明:1)在盐度为21.4‰的条件下,大竹蛏稚贝存活及生长的适温范围为6-30℃,最适温度范围为21-30℃;15℃以上随温度升高日生长率逐渐增大,30℃个体日生长率为1.82%,21℃组成活率最高达88%.2)在温度为21.6-28.6℃条件下,大竹蛏稚贝存活及生长的盐度适宜范围为20‰-32‰,最适盐度范围为20‰-28‰;盐度20‰时成活率最大为85%,盐度24‰时个体日生长率最大为1.72%.3)大竹蛏稚贝对底质环境无明显的选择性,沙的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率均无显著影响(P＞0.05);但稚贝在不同厚度底质中的成活率和日生长率存在显著差异,10和30mm组的成活率和日生长率均显著高于5mm组的成活率和日生长率(P＜0.05).     

温度、盐度和光照对一株有毒利玛原甲藻生长的影响研究

针对一株利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima Dodge),应用小鼠生物测试法和高效液相色谱-质谱联用分析方法对其毒性和毒素成分进行了初步分析,并通过多因子实验,研究了温度、盐度和光照强度等环境因子对利玛原甲藻生长的影响.分析结果显示,这株利玛原甲藻能够产生大田软海绵酸(Okadaic acid,OA)和鳍藻毒素1(Dinophysistoxin 1,DTX1)等腹泻性贝-毒-(Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison,DSP).多因素方差分析结果表明,在实验条件范围内(温度为18、21和24℃;盐度为28、32和36;光照强度为2500、5 000和7 500 lx),利玛原甲藻的生长受盐度影响显著(P＜0.05),而温度和光照强度对利玛原甲藻的生长没有显著影响.温度和光照强度及温度和盐度之间的交互作用对利玛原甲藻的比增长率也有显著影响(P＜0.05).根据实验结果,这株利玛原甲藻生长的最适条件为:温度18℃,盐度28,光照强度7 500 lx.     

温度和盐度与细角螺幼体生存、生长及发育的关系

以细角螺幼体为试验材料,探索温度和盐度单因子及双因子结合与细角螺幼体生存、生长和发育的相互关系.单因子温度与盐度对其幼体的影响试验结果表明：幼体适温范围为20～35℃,最适温度范围为25～30℃;幼体适合盐度为18～35,最适盐度范围为26～35.双因子结合试验结果表明：温度对幼体生存、生长和变态的影响比盐度更显著,细角螺幼体的最佳温度为25℃,最佳盐度为30.     

盐度、光强和温度对盐生杜氏藻生长的影响及其交互作用

为明确各环境因子对盐生杜氏藻生长的影响是否存在交互作用及其影响的程度,采用3因素2水平正交试验方法,以7天批次培养获得的比生长速率为评价指标,研究了盐度（A）、光照强度（B）、温度（C）及两因素交互作用A×B、A×C、B×C对细胞增殖速率的影响,并测定了各条件下光合放氧速率、呼吸耗氧速率、叶绿素荧光及色素含量等以阐释作用机制。结果表明：温度是影响藻细胞增殖的最显著因素,其次是盐度与光照,交互作用B×C、A×C对绿色盐藻细胞生长有一定作用,但影响程度不如单一因子。确定利于盐藻细胞增殖的最优条件为：温度30℃、盐度110、光照强度120 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,而利于类胡萝卜素积累的条件则需将盐度提升至160。温度、光照通过影响光合放氧速率,而盐度通过影响呼吸耗氧速率调控藻细胞生长。     

硫元素对小球藻异养生产虾青素的影响

研究了不同浓度硫元素对小球藻Chlorella zofingiensis异养生长和合成虾青素的影响.结果表明,低硫条件下,细胞分裂受到严重抑制,虾青素迅速积累且含量显著提高,但限制藻细胞干重的增加.硫元素3μmol·L<'-1>浓度下,第14天虾青素含量最大,达到1.19mg·g<'-1>,高出300μmol·L<'-1>硫元素组40.68%.硫元素3000μmol·L<'-1>浓度下,在第14天时获得最大虾青素产量,达到9.99mg·L<'-1>.与300μmol·L<'-1>硫元素组相比,3000μmol·L<'-1>硫元素组获得了更高的生物量和虾青素产量.而前者在培养后期,出现了一定程度的蛋白质抑制现象.本研究认为,在单批异养培养中,硫元素300μmol·L<'-1>可能是葡萄糖代谢获得最大生物量所需的最低浓度,因此在流加葡萄糖培养的工业化生产中,一次性加入更高浓度的硫元素,可望获得更高的虾青素产量.     

