Very short baseline interferometry: assessment of the relative stability of the GPS stations at the Yebes Observatory (Spain)

Using a very short baseline interferometer, the relative stability of the YEBE and YEB1 GPS stations at the Yebes Observatory (Spain) is assessed. A baseline length bias of 1 mm was found between estimates from different observed frequencies due most likely to phase center errors resulting from antenna calibration uncertainties and/or phase center migrations caused by the electromagnetic coupling of antenna and monument. Also a bias of 0.5 mm in the vertical component of the baseline length was found between estimates from different cut-off elevation angles due to elevation-dependent errors as phase center and multipath. In addition to these biases, significant variations in the horizontal component of the baseline length were found, mostly in the form of a trend of ?0.45 ± 0.10 mm/yr and an annual oscillation of amplitude 1 ± 0.1 mm and phase 155 ± 5 (beginning of June). The annual oscillation showed a high correlation with ambient temperature variations. Bedrock thermal expansion seems not to be a significant contributor to the annual variation due to the excellent agreement between the phases of the baseline and temperature annual signals. Thermoelastic expansion of the station monuments, which are comprised of concrete pillars and buildings, driven by the sunshine heating, is likely the origin of this oscillation. Near-field multipath and phase center errors are also rejected as being the main contributor to the annual signal. Conversely, near-field multipath and phase center errors may significantly contribute together to the time-correlated noise content of the baseline time series at long periods (flicker noise amplitude of 1.2 ± 0.1 mm). This research provides thus an assessment of the GPS station stability at the Yebes Observatory, which may be extended to the level of station-dependent contamination of geophysical and geodetic studies (e.g., plate tectonics, surface loadings, local ties) when similar station installations on top of buildings are used.     

Variations in the amplitude and phase of VLF radiowaves in the ionosphere during the August 1, 2008, solar eclipse

Time variations in the amplitude and phase of signals of the Russian telecommunication station (the frequency is 25 kHz) on the Arkhangelsk—Kharkov path with a length of about 1600 km on the day of the August 1, 2008 solar eclipse (SE) and on the adjacent days are analyzed. Two types of effects are detected. An increase of the signal amplitude by approximately 32% in comparison with the background days and the 2.1 μs time shift of the signal during 2—2.5 h is referred to the first type. Changes in the spectral composition of the quasiperiodic disturbances in the ionosphere presented the second type of the effects. For spectral analysis of the quasiperiodic variations in the amplitude and phase of the radio signal, the window Fourier transform, adaptive Fourier transform, and wavelet transformation were applied simultaneously. In the period of SE and after it, oscillations with periods of 10—15 min (according to the amplitude data) and also about 10 and 18 min (according to the phase data) were intensified. Based on radio signal characteristics, the parameters of ionospheric disturbances are estimated.     

Effects of lateral velocity heterogeneity under the Nevada Test Site on short-periodP wave amplitudes and travel times

Short-period teleseismicP waves from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) show systematic variations in amplitudes and travel times, with low amplitudes corresponding to fast travel times, suggesting elastic focussing-defocussing effects. Also, the azimuthal amplitude and travel time patterns for events at the Pahute Mesa subsite are systematically different from those at the Yucca Flat subsite, indicating the presence of a near-source component in both the amplitude and travel-time variations. This component is isolated by removing the mean station pattern for all of NTS from the observations. A very-near-source component in the Pahute Mesa observations is also isolated by removing subsite station means from the measurements, whereas the Yucca Flat observations exhibited no coherent very-near-source component. These anomalies are back-projected through laterally homogeneous structure to form thin lens models at various depths. Travel-time delays are predicted from the amplitude variations using the equation for wavefront curvature. The long-wavelength components of the predicted and observed time delays correlate well, at depths of 25 km for the very-near-source component under Pahute Mesa and 160 km for the regional component under NTS. The time delay surfaces predicted by the amplitudes at these depths are mapped into warped velocity discontinuities suitable for the calculation of synthetic seismograms using the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral formulation. Both the intersite (near-source) and intrasite (very-near-source) differences in amplitudes are qualitatively predicted very well, although the range of variation is somewhat underpredicted. This deficiency is likely due to the destructive interference of anomalies inherent in back-projection to a single layer.     

