Facies characterization of the Surma Group (Miocene) sediments from Jalalabad gas field,Sylhet trough,Bangladesh: Study from cores and wireline log

The Sylhet trough located on the north-eastern margin of present Bengal basin, contains ~22 km of Tertiary sediments and well known as a hydrocarbon producing province. A detailed facies characterization of the subsurface Miocene Surma Group sediments (especial emphasis on reservoirs sandstones) from Jalalabad gas field within the Sylhet trough has been done using core log analysis and wireline log (gamma ray) interpretation. Texture and sedimentary structures of the cores suggests that the nine individual lithofacies types which can be grouped together into three facies associations, namely, fine-grained facies associations (FFA), medium-grained facies association (MFA) and coarse-grained facies associations (CFA). Major changes in gamma ray log motifs and various bounding discontinuities indicate six para-sequence sets (basin wide) and twenty eight para-sequences (local environmental changes) within the depth range from 2200-2800 m. Detailed facies analysis of the cores and wireline log reveals that the interbedding facies within the associations in the Surma Group commonly develop small-scale fining-upward (FU) cycles, coarsening-upward (CU) and random intercalations (RD). The sediments of the Surma Group of the Jalalabad field have been interpreted as deposits of the shallow marine to tide-dominated deltaic depositional setting. The cyclic nature of sedimentation pattern of the Surma Group probably records an almost continuous existence of this prograding deltaic regime and a tectonic setting characterized by a mixture of prolonged basin subsidence and regional transgression coupled with sporadic regressive phases.     

Geochemistry and provenance of the Miocene sandstones of the Surma group from the Sitapahar anticline,Southeastern Bengal Basin,Bangladesh

Geochemical composition (major and trace elements) of Miocene sandstones of the Surma Group exposed in Sitapahar anticline, Southeastern Bengal Basin was determined to reveal their provenance, tectonic setting and source area weathering conditions. The sandstones are sub-arkosic, sub-lithic and greywacke in composition with abundant low-grade metamorphic, sedimentary lithics (mainly chert with some shale fragments), low feldspars and little volcanic detritus. Compared to the average sandstone value, the Surma Group sandstones are depleted in CaO and enriched in Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and Na₂O. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values for the Miocene Surma Group sandstones vary from 57 to 73 with an average of 65, indicating low to moderate weathering of the source areas. The geochemical characteristics suggest an active continental margin to passive margin setting for the Surma Group sandstones; preserve the signatures of a recycled provenance that is agreement with sandstone petrography and derivation of these sandstones from felsic source rocks.     

Ichnology of Bhuban and Boka Bil Formations,oligocene-miocene deposits of Manipur Western Hill,Northeast India

Oligocene-Miocene deposits of Bhuban and Boka Bil Formations, Surma Group, Manipur Western Hill consist of well preserved ichnofossil assemblages. These formations are represented by eight lithofacies such as Massive sandstone (Sm), Rippled marked argillaceous sandstone (Sr), Wavy laminated sandstone-siltstone-silty shale (Sw), Laminated shale (Fl), Massive mudstone (Fm), Trough cross-bedded sandstone (St), Lenticular laminated sandstonesiltstonesilty shale (Sll) and Laminated to massive sandstone-siltstone (Ssc). Fifteen ichnospecies were identified, which further categories into Skolithos, Cruziana, and Skolithos/Cruziana ichnofacies. Overall distribution pattern and behavioural nature of the ichnoassemblage and sedimentological attributes suggests that the sediments of Bhuban and Boka Bil Formations were deposited under frequent fluctuating sea level, moderate to strong energy condition, subtidal to lower intertidal environment, rich in organic nutrients.     