不同培养基对小球藻Chlorella zofingiensis生长和虾青素产量的影响

研究了小球藻Chlorella zofingiensis在3种不同培养基CZ-M1, Kuhl 和 KM1中培养时生物量和虾青素的产量.结果表明, Kuhl最利于小球藻的生长, 比生长速率、最大细胞干重和得率最高, 虾青素含量最低;KM1培养基最利于虾青素的积累.采用优化后的培养基KM1, 添加葡萄糖诱导培养小球藻, 可以获得8.99g·L-1的藻细胞干重, 虾青素产量和含量分别达到20.1mg·L-1和2.24mg·g-1.     

温、盐度对海湾扇贝稚贝迁移行为、生长和存活影响的实验

本文在实验室条件下,研究了温、盐度与海湾扇贝稚贝迁移、生长及存活的关系。其适合生长的温、盐度范围分别为16～28℃和19～34,最适温度和盐度分别为22℃,31.2;适合存活的盐度范围为19～39,盐度低于11或高于43,稚贝死亡严重;适合存活的温度为10～28℃。本文同时对温、盐度与稚贝附着后的迁移行为的关系进行了探讨。     

The effect of temperature and salinity on survival and growth of Crangon uritai (Decapoda: Crangonidae) larvae reared in the laboratory

Larvae of the decapod Crangon uritai were reared in the laboratory in a factorial experiment employing three temperatures (9, 12 and 15 °C) and three salinities (29‰, 32‰ and 35‰) from hatching to the post‐larval stage. The effects of temperature and salinity on survival, intermolt period (IP) and molt increment (MI) were investigated. Larvae from one brood were subdivided into groups of 20 and reared in glass bowls containing filtered sea‐water at a number of temperature–salinity combinations. The reared larvae were transferred daily to the clean bowls prepared with newly hatched Artemianauplii, and number of molts and mortality within each bowl were recorded. The zoeal size (carapace length) was determined from exuvia and dead larvae, and the IP was also recorded. Larvae of C. uritai completed larval development only at 15 °C temperature. The first zoeal stage completed their development at all temperature–salinity combinations and exhibited the highest survival rate. IP at each stage increased with increasing size and greatly decreased with increasing temperature, and intermolt duration (range of days) increased with larval development especially at the lower temperature. Although the MI decreased with increasing size, it was little affected by temperature. This led to a better growth rate with increasing temperature.     

温度、盐度对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)南北亚种回交幼虫生长和存活的影响

开展了海湾扇贝南北亚种杂交子代同海湾扇贝北方亚种间回交、杂交子二代及北方亚种对照组等群体的基因型和温度、盐度等环境因素之间的互作研究。研究结果表明,杂种F2和回交组别相对纯种组别存在生长优势。温度和盐度均对不同基因型群体的生产和存活产生显著的影响,其中在逆境温度下杂种F2和回交组能够更加适应并表现出更高的生长优势,而在盐度中结果却并非如此,这表明基因型和环境之间的互作机制比较复杂。研究结果为继续在不同海区环境下开展海湾扇贝回交育种提供了积极的理论依据和实践参考。     

Diagnosis of currents in the Brazil test area from temperature and salinity observations using a complete non-linear model

The diagnosis of current (diagnostic and adaptation calculations) with application of a complete non-linear model for the test area under study during Cruise 41 of R/VAkademik Vermadsky is reported. The model-based current velocities are compared with the observed ones. Hydrochemical and hydro-optical data were invoked to conduct an indirect analysis of the water circulation in the area under study.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

