The ashgill rocks of the glyn ceiriog district. North wales

The Ashgill rocks of the Glyn Ceiriog district comprise a relatively thick sequence of mudstones and siltstones with subordinate sandstones and locally developed limestone members. Closely related deposits are found in the inliers of Cym-y-brain and Mynydd Cricor to the north. Correlation with other areas of Ashgill rocks suggests that the Dolhir Formation, of the Glyn Ceiriog district, can be dated as mid-Cautlcyan to Rawtheyan while the overlying Glyn Formation is high Rawtheyan to Himantian. In the inliers to the north, that part of the Cyrn-y-brain Formation which is exposed is dated as Rawtheyan and both the Plas Uchaf Formation (Cym-y-brain) and Cricor Formation (Mynydd Cricor) are taken to be Hirnantian. The succession is interpreted as a transgressive-regressive sequence in which shallow shelf mud-stones and siltstones with storm-sand and coquinid layers are overlain by shallow water shoreline deposits. Although the base of the Ashgill is not exposed in the inliers to the north, in the Glyn Ceiriog district it is seen to rest unconformably on older Ordovician strata; in all three areas the Ashgill is apparently conformably overlain by Lower Llandovery shales and sandstones.     

Sedimentary and faunal events revealed by a revised correlation of post‐glacial Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) strata in the Welsh Basin,UK

The discovery of a previously unrecognized unconformity and of new faunas in the type Llandovery area underpins a revised correlation of Hirnantian strata in mid Wales. This has revealed the sedimentary and faunal events which affected the Lower Palaeozoic Welsh Basin during the global rise in sea level that followed the end‐Ordovician glacial maximum and has allowed their interpretation in the context of local and global influences. In peri‐basinal shelfal settings the onset of post‐glacial deepening is recorded by an unfossiliferous, transgressive shoreface sequence (Cwm Clyd Sandstone and Garth House formations) which rests unconformably on Rawtheyan rocks, deformed during an episode of pre‐Hirnantian tectonism. In the deep water facies of the basin centre, this same sequence boundary is now recognized as the contact between fine‐grained, re‐sedimented mudstones and an underlying regressive sequence of turbidite sandstones and conglomerates; it is at a level lower than previously cited and calls into question the established lithostratigraphy. In younger Hirnantian strata, graptolites associated with the newly recognized Ystradwalter Member (Chwefri Formation) demonstrate that this distal shelf unit correlates with the persculptus graptolite‐bearing Mottled Mudstone Member of the basinal succession. Together these members record an important macrofaunal recolonization of the Welsh Basin and mark a key event in the post‐glacial transgression. Further deepening saw the establishment of a stratified water column and the imposition of anoxic bottom water conditions across the basin floor. These post‐glacial Hirnantian events are consistent with the re‐establishment of connections between a silled Welsh Basin and the open Iapetus Ocean. However, a comparison with other areas suggests that each event records a separate deepening episode within a pulsed glacio‐eustatic transgression, while also reflecting changes in post‐glacial climate and patterns of oceanic circulation and associated biotic flux. British Geological Survey © NERC 2009. All rights reserved.     

Facies development,depositional settings and sequence stratigraphy across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary: a new perspective from the Barrandian area of the Czech Republic

The Hirnantian and Llandovery sedimentary succession of the Barrandian area has been assigned to middle and outer clastic‐shelf depositional settings, respectively. Deposition was influenced by the remote Gondwanan glaciation and subsequent, long‐persisting, post‐glacial anoxia triggered by a current‐driven upwelling system. High‐resolution graptolite stratigraphy, based upon 19 formally defined biozones—largely interval zones—and five subzones, enabled a detailed correlation between 42 surface sections and boreholes, and enabled linking of the sedimentary record, graptoloid fauna dynamics, organic‐content fluctuations and spectral gamma‐ray curves. The Hirnantian and Llandovery succession has been subdivided into four biostratigraphically dated third‐order sequences (units 1–4). Time–spatial facies distribution recorded early and late Hirnantian glacio‐eustatic sea‐level lowstands separated by a remarkable mid‐Hirnantian rise in sea‐level. A major part of the post‐glacial sea‐level rise took place within the late Hirnantian. The highstand of Unit 2 is apparently at the base of the Silurian succession. Short‐term relative sea‐level drawdown and a third‐order sequence boundary followed in the early Rhuddanian upper acuminatus Zone. Early Aeronian and late Telychian sea‐level highstands and late Aeronian drawdown of likely eustatic origin belong to units 3 and 4. Sea‐level rise culminated in the late Telychian, which may also be considered as a highstand episode of a second‐order Hirnantian–early Silurian cycle. Facies and sequence‐stratigraphic analysis supports recent interpretations on nappe structures in the core part of the Ordovician–Middle Devonian Prague Synform of the Barrandian. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trace elements indicating humid climatic events in the Ordovician–early Silurian