Eocene fan delta-submarine fan deposition in the Wagwater Trough, east-central Jamaica

ABSTRACT The Wagwater Trough is a fault-bounded basin which cuts across east-central Jamaica. The basin formed during the late Palaeocene or early Eocene and the earliest sediments deposited in the trough were the Wagwater and Richmond formations of the Wagwater Group. These formations are composed of up to 7000 m of conglomerates, sandstones, and shales. Six facies have been recognized in the Wagwater Group: Facies I-unfossiliferous massive conglomerates; Facies II—channelized, non-marine conglomerates, sandstones, and shales; Facies III-interbedded, fossiliferous conglomerates and sandstones; Facies IV—fossiliferous muddy conglomerates; Facies V—channelized, marine conglomerates, sandstones, and shales; and Facies VI—thin-bedded sheet sandstones and shales. The Wagwater and Richmond formations are interpreted as fan delta-submarine fan deposits. Facies associations suggest that humid-region fan deltas prograded into the basin from the adjacent highlands and discharged very coarse sediments on to a steep submarine slope. At the coast waves reworked the braided-fluvial deposits of the subaerial fan delta into coarse sand and gravel beaches. Sediments deposited on the delta-front slope were frequently remobilized and moved downslope as slumps, debris flows, and turbidity currents. At the slope-basin break submarine fans were deposited. The submarine fans are characterized by coarse inner and mid-fan deposits which grade laterally into thin bedded turbidites of the outer fan and basin floor.     

Facies architecture and sequentiality of nearshore and 'shelf'sandbodies; Haystack Mountains Formation, Wyoming, USA

The Haystack Mountains Formation (Campanian, Mesaverde Group, US Western Interior Basin, Wyoming) contains a series of shallow-marine sandbodies, extending tens of kilometres out from a basin margin. The study succession (around 200 m thick) is composed of eight major sandstone tongues (Bolten Ranch, O'Brien Spring, Seminoe 1–2–3–4, Hatfield 1 and 2 members), each partially encased within marine shale intervals. The Formation is ‘sequential’at several scales. At the largest scale, the whole succession presents an aggradational to basinward-stepping stacking pattern of the sandstone tongues. At a lower level, each tongue (member) is characterized internally by two different types of lithosome: the first represents shoreface progradation with hummocky cross-strata passing up to swaley and trough cross-stratified sandstones. This lithosome is erosively truncated at its top in most cases, and has a general sheet-like geometry along strike, whereas down dip it displays a series of sharp-bounded clinothems. The latter sometimes indicate a downward as well as a basinward shift through time, as suggested by the occurrence of coarser and/or shallower facies at a lower level in the shoreface profile. The second type of lithosome is sheet- or wedge-like and sharply overlies the shoreface deposits. The lithosome consists of laterally widespread units of planar tabular to trough cross-bedded medium sandstones passing laterally (in a dip direction) into bioturbated sandstones. The lower part of this lithosome is progradational, becoming retrogradational into the overlying shales. The facies within the cross-bedded lithosome suggest a tidally dominated delta front to estuarine depositional setting. The two types of lithosome are not related genetically. The erosion surface separating the two lithosomes is a sequence boundary separating forced-regressive (relative sea-level fall) shoreface deposits from lowstand to transgressive (early relative sea-level rise), cross-bedded deposits. The uppermost part of the cross-stratified lithosome shows a landward-stepping of component parasequences and is abruptly blanketed by open-marine shales. The most widespread cross-bedded lithosomes are apparently best developed in the lowermost members of the Haystack Mountains Formation, i.e. in the aggradational part of the large-scale progradational succession. In the uppermost, highly progradational sandstone tongues, the shoaling-upward shoreface lithosome dominates, whereas the cross-bedded lithosome occurs in narrow, lensoid belts, or is absent. The middle portion of the succession shows intermediate characteristics. The vertical variation in geometry, thickness and progradational extent of successive cross-bedded lithosomes results from greater confinement of the incised nearshore systems both in space (landward direction) and in time (from the aggradation to the progradation architecture). The latter is a consequence of a decreasing rate of accommodation creation through time.     