根据LF天波的相位和振幅变化监测中层大气扰动

LF无线电波,白天在70-80km的区域被反射,夜间在90-100km的区域被反射.本文根据武昌电离层观象台长期连续的地面LF传播的实验记录,分析研究了上中层大气压力的变化、行星尺度波扰动、冬季异常等上中层大气的特性,并对其中的冬季异常的机理作了简要讨论,从理论上分析了造成冬季异常的原因,除通常所述的因素外,上中层大气中气压下降或温度降低可能也是一个重要因素.并指出地面LF无线电波传播实验是监测和研究上中层大气的某些特性和扰动的一个重要手段,也可以为进一步探索平流层一中层耦合提供某些实验依据.     

新老测点之间的地磁对比观测研究

１９９３年８─１１月，在马起乏与新测点上进行了较长时间的地磁场对比观测，获得了大量准确可靠的地磁资料。应用通化处理法、同步差值法、日变特征量比较法、快速谱分析法（ＦＦＴ）、幅比与位相差值法，分析研究了地磁对比观测资料。结果表明，在相同时间段内，各测点地磁变化形态相当一致，两个测点之间的同步差值平稳。由各测点地磁场总强度日变化的定量分析比较得出，其日变化是相当一致的。快速谱分析显示，在相同时间段内，各测点的幅度随周期的变化形态十分相似，总体上看，ＦＦＴ幅度随周期的减小呈下降趋势；从ＦＦＴ幅度Ａ，位相以及快谱幅比Ａ＿ｉ／Ａ与位相差的定量比较结果上看，各测点的ＦＦＴ有着良好的一致性。此外，还得到了新老测点之间的地磁数据的接点差。     

CORRELATION PATTERNS IN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIALLY VARIABLE SEISMIC GROUND MOTIONS

A methodology for the investigation of the spatial variation of seismic ground motions is presented; data recorded at the SMART-1 dense instrument array in Lotung, Taiwan, during Events 5 and 39 are used in the analysis. The seismic motions are modeled as superpositions of sinusoidal functions, described by their amplitude, frequency, wavenumber and phase. For each event and direction (horizontal or vertical) analysed, the approach identifies a coherent, common component in the seismic motions at all recording stations, and variabilities in amplitudes and phases around the common component sinusoidal characteristics, that are particular for each recording station. It is shown that the variations in both the amplitudes and the phases of the motions at the station locations around the common component characteristics contribute significantly to the spatially variable nature of the motions, and, furthermore, they are correlated: increase in the variability of the amplitudes of the motions recorded at individual stations around the common amplitude implies increase in the variability of the phases around the common phase. The dispersion range of the amplitude and phase variability around their corresponding common components appear also to be associated with physical parameters. The spatially variable arrival time delays of the waveforms at the stations due to their upward travelling through the site topography, in addition to the wave passage delays identified from signal processing techniques, constitute another important cause for the spatial variation of the motions; their consideration in the approach facilitates also the identification of the correlation patterns in the amplitudes and phases. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lateral variations of the local magnitude at Ebre station,Northeastern Iberian Peninsula

Since 1984, a seismic surveillance at the Baix Ebre Region (NE of the Iberian Peninsula) has been carried out from a seismic network consisting of two digital and one analog stations. Large discrepancies between the recorded amplitudes and the magnitude estimates given by different agencies have been observed. To explain these discrepancies, that consist of a large reduction of amplitude and a strong dependence of the azimuth, a local magnitude formula for the area has been computed, using the analog records obtained at EBR short-period station. Global results show an average station correction factor between the computed local magnitude and the reported magnitude of the order of 1, presenting large variations around the mean value with a clear dependence on the azimuth. A detailed analysis of this variation around the mean value reveals that earthquakes can be classified according to their location in different geological units, thus obtaining for each zone a distinct station correction factor that can fluctuate as much as 0.6 around the average. These large lateral variations of the magnitude are in good agreement with previous studies of coda-Q attenuation.     