The chemical composition of the clay fraction separated from the carbonate rock of the north-eastern Baltoscandian Basin was analysed and interpreted. Increased contents of Rb, Zr, Nb, Ti and their Al₂O₃-normalised ratios were detected at several stratigraphical levels in the geological sections of the Middle Ordovician–Upper Llandovery. In the weathering areas, Rb, Zr, Nb, Ti and Al are sensitive to moist conditions in the clay-forming process. In the sedimentary basin, the contents of these elements in clay are preserved and allow to infer past climates. Humid events occurred in the Dapingian, Sandbian, early Katian and Hirnantian (Ordovician) and in the Middle and Late Llandovery (Silurian). Juxtaposition with the sea-level curve shows correlation of five humid climate intervals with eustatic transgressions, suggesting global causes for these climatic changes. The warm and humid events, lasting one to two million years, occurred as climaxes between ice ages. An exceptional humid event within the Hirnantian glacial time occurs during mid-Hirnantian transgression, i.e. at a time of relative warming, as well.     

Brachiopod survival and recovery from the latest Ordovician mass extinctions in South China

South China contains many complete sections through the upper Ordovician and lower Silurian. Brachiopod data including 130 brachiopod genera, assigned to 13 orders and 27 superfamilies from mid-Ashgill through late Aeronian intervals reveal that brachiopod macroevolution before and after the latest Ordovician mass extinction shows important changes in the diversity, composition and stratigraphical distribution of the phylum. The following six intervals are recognized: (1) a faunal plateau before the latest Ordovician mass extinction (mid-Ashgill, Rawtheyan); (2) a survival–recovery interval following the first phase of the mass extinction (late Ashgill, Normalograptus extraordinarius Zone and lower Glyptograptus? persculptus Zone; Hirnantian); (3) first survival interval following the mass extinction (latest Ashgill, upper Glyptograptus? persculptus Zone; end Hirnantian); (4) a second survival interval after the mass extinction (earliest Llandovery, Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone; early to mid-Rhuddanian); (5) a recovery interval in the Silurian (early to mid-Llandovery; late Rhuddanian to early Aeronian); and (6) a radiation interval in the Silurian (mid-Llandovery; mid- to late Aeronian). Only near-shore, low-diversity, benthic assemblages (mainly BA2), characterized by Ordovician relicts with a few Lazarus taxa and progenitors, are known from the southern marginal area of the Upper Yangtze epicontinental sea during the early to mid-Rhuddanian. They were replaced by newly established Silurian brachiopod communities (mainly BA2–3) in the late Rhuddanian to early Aeronian. These are marked by many newly evolved endemic forms and new immigrants, expressing a clear recovery within the Brachiopoda, but the recovery interval of the major brachiopod groups was heterochronous. In China the typical Silurian brachiopod fauna was mainly composed of indigenous Atrypida, Pentamerida and Spiriferida with stropheodontids derived from elsewhere, such as Baltica and Avalonia, two apparent refugia in the survival interval. The Atrypida was the first major group of Brachiopoda to diversity in the late Rhuddanian. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late Ordovician glacial and glacio-fluvial paleovalley architecture and sedimentation in southeast Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia

Four recently discovered glacio-fluvial paleovalleys in southeast Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia are described for the first time. The paleovalleys formed as a result of glacial erosion by series of sub-parallel valley glaciers during the Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) southern hemisphere glaciation on the Arabian Plate. The southwest-northeast orientation of the paleovalleys, Proterozoic erratic clasts and paleocurrent vectors indicate the advance of glaciers and subsequent glacio-fluvial siliciclastics emanating from a paleo-ice sheet located to the south on the Arabian Shield. U-shaped, paleovalley cross-sectional morphologies and gently inclined longitudinal profiles indicate initial glacial erosion of the ‘finger-like’ paleovalleys, probably as wet-based valley glaciers, eroded up to 250 m depth into Late Ordovician marine bedrock formations. Paleovalley-fill sequences comprise a tripartite upwards succession: (a) basal sandstone-dominated tillite with well-rounded, grooved and striated granitoid and metamorphic basement clasts derived from the Proterozoic Arabian Shield together with locally derived, rounded and elongate boulders eroded from the local bedrock at the margins of the paleovalleys (Retrogradational Lowstand Sequence); (b) green chloritic siltstone (Zarqa Formation) deposited during a progradational sea-level rise with marine influence (Transgressive Sequence); (c) coarse-grained, trough cross-bedded sandstone (Sarah Formation) attributed to progradational fluvial sedimentation as glacial outwash. Rapid sea-level rise during latest Hirnantian to Early Llandovery time resulted in marine flooding of the glacio-fluvial alluvial plain and deposition of organic-rich mudstones representing transgressive and high-stand sequences.     

A late Ordovician (Hirnantian) karstic surface in a submarine channel,recording glacio‐eustatic sea‐level changes: Meifod,central Wales

The growth and decay of the end‐Ordovician Gondwanan glaciation is globally reflected by facies changes in sedimentary sequences, which record a major eustatic fall and subsequent rise in the Hirnantian Stage at the end of the Ordovician. However, there are different reported estimates of the magnitude and pattern of sea‐level change. Particularly good evidence for end‐Ordovician sea‐level change comes from a sequence at Meifod in central Wales, which has a karstified limestone unit within a channel incised into marine shelf sediments. Pre‐glacial (Rawtheyan) mudstones have a diverse fauna suggesting a mid‐to‐deep‐shelf water depth of c. 60 m. The channel, 20 m deep, was incised into these mudstones and partially filled with a mixture of fine sand and detrital carbonate. The taphonomy of bioclasts and intraclasts indicates that many had a long residence time on the sea floor or suffered diagenesis after shallow burial before being resedimented into the channel. The presence of carbonates on the Welsh shelf is atypical and they are interpreted as having accumulated as patches during a minor regression prior to the main glacio‐eustatic fall. Comparison of the carbon stable‐isotopic values of the bioclast material with the global isotopic record confirms that most of the material is of Rawtheyan age, but that some is Hirnantian. The resedimented carbonates lithified rapidly and formed a limestone, several metres thick, in the deepest parts of the channel. As sea‐level fell, this limestone was exposed and eroded into karstic domes and pillars with a relief of over 2 m. The overall, glacio‐eustatic, sea‐level fall is estimated to be in excess of 80 m. A succeeding sea‐level rise estimated to be 40–50 m is recorded in the laminated crust that mantles the karstic domes and pillars. The crust is formed of encrusting bryozoans, associated cystoids, crinoid holdfasts and clusters of the brachiopod Paromalomena, which is normally associated with mid‐shelf environments. Fine sands buried the karst topography and accumulated to fill the channel. In the sandstones at the base of the channel there is a Hirnantia fauna, while in the sandstones high in the channel‐sequence there is cross‐stratification characteristic of mid‐shoreface environments. This would indicate a fall of sea‐level of c. 30 m. The subsequent major transgression marking the end of the glaciation is not recorded at the Meifod locality, but nearby exposures of mudstones suggest a return to mid‐to‐deep‐shelf environments, similar to those that prevailed before the Hirnantian regression. The Meifod sequence provides strong evidence for the magnitude of the Hirnantian sea‐level changes and by implication confirm larger estimates for the size of the ice sheets. Smaller oscillations in relative sea‐level seen at Meifod may be local phenomena or may reflect eustatic changes that have not been widely reported elsewhere. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Depositional and tectonic relationships of upper ordovician and lower silurian strata around dinas mawddwy,mid-wales

The field evidence for the lateral impersistence of the Garnedd-wen Formation (Hirnantian) and Derwen Formation (Aeronian) immediately northeast of Dinas Mawddwy is reviewed and the evidence for strike faulting as inferred by W. J. Pugh (1928) is reassessed. It is concluded that little if any strata are missing and that surfaces of non-deposition, rather than fault cut-out, better explain any strata that are locally abnormally thinned. However strike faulting is newly proven west of Dinas Mawddwy and accounts for much of the rapid apparent thickness variation in the Broad Vein (Rawtheyan) there. The newly constrained thickness estimates strongly imply that sedimentation was influenced by a basement fracture at Dinas Mawddwy. Structural reasoning and palaeocurrent evidence from the Garnedd-wen Formation suggest that this fracture probably parallels the Corris-Llangranog fracture to the southwest.     