东营凹陷北带古近系沙四段砂砾岩体沉积特征及沉积模式

综合岩心观察、薄片鉴定、砂砾岩厚度及百分含量等资料,对东营凹陷北带沙四段砂砾岩的沉积特征、成因类型及沉积演化模式进行了系统研究。结果表明,东营凹陷北带沙四段砂砾岩储层中块状层理、粒序层理、平行层理、叠覆冲刷构造、交错层理发育,同时变形构造、泥岩撕裂屑、重荷模和火焰构造常见。碎屑颗粒表现为无分选-中等分选、棱角状-次棱角状到次圆状的近物源沉积特征。岩相类型以块状层理砾岩相、递变层理砾岩相、递变层理砂质砾岩相、交错层理砾质砂岩相、平行层理砾质砂岩相、块状层理砾质砂岩相、块状砂岩相、平行层理砂岩相、块状层理砂岩相、变形层理砂岩相、泥质撕裂变形砂岩相、薄层透镜状或压扁层理砂岩相为主。综合古地貌、砂砾岩沉积特征及沉积机制等,认为东营凹陷北带沙四段主要发育近岸水下扇、湖底扇和扇三角洲等成因类型的砂砾岩扇体。在沉积演化上,沙四下亚段沉积时期,胜坨地区和民丰地区发育近岸水下扇沉积,利津地区发育扇三角洲沉积,扇体规模较小,横向连续性较差;沙四上亚段沉积时期,胜坨地区和民丰地区广泛发育近岸水下扇-湖底扇沉积,利津西部地区发育扇三角洲沉积,扇体规模较大,横向连片发育。     

塔里木盆地塔中32井中上奥陶统内潮汐沉积

塔里木盆地塔中32井的中、上奥陶统钻遇厚度为1 462 m。它是一套巨厚的深灰色泥岩、页岩与灰色砂岩、粉砂岩互层夹少量灰岩的地层。其中深灰色泥岩、页岩最多；砂岩和粉砂岩主要分布于上部和下部，中部砂岩和粉砂岩较少；鲕粒灰岩数量少，主要夹于深灰色泥页岩中。这些砂岩和鲕粒灰岩既可单独成层，但更常见它们与深灰色泥页岩组合成薄互层。薄互层中发育脉状、波状和透镜状层理，并普遍发育交错层理和双向交错纹理。这些特征表明砂岩和鲕粒灰岩为深水斜坡上的内潮汐沉积的产物。这些内潮汐沉积进一步划分为4种类型：双向交错纹理细砂岩型、单向交错层和双向交错纹理中-细砂岩型、韵律性砂泥岩薄互层型和鲕粒灰岩型。它们具有5种垂向沉积层序，在剖面上常形成多旋回韵律性沉积组合。     

Deglaciation sequences in the Permo-Carboniferous Itararé Group, Paraná Basin, southern Brazil

The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian Itararé Group is a thick glacial unit of the Paraná Basin. Five unconformity-bounded sequences have been defined in the eastern outcrop belt and recognized in well logs along 400 km across the central portion of the basin. Deglaciation sequences are present in the whole succession and represent the bulk of the stratigraphic record. The fining-upward vertical facies succession is characteristic of a retrogradational stacking pattern and corresponds to the stratigraphic record of major ice-retreat phases. Laterally discontinuous subglacial tillites and boulder beds occur at the base of the sequences. When these subglacial facies are absent, deglaciation sequences lie directly on the basal disconformities. Commonly present in the lowermost portions of the deglaciation sequences, polymictic conglomerates and cross-bedded sandstones are generated in subaqueous proximal outwash fans in front of retreating glaciers. The overlying assemblage of diamictites, parallel-bedded and rippled sandstones, and Bouma-like facies sequences are interpreted as deposits of distal outwash fan lobes. The tops of the deglaciation sequences are positioned in clay-rich marine horizons that show little (fine-laminated facies with dropstones) or no evidence of glacial influence on the deposition and likely represent periods of maximum ice retreat.     

Siliciclastic deposit of the Nahr Umr Formation, sedimentological and depositional environment studies, central and southern Iraq

The depositional facies and environments were unraveling by studying 21 subsurface sections from ten oilfields in the central and southern Iraq and a large number of thin sections of the Nahr Umr (siliciclastic deposit) Formation (Albian). This formation is mainly composed of sandstone interlaminated with minor siltstone and shale, with occurrence of thin limestone beds. Nahr Umr Formation is subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units of variable thicknesses on the basis of lithological variations and log characters. Mineralogically and texturally, mature quartz arenite and sandstones are the common type of the Nahr Umr Formation. The sandstones are cemented by silica and calcite material and have had a complex digenetic history. Compaction, dissolution, and replacements are the main diagenetic processes. Prodelta, distal bar, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, over bank, and tidal channel are the main depositional environments recognized for the Nahr Umr Formation, within the studied wells. This formation was deposited in shallow marine and fluvial–deltaic environments and exhibit progradational succession of facies. Eight sedimentary facies that have been identified in the Nahr Umr Formation include claystone lithofacies, claystone siltstone lithofacies, lenticular-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, wavy-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, flaser-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, parallel and cross lamination sandstone lithofacies, trough cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies, and planar cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies. The depositional model of the Nahr Umr Formation environment was built based on the lithofacies association concepts.     