Flushing rate and salinity may control the blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in a river/estuary in Osaka Bay, Japan

The first observation of a red tide of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in the Yodo River estuary, Osaka Bay, Japan was in the spring of 2007. To clarify which environmental factors controlled the abundance of A. tamarense, field surveys were conducted in 2008 and 2009. In 2008, the increase of A. tamarense occurred from early to mid-March and temperatures ranged from 9 to 13 °C. In contrast, in 2009, the increase was 1 month later, from early to mid-April and therefore temperatures were higher. In both years, A. tamarense was most abundant when salinities were relatively high (15–25), river discharge was low, and the water column was stable. There were no cells during periods of low salinity (<10), high discharge. In 2008, possibly silicate and phosphate were limiting during the simultaneous diatom and A. tamarense bloom in early March with silicate restricting the further growth of diatoms. In this estuarine basin, freshwater discharge from the weir increased the flow rate at stations downstream of the weir and deterred bloom formation by A. tamarense. Conversely, the lack of discharge increased the salinity and stability of the water column and decreased in the flow rate in the river/estuary. This process promoted the initiation of the bloom of A. tamarense and the subsequent accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxin in the brackish water clam Corbicula japonica. It is recommended that a constant discharge from the weir is maintained in order to prevent blooms of A. tamarense and subsequent paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) incidents in this area.     

Prediction of the refractive index of seawater as a function of temperature,pressure, salinity and wavelength

An equation is given for predicting the absolute refractive index of seawater as a function of wavelength (in the visible region), temperature, pressure and salinity. This equation is based on the pure-water equation of H. Eisenberg, on the Tammann hypothesis and the Tait-Gibson equation of state for seawater. Comparison with experimental results (to 1380 bars) indicate an accuracy of ca. 0.0001 or better is achieved in the $\text{T-P}$ range of oceanographic interest.     

温盐深变化对波束脚印坐标的影响规律分析

在多波束测深中,温盐深剖面数据的准确性对测量精度起到非常重要的作用,而在实际测量中,温盐深误差又不可避免地存在。为了分析温盐深变化对波束脚印坐标的影响规律并将其影响值量化,本文在声速剖面间接测量数据的基础上,选择精度较高、适应性较强的声速经验公式推导其误差公式,计算温盐深变化所引起的声速误差值,并且在常梯度声线跟踪模型的基础上推导出声波旅行轨迹的水平位移和垂直位移误差公式,然后结合声速剖面计算出声速误差对波束脚印坐标的影响程度。实验结果表明,温度变化对声速的影响最大,盐度和深度依序次之;温度、盐度、深度3个参量的变化引起波束脚印Z坐标的变化量均大于X、Y坐标,最高可达变化前深度的0.6%。温度和盐度的变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量随入射角的增大而减小,而深度变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量几乎不随入射角的变化而变化。本文研究结果可为温盐深误差对多波束测深精度评估工作提供借鉴作用。     

Aliasing due to sampling of the Adriatic temperature, salinity and density in space

High-resolution underway temperature and conductivity measurements collected by R/V Knorr during winter and spring 2003 are used to characterize errors associated with spatial aliasing in the northern and central Adriatic Sea. During winter, 99th percentile temperature, salinity and density errors were 0.62 °C, 0.25 and 0.12 kg/m³ (0.25 °C, 0.10 and 0.05 kg/m³) for sampling at 10 km (5 km) horizontal resolution, respectively. The corresponding values in spring were 1.31 °C, 0.50 and 0.40 kg/m³ (0.93 °C, 0.25 and 0.22 kg/m³) for the 10 km (5 km) sample spacing, respectively. The largest errors were associated with energetic regions over the shallow, western Adriatic, in front of the Po River mouth and off the tip of the Istrian peninsula. The deeper eastern basin exhibited smaller errors. The variability of errors in time and space reflected the variability of small-scale density features, characterized by wavelengths as small as 2 km in winter and 1 km in spring and being more pronounced in the western and northern parts of the Adriatic. As these results indicate that errors associated with undersampling can be considerable, they should be taken into account while planning future CTD measurements in the region.