Global geoheritage significance of Ordovician stratigraphy and sedimentology in the Cliefden Caves area,central western New South Wales

Globally significant geoheritage features of the Cliefden Caves area, in the Belubula River Valley between Orange and Cowra in central western New South Wales, comprise a richly fossiliferous shallow-water limestone succession of Late Ordovician age (the Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup) overlain by deep-water laminites and allochthonous limestones of the Upper Ordovician Malongulli Formation. Key features of the Ordovician geology of the Cliefden Caves area that have been identified using the Geoheritage Toolkit as being of international significance are the abundance of unique and exceptionally diverse fossils in the Fossil Hill Limestone (forming the lower part of the Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup), which supplement detailed interpretation of carbonate-dominated deposition within an Ordovician volcanic island setting. The fossiliferous limestones preserve biostromes and local small bioherms of stromatoporoids and corals, and recurrent in situ and disarticulated/imbricated Eodinobolus shell beds formed in shallow, quiet-water, dominantly muddy carbonate sediments that passed up-sequence to clay-free carbonate environments. These mud-dominated carbonate sediments are interspersed with higher-energy conditions, represented by skeletal, lithoclastic and calcrete-ooid grainstones overlying disconformities, leading to the identification of subaerial disconformities and associated diagenesis in the Fossil Hill Limestone. The Fossil Hill Limestone is succeeded by massive limestones in the middle part of the Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup and then, in turn by the Vandon Limestone and the deeper-water graptolitic laminites of the Malongulli Formation—this completes a succession that is rarely preserved in the geological record, further enhancing the geoheritage significance of the Cliefden Caves area.     

An Aeronian (Middle Llandovery) graptolite from the Pentamerus Beds near Hillend Farm,Shropshire, UK

A specimen of Clinoclimacograptus retroversus is recorded from the Pentamerus Beds of the A489 road section near Hillend Farm, Shropshire, England. This specimen, combined with the presence of the brachiopod Eocoelia hemisphaerica, demonstrates that the beds here must be of mid to late Aeronian (Mid Llandovery) age. The fossiliferous horizons lie only a few metres above the Precambrian unconformity and thus help to constrain the timing of the transgression here. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ashgill trilobite faunas from the Llŷn Peninsula,North Wales,U.K.

The Crugan Mudstone Formation is formalized and the Dwyfor Mudstone Formation proposed for restricted Ashgill outcrops respectively near Llanbedrog and Llanystwmdwy in the Llŷn Peninsula. These mudstones contain brachiopods of the Foliomena fauna and a total of 26 determined genera of trilobites, one, Pseudosphaeroxochus represented by a new species, P. seabornei sp. nov. Elements of the trilobite fauna are used to demonstrate a Rawtheyan age for the mudstones. The generic assemblages both of brachiopods and of trilobites present in the mudstones indicate relatively deep water environments of deposition, that of the Dwyfor Mudstones probably being the deeper. The trilobites belong to what is here described as the Nankinolithus-Opsimasaphus association.     

Upper Cretaceous Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin, northeast Benue Trough: a storm and wave dominated regressive shoreline complex

The Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin displays lithological characteristics, textural variations and sedimentary structures that facilitate palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The 41 m thick Gongila succession is divisible into: (i) a mudstone facies association (at the bottom) composed of fossiliferous limestone, clay shale, and sharp-based, graded and swaly-bedded shell debris; and (ii) a cross-stratified sandstone facies association that constitutes the uppermost 60% of the entire succession. The cross-stratified sandstone facies association is further subdivided, on the basis of sedimentary structures, into: (i) a lower interval represented by a coarsening upward fine- to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone and shale in which units characterised by parallel lamination and hummocky cross-stratification pass upward through a zone of small-scale low angle cross-stratification into units characterised by planar cross-stratification and sparse Teichichnus and Skolithos burrow traces; and (ii) an upper interval dominated by fine- to medium-grained sandstone and bioturbated siltstone characterised by erosive based, high angle tangential foresets, subhorizontal laminations and burrow structures belonging to the Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Skolithos ichnogenera.The overall sequence of the Gongila Formation represents progradation on a wave influenced coast, passing from shelf mudstone at the base to lower and upper shoreface sandstones at the top. Each facies association displays an alternation between relatively high energy conditions when sediment was mainly deposited by decelerating suspension laden currents, and relatively low energy conditions when wave reworked fine-grained sediment as it was deposited from suspension. The influence of storms in these conditions is inferred from the associated lithofacies, textural characteristics and sedimentary structures.     