首都圈数字地震台网对微弱爆破信号的检测能力

利用首都圈数字地震台网接收人工地震信号,进行地下结构研究具有重要意义.但人工震源释放的能量小,激发的地震波以短周期为主,因此本文较全面地研究了地震台网对短周期微弱信号（1～20 Hz）的检测能力：(1) 分析了台网的背景噪声,结果表明基岩台址的地震台噪声比沉积盖层台址的地震台噪声低约13 dB,这相当于近1个震级的检测阈值;夜间的噪声比白天低约5 dB;噪声有逐年增高的趋势,2006年比2001年噪声提高约4 dB.(2 )分析了在台网内进行的药量为25 kg的陆地井下爆破实验,一次爆破相当于0.69级（M_L）的天然地震,有18个地震台可辨认爆炸产生的Pg、Pm或Pc波;离爆破点218 km的基岩台,仍可以接收到振幅只有1.6 nm 的Pm波,这个结果可为地震勘探实际工作提供参考.(3) 研究了台网外核爆试验的信号特征,2006年发生在朝鲜的地下核试验是一次检验台网检测微弱信号能力的好机会.波形记录经1～5Hz滤波后,台网中噪声小的18个基岩台可以清晰辨认核爆破产生的P波或Lg波,P波平均振幅为16 nm,计算的平均震级为m_b4.3,和NEIC给出的震级相同;分析还表明背景噪声是影响台站信号检测能力的主要因素之一.     

极化方法在成都地磁台的应用研究

以成都台FHDZ-M15地磁组合观测系统产出的秒采样观测数据为研究对象,应用极化方法提取该台站附近几次中强震前的超低频(ULF)磁异常信号.成都台极化值长期曲线具有一定的年变化特征,利用傅里叶拟合消除周期变化后,对残差进行分析.结果显示,极化值增高现象与其后2个月内台站周边区域的M_L≥5.0地震有很好的对应关系,高值异常持续3—5日,与外空场活动无关,且逆冲型地震前的极化值异常幅值高于走滑型地震.      

2020年新疆于田MS6.4地震前地磁谐波振幅比变化特征分析

以2020年6月26日于田M_S6.4地震为例, 采用地磁谐波振幅比法, 选用距震中370 km和360 km范围内的且末台、 狮泉河台所记录到的秒值连续波形数据, 对震前地磁异常进行了提取和回溯性分析, 发现地磁谐波振幅比反映了观测点深部电阻率变化, 2020年于田M_S6.4地震前且末台和狮泉河台地磁谐波振幅比出现了较明显的异常现象。 异常特征有: ① 地磁谐波振幅比Y_ZHx和Y_ZHy主要表现为“下降—转折—恢复”的形态, 地震发生在下降型变化恢复之后上升阶段; ② 震前约2年起, 且末台和狮泉河台谐波振幅比表现长短周期变化不同步或NS向与EW向变化不同步的现象; ③ 且末台Y_ZHx(NS)和狮泉河台Y_ZHy(EW)谐波振幅比异常变化中的转折上升形态具有自较长周期向较短周期的迁移现象; ④ 狮泉河台谐波振幅比趋势性异常起始时间早于且末台, 持续时间平均2年左右, 最大异常幅度达到0.04; ⑤ 且末台Y_ZHx(NS)和狮泉河台Y_ZHy(EW)异常相比对应其他分量更为显著, 这也许震中和台站所在位置有关系; ⑥ 地震前和田大地电场(距震中约265 km)岩体裂隙优势方位角(α)也显示异常变化, 可见该地震前多地球物理探测参量的异常响应, 呈现多地球物理量耦合, 增加了异常可信度。     

