地震周期谱分析的合成概率预测研究

针对1900—2000年宁夏及邻区Ms5.5级以上地震,提取了地震周期谱分析的线性合成概率值,并对2001—2016年时段进行了实际地震预测检验。结果表明该方法在宁夏及邻区中强震的回溯性验证中具有较好的效果,但自2001年以来宁夏及邻区无Ms5.5级以上地震发生,本方法虽然对该时段的无震预测也很准确,但还是缺少相应的有震预测验证,因此该方法还需要在今后地震预测工作中深入研究和检验。     

河北及邻区地震时空概率增益综合预测研究

结合地震空间分布非均匀性指标Kcv值预测方法和图像信息学算法对河北及邻区2013~2017年ML≥5.0地震发生概率增益进行预测。根据河北及邻区40多年的地震观测资料,对地震空间分布非均匀性指标Kcv值进行了空间扫描和震例统计,得到了此方法应用于河北地区的预测效能,并对河北及邻区2013~2017年ML≥5.0地震发生概率增益进行了预测;对图像信息学算法在研究区进行了地震危险性概率预测的回溯性检验,得到了此方法应用于研究区的预测效能R值及概率增益K值,并进行了5年尺度的地震危险性预测。在上述2个单项预测方法的基础上,基于概率增益综合预测模型,得到了5年尺度河北及邻区ML≥5.0地震发生概率增益的综合预测结果。     

宁夏及邻区震群的前兆性分析

系统研究了宁夏及邻区35次小震群活动,总结了震群活动的参数特征,探讨了震群活动与中强以上地震的关系,分析检验了前兆震群类型的判定指标。1970年以来宁夏及邻区35次小震群中有10次对应了5级以上地震,灵武-吴忠地区利用震群预测5.0级以上地震的效果较好,不建议利用震群预测宁夏南部及邻区5.0级以上地震。通过前兆震群类型的判别判断后续是否有中强以上地震,总体而言效果并不十分理想,需要参考其它方法和手段综合判定。     

K_(cv)值在河北及邻区地震预测中的应用研究

地震空间分布非均匀性指标Cv值作为一种有效的预测指标近几年来得到了广泛应用。然而受空间分布的事件样本数大小的影响,Cv值会有所改变。本文采用Cv值标准化后的Kcv值,统计了河北及邻区的地震事件空间非均匀性分布,并与地震时空概率增益综合预测模型相结合,进行研究区地震预测。依据河北及邻区40多年的地震观测资料进行了Kcv值扫描和震例统计,研究了该方法应用于河北地区的预测效能及最优时间尺度。对研究区2008—2012年M5及以上地震的概率增益、地震发生概率预测与实际地震发生情况的回溯性检验结果表明,此方法应用于河北地区地震发生概率的预测是可行的。依据上述方法,对2013—2017年河北及邻区M5及以上地震发生的概率增益和地震发生概率进行了预测。     

宁夏南部及邻区发生中强以上地震的统计规律

本文对1971年以来宁夏南部及邻区4.9级地震前2.3级以上地震的平静、时空特征和同心窗信号震等进行了分析。结果表明,研究区发生4.9级地震前都存在1年以上的2.3级以上地震平静现象,平静结束后,如果2.3级以上地震出现活跃现象,且同心窗发生信号震,则宁夏南部会发生4.9级以上地震;若平静结束后2.3级以上地震未出现活跃现象,且同心窗没有发生信号震,则宁夏南部邻区会发生5级以上地震。以上得到的发震统计规律,可以为宁夏南部及邻区今后的地震中短期预测提供参考。     

小震调制比在宁夏及邻区映震能力的研究

利用小震调制比的时间扫描方法对异常进行跟踪分析,通过对震例的研究发现,小震调制比的时间异常变化与宁夏及邻区的中强地震具有一定的对应关系。进一步分析认为,研究震前小震调制比的时间异常变化对把握宁夏及邻区中强震的发生具有一定的指示意义。     

地震活动性总体参量Rt在北京及邻区地震预测中的应用

采用地震活动性总体参量R_t方法,研究北京及邻区R_t值在中等地震前随时间的变化特征,分析跟踪地震发生前研究区域地震活动状态,探讨中等地震孕震过程的异常信息的变化特征。结果显示:当R_t值大于阈值0.84时,研究区域地震活动状态比较稳定,发生中等地震的可能性较小;反之,表明地震活动处于不稳定状态,具有发生中等地震的危险。检验R_t值的地震预测效能,预测效果比较理想,利用地震活动状态参量R_t研究北京及邻区地震活动状态,判定中等地震发生的风险性,具有一定预测意义。     

宁夏及邻区5级以上地震前中等地震活动增强特征研究

通过对1965年以来宁夏及邻区ML≥5.0以上地震前中等地震资料的分析，发现大多存在中等地震活动增强特征，在A级中等地震活动增强异常结束后7个月内发生5级地震的概率为0.71；B区在3年内发震概率为0.60。发震地点位于异常分布范围的外围连线附近的概率为0.79。其预测效能R值评分为0.75，因此中等地震活动增强可以作为本区5级以上地震的一种中期预测方法。     

宁夏及邻区一年尺度中强地震综合预测方案研究

在对宁夏及邻区5.0级以上中强地震进行清理基础上，分析了本区中强地震前的地震活动性参数异常。给出了5级以上地震综合预测方案。     

短期综合前兆异常信息量方法在四川的应用

用地震异常前兆信息量综合数学表达式的方法,选择四川地区映震较好的前兆观测资料,进行地震短期异常前兆信息量的提取,分析四川地区地震短期异常前兆信息量综合时序值变化与四川及邻区6级以上强地震的关系,给出了四川及邻区6级以上地震短期综合预测的指标和方法,该方法能通过R值评分检验。用同样的方法提取不同学科前兆信息量地震短期综合预测的指标和方法,并进行地震预测效能检验,结果表明,不同学科前兆信息量短期综合地震预测效能存在一定的差异。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.