Llandovery Crinoidea of the British Isles,including description of a new species from the Kilbride Formation (Telychian) of western Ireland

A new species of cladid(?) crinoid, Segmentocolumnus (col.) clarksoni, based on distinctive, disarticulated stem material, is described from the Upper Llandovery Kilbride Formation. Hitherto, this unit has yielded two taxa based on single, nearly complete crinoids. In contrast, S. (col.) clarksoni is known from numerous specimens, including common long pentagonal, pentameric, heteromorphic pluricolumnals with symplectial articulations, broad pentagonal lumina and narrow claustra. A related morphospecies is known from the Ashgill (Upper Ordovician) of Ireland. The fossil echinoderms of the Llandovery (Lower Silurian) are poorly known globally. Where present in this interval, echinoderms are more commonly preserved as disarticulated ossicles and rarely as complete specimens. Complete crinoids have now been identified from nine horizons in the Llandovery of the British Isles, making this one of the better known pelmatozoan faunas from this time interval. However, only two of these occurrences have yielded as many as five or more identifiable taxa. Seven of the nine occurrences are Upper Llandovery (Telychian). Genera are typical of the Silurian or (Upper Ordovician + Silurian); the only remnant Ashgill taxon that did not survive the Llandovery was the morphogenus Segmentocolumnus (col.) Donovan, an ‘extinction’ that probably owes more to taxonomic method than any evolutionary pattern. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The stratigraphy and composition of the Latterbarrow and Redmain sandstones,Lake District,England

The Latterbarrow Formation, 400 m thick, has been mapped and subdivided informally into three members. These consist of quartz wacke sandstone and, in the upper member only, intercalated mudstones. The formation unconformably overlies the fossiliferous Skiddaw Group of late Tremadoc to middle Arenig age and is overlain disconformably by volcanic rocks that have been attributed to the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Chemically, the sandstones are characterized by very low concentrations of CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O and unusually high total iron. MnO and MgO, such that iron, as Fe₂O₃, exceeds Al₂O₃. Mudstone in the upper member is illite rich, has a high K₂O content and is compositionally similar to K-bentonites derived from volcanic ash. Sedimentary structures and petrography suggest that the sediments were deposited in a sandy estuary and were derived from a similar source area to that of the Skiddaw Group. Throughout the succession there is evidence of distal volcanism, probably representing the earliest eruptions of the Borrowdale volcanic episode. The Redmain Formation, 100 m thick, is unconformably overlain by Carboniferous rocks but its relationship to the underlying Skiddaw Group is unknown. Though this lithic arenite shows some petrographic and geochemical similarities with the Latterbarrow sandstone, differences are such that it is possible they are not equivalent in age. The Redmain sandstone may be derived from the erosion of Skiddaw Group rocks.     

Stable carbon‐isotope record of shallow‐marine evaporative epicratonic basin carbonates,Ordovician Williston Basin,North America

Secular variations in stable carbon‐isotope values of marine carbonates are used widely to correlate successions that lack high‐resolution index fossils. Various environmental processes, however, commonly may affect and alter the primary marine carbon‐isotope signal in shallow epicratonic basins. This study focuses on the marine carbon‐isotope record from the carbonate–evaporite succession of the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Red River Formation of the shallow epicratonic Williston Basin, USA. It documents the carbon‐isotope signal between the two major Ordovician positive shifts in δ¹³C, the early Katian Guttenberg and the Hirnantian excursions. Eight δ¹³C stages are identified based on positive excursions, shifts from positive to negative values and relatively uniform δ¹³C_carb values. A correlation between carbon‐isotope trends and the relative sea‐level changes based on gross facies stacking patterns shows no clear relation. Based on the available biostratigraphy and δ¹³C trends, the studied Williston Basin curves are tied to the isotope curves from the North American Midcontinent, Québec (Anticosti Island) and Estonia, which confirm the Late Katian age (Aphelognathus divergens Conodont Zone) of the upper Red River Formation. The differences in the δ¹³C overall trend and absolute values, coupled with the petrographic and cathodoluminescence evidence, suggest that the carbon‐isotope record has been affected by the syndepositional environmental processes in the shallow and periodically isolated Williston Basin, and stabilized by later burial diagenesis under reducing conditions and the presence of isotopically more negative fluids.     