地电场日变幅各向异性度异常提取方法初步研究

首先建立地电场日变幅各向异性度(S值)方法:对不同测向的地电场日变幅换算成各向异性系数,进而提取异常信号的方法。通过对不同台站的映震结果的对比分析表明:(1)该方法能够较好地识别地震前兆信息异常,对于5级左右地震,在震前4个月之内,震中距200 km范围内各台能够记录到地震的短期异常,异常出现的早晚与各台震中距的远近有关;对于4级地震,震中距越近异常越明显;(2)在正常情况下,S值曲线一般在均值的2倍均方差以内波动;当出现异常时,异常判据为S值2日以上超过各台均值的2倍均方差、曲线形态发生畸变;(3)各台映震结果存在较大的差异性,这可能与地下介质电性结构、发震构造与各台构造关联性存在一定关系。     

新沂台和马陵山台地电场日变化及潮汐响应初步分析

基于江苏省新沂台和山东省马陵山台同(近)场地观测的地磁场、地电场和分量应变观测数据,详细分析了两台站地电场日变化的波形、变幅、相位和优势周期成分以及日变幅的季节效应和台址电性条件对其的影响,并在此基础上分析了地电场日变化的机理.结果显示:① 两台站地电场日变化主要为两次起伏变化,主相起伏集中在当地午前午后时段,且起伏波形与磁场日变化的起伏波形大致相同,存在相位差,但主相起伏时段与磁场对时间的偏导曲线上的日变化起伏时段大致对应;地电场变化与磁场正交分量的变化显著相关,且与同方向的分量应变显著相关;地电场日变化波形与分量应变日变波形有很大差异;② 两台站地电场、地磁场日变化的优势周期为12 h,8 h,24 h,最显著周期为12 h,其中12 h和24 h周期成分是应变分量的优势周期;③ 两台站同方向地电场日变化的波形高度相似,但同台正交分量之间的日变幅有方向性差异;朔望月时段的日变幅大于上下弦月时段,日变幅有夏季大于冬季的季节效应;台址电导率越低,日变幅越大.地电场日变化既表现为广域性特征,又表现为局部性特征.地电场日变化机理分析认为,地电场日变化是由月日潮汐力和太阳风引起的电离层活动所导致,同时还受到季节、台址电性条件等多因素的影响.      

Study on tidal gravity observations obtained at stations Zhongshan and Changcheng, Antarctic

IntroductionThe purpose of the studies on the tidal gravity observations on the Earth(s surface is to investigate the properties of the deformation and the tidal gravity variations of the Earth under the action of the luni-solar tidal force. These variations relate to the internal structure, shape and the medium(s rheology properties of the Earth (Wahr, 1981; Dehant, 1987). The theoretical studies and observations indicated that the amplitudes and the tidal parameters, including the amplitud…     

基于GPS和GRACE数据的三维地表形变的比较及地球物理解释

GPS技术能以高空间和高时间分辨率监测地表形变.但由于测量原理的不同,GPS监测的地表形变与GRACE存在差异.本文比较了ITRF2008-GPS残差序列与基于CSR的RL05版本的GRACE球谐系数的地表形变序列的差异.结果表明,GPS和GRACE的周年变化在高程方向上具有较好的一致性,但水平方向的差异明显.重点分析了影响GPS/GRACE地表形变差异(尤其是水平方向)的三个因素:不同GPS站时间序列间的不确定性,热弹性形变和区域形变.GPS站地表形变本身的不确定度在一定程度上导致了GPS/GRACE间的差异(特别是水平方向).结合热弹性形变理论指出,由温度变化引起的热弹性形变也是导致GPS/GRACE的南北方向差异的主要原因之一.因此利用GPS数据研究地表质量负载时,必须消除热弹性形变的影响.区域负载对GPS/GRACE水平方向差异的影响也是不可忽略的,特别是对欧洲区域.     