Upper Cretaceous Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin, northeast Benue Trough: a storm and wave dominated regressive shoreline complex

The Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin displays lithological characteristics, textural variations and sedimentary structures that facilitate palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The 41 m thick Gongila succession is divisible into: (i) a mudstone facies association (at the bottom) composed of fossiliferous limestone, clay shale, and sharp-based, graded and swaly-bedded shell debris; and (ii) a cross-stratified sandstone facies association that constitutes the uppermost 60% of the entire succession. The cross-stratified sandstone facies association is further subdivided, on the basis of sedimentary structures, into: (i) a lower interval represented by a coarsening upward fine- to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone and shale in which units characterised by parallel lamination and hummocky cross-stratification pass upward through a zone of small-scale low angle cross-stratification into units characterised by planar cross-stratification and sparse Teichichnus and Skolithos burrow traces; and (ii) an upper interval dominated by fine- to medium-grained sandstone and bioturbated siltstone characterised by erosive based, high angle tangential foresets, subhorizontal laminations and burrow structures belonging to the Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Skolithos ichnogenera.The overall sequence of the Gongila Formation represents progradation on a wave influenced coast, passing from shelf mudstone at the base to lower and upper shoreface sandstones at the top. Each facies association displays an alternation between relatively high energy conditions when sediment was mainly deposited by decelerating suspension laden currents, and relatively low energy conditions when wave reworked fine-grained sediment as it was deposited from suspension. The influence of storms in these conditions is inferred from the associated lithofacies, textural characteristics and sedimentary structures.     

Early Permian post-glacial bivalve faunas of the Itararé Group,Paraná Basin,Brazil: Paleoecology and biocorrelations with South American intraplate basins

The uppermost portion of the Taciba Formation, Itararé Group, Paraná Basin, Brazil, records a succession of depositional environments tied to the demise of late Paleozoic glaciation. In the study area, Teixeira Soares county, state of Paraná, the unit is dominated by massive to laminated diamictites with inclusions of sandstones and other coarse-grained lithotypes, representing re-sedimented material in proximal areas. These are succeeded by fine to medium-grained sandstones with tabular cross-stratification and pectinid-rich shell pavements, interpreted as nearshore deposits. Above this, laminated and intensely bioturbated siltstones with closed articulated bivalve shells are recorded, probably deposited in inner shelf settings. Fine to very fine sandstones/siltstones with hummocky cross-stratification and intercalated mudstones, including infaunal in situ shells, are interpreted as stacked storm deposits, generated in distal shoreface environments. These are succeeded by fossil-poor, massive to laminated siltstones/mudstones or gray shales (=Passinho shale) that are inferred to be outer shelf deposits, generated in organic-rich, oxygen-deficient muddy bottoms. In this sedimentary succession dropstones or ice-rafted debris are missing and locally the Passinho shale marks the maximum flooding surface of the Itararé succession. These are capped by the fluvio-deltaic deposits of the Rio Bonito Formation (Sakmarian–Artinskian). Six facies-controlled, bivalve-dominated assemblages are recognized, representing faunal associations that thrived in aerobic to extreme dysaerobic bottoms along a nearshore–offshore trend. Within these assemblages, nineteen bivalve species (three of them new) were recorded and described in detail. The presence of Myonia argentinensis (Harrington), Atomodesma (Aphanaia) orbirugata (Harrington) and Heteropecten paranaensis Neves et al. suggests correlation with bivalve assemblages of the Eurydesma-bearing Bonete Formation, Pillahuincó Group, Sauce Grande-Colorado Basin (Buenos Aires Province), Argentina, indicating a possible Asselian age for this diverse post-glacial bivalve fauna. Despite that, typical members of the icehouse-style Eurydesma–Trigonotreta biota (stricto sensu) have not yet been found in the studied bivalve assemblages.     