内蒙古乌兰浩特沙巴尔吐地区上二叠统林西组重新划分

本文作者在内蒙古乌兰浩特北沙巴尔吐一带开展1：5万区调时,根据岩石组合、古生物特征、沉积环境等对出露于该地区扎格斯台一带的一套黑色砂板岩进行了重新厘定。重新厘定后的林西组为一套黑色板岩、粉砂岩夹细砂岩地层组合,具陆相沉积特征。该套地层在原1：20万区调工作中被划归索伦组（P₁s）,原1：25万区调又将其划归哲斯组（P₂zs）,本次将上部陆相碎屑岩部分重新厘定为上二叠统林西组。该地层的重新厘定对本区寻找烃源岩有重要的指导意义。     

西准噶尔克拉赛勒克山和布克河组晚泥盆世化石的发现及其地层归属

西准噶尔地区广泛分布的和布克河组已被证明是洪古勒楞组的晚出异名,本文在西准噶尔克拉赛勒克山原划为下石炭统"和布克河组"的碎屑岩地层中发现了丰富的动、植物化石,包括:三叶虫Phacops sp.,菊石Manticoceras sp.,腕足类Tylothyris sp.,Aulacella sp.,"Mucrospirifer"sp.,Cyrtospirifer sp.,植物Leptophloeum rhombicum,Syringodendron sp.,Knorria sp.,其时代显示为晚泥盆世。根据岩性组合特征将其厘定为上泥盆统铁列克提组,而非"和布克河组"的替代名称洪古勒楞组。通过区域地质调查工作,证明了西准噶尔玛依力山地层小区内没有洪古勒楞组的分布,其晚泥盆世地层仅由铁列克提组组成,洪古勒楞组只分布在沙尔布尔提山地层小区,两个地层小区的界线为孟布拉克北侧至谢米斯台山南坡的深大断裂。晚泥盆世两个地层小区沉积分异明显,直到早石炭世早期才进入统一的盆地演化阶段,地层小区的分区性也随之消失。     

上扬子区下志留统四射珊瑚组合带与层序地层序列的关系

摘 要　 根据动物群演替和层序地层的研究‚厘定上扬子区下志留统 （Llandovery） 四射珊瑚 组合带序列：（1） 香树园组 Dinophyllum-Rhabdocyclus 组合带‚时限为 Aeronian 期;（2） 雷家 屯组下部 Stauria-Briantelasma 组合带; （3） 雷家屯组上部 Maikottia-Kodonophyllum 组合带‚ 它们对应于 Telychian 早期;（4） 宁强组 Gyalophylloides -Idiophyllum 组合带‚相当于 Telychian 晚期。上扬子区下志留统可以划分为5个三级层序‚四射珊瑚组合带分别位于三级层序的高 水位体系域内。     

塔里木盆地沙雅隆起托甫2井志留系划分对比

托甫2井志留系发育不全,仅残存下统(兰多维列统)柯坪塔格组与塔塔埃尔塔格组,柯坪塔格组分为三段:上下为砂岩段,中间为泥岩段,颜色以灰色、灰绿色为基调.塔塔埃尔塔格组为褐色、棕红色细砂岩与泥岩.在柯坪塔格组中下段获丰富的笔石、几丁石与疑源类化石,详细地讨论了这些属种的时代分布与地理分布,根据生物群特征,可将其归入3个化石组合(带),即Parakidograptus acuminatus,Belonechitinacf.postrobusta-Spinachitina sp.nov.与Dactylofusa cabottii-Cymatiosphaera densisepta-Leiosphaeridia组合,首次为主要勘探目的层之一的柯坪塔格组划分与对比提供了多门类的化石依据.托甫2井志留系可划分为1个Ⅱ级层序,4个Ⅲ级层序;Ⅱ级层序的顶、底界分别为区域不整合面T06与T07,具有明显的下削、上超特征.并以岩石地层为基础,生物地层为依据,结合测井地层与层序地层,厘定了托普2井志留系地层层序及组段的岩电特征,同时建立了覆盖区井下柯坪塔格组下段与上奥陶统桑塔木组的划分标准.