地磁谐波振幅比异常特征的进一步研究及定性解释

分析了新疆喀什台地磁谐波振幅比在几个6级地震前后的变化特征,结合上海佘山和崇明台的研究结果,发现当震中距较大时,地磁谐波振幅比的异常变化过程具有由长周期向短周期迁移的现象,而当震中距较小时,其异常变化过程则具有由短周期向长周期迁移的现象;并对其进行了定性解释。     

Topex/Poseidon Altimetry and Dynamics of the Ocean-Atmosphere System

The T/P altimeter data 1993 – 1997 (cycles 11 – 194) has been analyzed with emphases on seasonal variations in sea surface topography (SST). The amplitude of the annual variations amounted to (5.9±0.3) mm when inverted barometer (IB) corrections were applied and (2.0±0.4) mm without any IB corrections. The amplitude of the semi-annual variations in SST was small with IB corrections applied: (0.6±0.3) mm. However, when no IB corrections were applied, it was (1.8±0.4) mm, i.e. the semiannual variations are at the same level as the annual variations with no IB corrections. The phase angle offset of the annual term has shifted by about 180° when IB correction was applied. The dynamics of the ocean-atmosphere system is discussed and it is concluded that it could, at least partly, be responsible for the above observed effects.     

中国地磁场北向强度的太阳周期效应

本文根据1961-1971年我国五个地磁台北向强度的资料,采用长期变化二次项的残差ΔX,讨论了我国境内太阳活动周期的地磁效应。结果表明,各台ΔX的变化与太阳黑子数平均为11年周期有关,其相关系数平均为-0.77;ΔX的变幅随纬度的增高而有所     

Lunar tidal winds in the upper atmosphere over Collm

The lunar semidiurnal tide in winds measured at around 90 km altitude has been isolated with amplitudes observed up to 4 m s^–1. There is a marked amplitude maximum in October and also a considerable phase variation with season. The average variation of phase with height indicated a vertical wavelength of more than 80 km but this, and other results, needs to be viewed in the light of the considerable averaging required to obtain statistical significance. Large year-to-year variations in both amplitude and phase were also found. Some phase comparisons with the GSWM model gave reasonable agreement but the model amplitudes above a height of 100 km were much larger than those measured. An attempt to make a comparison with the lunar geomagnetic tide did not yield a statistically significant result.     

The physical implication of coda amplitude ratio and its possible application

The physical implication of coda amplitude ratio is discussed in term of energy ratio. The digitized data recorded at the station of Beijing Telemetered Seismograph Network between 1989 and 1990 are used to calculate amplitude ratios of coda to direct S wave, and energy ratios. The spectral energy ratios are used to estimate the coda Q and mean free path l in the Beijing area, as well as the two quality factors Q _i and Q _S separately due to intrinsic absorption and scattering attenuation. The decay of seismic waves in their propagation seems mainly resulted from the intrinsic absorption in Beijing region. The temporal variations of amplitude ratio and energy ratio at Changli station during the above two years are inspected; some of them largely depart from their mean value. It may reflect the seismogenic process, but using the data lasting longer time with more case histories needs further study. This study is sponsored by the Key Project of State Science and Technology of China, No. 96-918.     

井下与地面地震波记录特征的对比研究

本文对比研究了平原地区井下和地面的地震波记录特征,对其走时关系和振幅关系进行了推导,得出: 1.在层状均匀介质条件下,在地面记录到的地震波走时tc大于在井下记录到的地震波走时th,二者之差为 △t=tc——th=cosic/Vch与此相应,地面震相观测到时Tc滞后于井下震相观测到时Th,其到时差为△T。 2.定义地面振幅Ac与井下振幅Ah之比为 K=Ac/Ah在特定的条件下,K>1。因而称K为地面振幅相对于井下振幅的放大因子。 分析了静海地震台井下和地面的地震观测资料,得到单台的△T和K的对比结果,并将其记录特征分别与基岩地震台的记录特征进行了比较,认为: 1.对于运动学参数,井下较之地面,更逼近于基岩地区的情况。 2.对于动力学参数,统计得出基岩地震台的地动振幅A与Ah,Ac的关系: A=3.50Ah A=0.34Ac。