Stratigraphy and structure of Devonian fluvial sediments,western Beara Peninsula,south-west Ireland

A stratigraphic and structural summary of 5 km of Upper Devonian strata of south-west Beara, part of the Munster Basin, south-west Cork is presented. Five formations are recognized on the basis of lithofacies geometries and associations. The lowest Caherkeen Formation comprises rapidly alternating sheet-like, plane-bedded, low-angle, cross-bedded sandstones and laminated, rippled or desiccated mudrocks. The incoming of thin lenticular sandstone packages, commonly with high-angle cross-bedding, distinguishes the overlying Eagle Hill Formation. The succeeding Reen Point Formation comprises thicker bedsets of plane-bedded, low-angle and high-angle cross-bedded sandstones, separated by thick, massive mudrocks. Intraformational breccias and calcareous nodular siltrocks are distinctive features. The Tholane Formation is characterized by thick massive red-green mudrocks and a general absence of coarser grained lithologies. This sequence was deposited in a terminal fluvial fan in a basin characterized by decreasing subsidence rates and gradient with time. The overlying Toe Head Formation represents the deposits of a fluvial coastal plain. It has siltrocks that are predominantly green, often with preserved fish and plant debris. There is a relative absence of high-angled cross-bedded sandstones and an abundance of flat-laminated and inclined parallel-laminated sandstones. The structure of the Beara Peninsula comprises a WSW plunging anticlinorium with a single cleavage formed during the Variscan orogeny. Evidence from locally transecting cleavages and from mapping indicates dextral transpression. Development of the three main fault trends was contemporaneous with the folding. The well-known copper mineralization of the Allihies area is associated with east-west fault trends, a pattern observed elsewhere in the western Munster Basin. Basement involvement during both basin development and deformation is likely, but is difficult to test.     

Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sedimentation around Kampa-Tenpa area,Pranhita Godavari Graben (PGG), Central India: Facies analysis,petrography and depositional environment

The Pranhita-Godavari Graben (PGG) represents a major lineament in south Indian Peninsular cratonic province, which preserves a thick column of sediments. In geological time scale, these sedimentary units correspond to Mesoproterozoic to Mesozoic period. The Mesoproterozoic sedimentation has been confined mainly to southern part of the PGG, while Neoproterozoic sediments are exposed at northern tip of the graben. In the area of investigation siliciclastic sedimentation units are exposed, wherein five major lithofacies have been marked out. These lithofacies are i) breccia (Br), ii) large scale trough cross-bedded sandstone (Ls), iii) small-scale trough cross-bedded sandstone (Sss), iv) horizontal bedded sandstone (Hs) and v) ripple laminated sandstone (Rs). The amalgamation of these lithofacies strongly divulges that the lower part of the succession was deposited in braided-streams, whereas the upper part was deposited in erg environment. The unimodal paleocurrent is evident in lower part of the succession while bimodal paleocurrent is noticed from sandstones at upper part of the succession. In general, the sandstones exhibit northwesterly paleocurrent direction. The petrographic studies point out that the sandstones are arenites and were deposited in interior type of continental block provenance under semi-arid to hot humid palaeoclimate. The high percentage of floating grains and the low percentage of interpenetrative contacts as well as the low value of contact index for these sandstones divulge that the grains did not suffer much compaction thereby pointing to shallow burial. The sub-angular zircon and tourmaline suggest that these minerals have travelled short distance from the source rocks. The high percentage of garnet and presence of epidote, staurolite, sillimanite, zoisite, amphibole and kyanite indicate that the sediments were derived from the nearby metamorphic source rocks.     

塔里木盆地塔东凸起西部中上奥陶统地震层序与海底扇沉积

根据区域地震资料研究塔里木盆地塔东凸起西部中上奥陶统层序地层格架及沉积演化, 在中上奥陶统识别出了2个地震层序, 发现了叠置的丘状前积反射地震单元, 综合岩心观察、岩屑录井和薄片资料, 确认为海底扇沉积体.海底扇沉积主要由块状砂、砾岩, 递变层理砂岩, 平行层理砂岩, 砂纹层理粉砂岩, 变形或包卷层理粉砂岩, 水平层理泥质粉砂岩或粉砂质泥岩, 块状或递变的粉砂质泥岩和泥岩等岩相组成, 形成于中扇和外扇环境, 物源来自研究区南部的岛弧带.海底扇的发现对于塔东凸起乃至整个塔里木盆地中上奥陶统油气勘探具有重要意义.      

Geochemical evolution of the Tertiary succession of the NW shelf,Bengal basin,Bangladesh: Implications for provenance,paleoweathering and Himalayan erosion

Whole rock major, trace and rare earth element (REE) compositions of Paleogene to Neogene sedimentary rocks of the NW shelf succession (Province 1) of Bangladesh contain a record of interaction of the India and Asian plates, Himalayan tectonism, and climatic development. Analyses of 66 sandstones and mudrocks from the Tertiary succession of Bangladesh were made to examine provenance, source weathering, and the influence of paleoclimate and tectonism. The sediments display linear geochemical trends due to quartz dilution, and varying quartz–clay ratios produced by hydrodynamic sorting. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for both sandstones and mudrocks from different groups are similar to upper continental crust, with moderate to high LREE enrichment (lithotypes within formations average La_N/Yb_N 5.31–11.41) and marked negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu^* 0.51–0.69). Based on geochemical criteria the succession can be divided into three parts (Jaintia; Barail–Surma; and Dupi Tila). Very high silica contents in Jaintia Tura sandstones and high Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indices in Kopili mudrocks (Fe-shales) suggest derivation from a deeply weathered and stable cratonic source (India). The Tura sandstones are interpreted as first-cycle quartz arenites, produced while the Indian plate drifted across equatorial regions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal maximum (PETM). The Barail–Surma and Dupi Tila sediments were derived from a felsic orogen (the Himalaya). The Barail–Surma sediments were mainly derived from the Trans Himalayan Batholith and associated granitoids, with significant contribution from the Lesser Himalaya. Mafic input is also evident, probably from intraoceanic arc material within the Himalaya. Barail mudrocks have uniformly high CIA values (92–95), suggesting intense steady-state weathering of their proto-Himalayan source, and warm and humid climate. In contrast, CIA values of Surma mudrocks range from 66 to 93 (average 84), suggesting non-steady state weathering related to active uplift in the Himalaya. The Dupi Tila sediments were derived from a more felsic Lesser Himalaya source, with significant contribution from the Trans-Himalaya and very little or no ophiolitic or arc material. Dupi Tila mudrocks have CIA ratios of 62–99 (average 72), also indicating non-steady state weathering in the rising Himalayan source. Geochemical compositions of the NW shelf sediments are comparable to coeval successions in the Surma basin (Province 2) of Bangladesh and the Siwaliks (India), indicating similar source. Evolution of the Indian monsoon and associated high precipitation caused intense chemical weathering of the Surma and Dupi Tila source, despite rapid uplift. The Surma Group thus bears the signature of evolution of the Asian monsoon in the Bengal basin at 21 Ma, simultaneous with the development of the East Asian monsoon. This supports proposals that both monsoon systems developed at the same time.     

Aspects of the sedimentology,palynology and palaeobotany of the Upper Devonian of southern Kerry Head,Co. Kerry,Ireland

The uppermost 220 m of Upper Devonian sedimentary rocks of southern Kerry Head are described in terms of three lithofacies associations. Facies association 1 (about 49 per cent of succession) comprises fine to medium grained sandstones, with basal erosion surfaces and intraformational breccias, dominantly cross-stratified, and usually displaying a multistorey character. They are interpreted as deposits of laterally migrating and aggrading single-channel rivers, flowing in a southerly direction. Facies association 2 (43 per cent) comprises interbedded fine to very fine grained sandstones and siltstones, displaying a diversity of sedimentary structures, rapid lateral and vertical facies transitions, and occurring as broad sheets or channel-filling sequences. They are interpreted as crevasse, levee, and channel-fill deposits. Association 3 (8 per cent) is dominantly siltstone, with lenses and sheets of very fine sandstone, interpreted as the floodbasin deposits of a semi-arid alluvial plain. Macrofloras and spores occurring in association 2 indicate: (1) major plants (woody seed ferns) grew in areas very close to palaeochannel margins; (2) a phytogeographic location within the Munster Basin comparable with Hook Head; and (3) a Late Devonian age for the succession.     

藏南古错地区上侏罗统上部和下白垩统沉积相?

基于野外剖面和室内沉积学研究,对古错地区侏罗纪末期-早白垩世地层进行详细描述和修订,识别出6种主要岩相类型：红褐色（风化色）石英砾岩、灰色－黄绿色岩屑砾岩、灰白色石英砂岩、灰色－黄绿色岩屑砂岩、灰色－黄绿色长石岩屑砂岩、灰色、深灰色、黑色页岩。发现粒序层理、水平层理、平行层理、板状交错层理、丘状交错层理等层理构造、波痕和槽模层面构造、重荷模和砂岩岩墙变形构造以及侵蚀面构造、叠瓦状构造、硬底、结核等沉积构造和生物遗迹。识别出三角洲（包括三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相）和陆棚（包括受风暴影响的陆棚相亚相和深水陆棚相亚相）两类沉积相,其中三角洲前缘亚相进一步划分为水下分流河道、分流河口砂坝和远砂坝等微相。建立了侏罗纪末期-早白垩世沉积相序及其演化,并在此基础上分析了沉积环境变化。     

北京西山下苇甸地区青白口系长龙山组沉积相及层序地层研究*

北京西山下苇甸地区出露良好的青白口系长龙山组,笔者通过实测野外露头剖面以及岩石薄片镜下鉴定,对该组下部沉积相及层序地层进行研究,并对沉积环境演化进行分析。识别出长龙山组下部8种岩石类型有含砾砂岩、羽状交错层理砂岩、丘状交错层理砂岩、波状层理粉砂岩、脉状层理粉砂岩、透镜状层理粉砂岩、碳质泥岩以及水平层理泥岩;并识别出辫状河道、潮坪(潮道)、潮下浅水及潮下深水等沉积相类型,建立该区辫状河—滨岸潮坪沉积模式。进而通过识别长龙山组与其下伏地层之间的区域不整合面和下切谷河道充填砂砾岩底面确定层序界面。其中,初始海泛面以每个砂体之上覆盖的细粒沉积的底面为代表,最大海泛面以厚层碳质泥岩及水平层理泥岩的底面为代表。依据这些关键层序地层界面,将该区长龙山组下部划分为3个层序,每个层序内部进一步划分为低位体系域、海侵体系域以及高位体系域。综合分析表明,京西的长龙山组发育于由燕辽裂陷槽转为华北稳定克拉通的过渡期。     

Sedimentology of a Devonian fault-bounded braidplain and lacustrine fill in the lower part of the Skrinkle Sandstones, Dyfed, Wales

The Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous Skrinkle Sandstones of the Pembroke Peninsula are predominantly continental deposits from the post-Caledonian synrift succession at the southern margin of the Upper Palaeozoic Welsh Landmass. The lower part of the Sandstones record deposition in the 30 × 10 km Tenby–Angle fault block, from which a 6- to 68-m-thick interval is described and interpreted as a lacustrine deposit succeeded by a high-energy sandy braidplain succession. The lacustrine deposit is dominated by red mudstones and ripple cross-laminated sandstones. Interbedded quartzose sandstones form a coarsening-upward sequence from the red mudstones in the basin centre, suggesting a deltaic origin, and a smooth-fronted braidplain delta model is proposed. The sequence introduces the braidplain succession, composed of groups of horizontal/low-angle laminated and trough cross-bedded sandstones. These are compared with recent ephemeral stream and sheetflood sediments and their characteristics used to depict a system of mutually erosive sheetflood and channel bodies, the latter produced during the rising and falling stages of flood events, which alternate to produce a thick multistorey sandstone. Palaeocurrent data indicate an axial drainage system from the north-west, running parallel to the main faults of the area. This is supported by the maturity and sandy nature of the sediments. Basin closure towards the south and the postulated Bristol Channel Landmass is inferred.