不同气象条件下湍流通量的研究

利用1989年12月－1990年1月在重庆市测得的三轴风速仪资料和气象资料，1990年7月－8月在天津测得的三轴风速仪资料、温度脉冲资料、气象资料、计算了不同气象条件下的动量通量、热通量、摩擦速度和特征温度。这对了解重庆和天津市郊不同气象条件下的近地面层的湍流通量特征是十分有益的。     

论塔层风 、温廓线

本文改进了Zilitinkevich的工作,得到在塔层内动力学上合理的风廓线.并近似推求了不稳定层结下边界层高度h的表达式,使风、温廓线能用于不同层结.由近地层理论从近地层风、温求出通量后,即可推求塔层风、温分布.325m气象塔资料证明这一廓线达到一定的精度.     

风廓线雷达与天气雷达风廓线数据的融合及应用

风廓线雷达与多普勒天气雷达风廓线产品均可以获取高时间分辨率的高空风信息,但两种遥感测风的探测原理及时空代表性不同。在对风廓线雷达进行质量控制处理、剔除降水粒子空间不均匀分布对数据可信度影响之后,根据风廓线雷达与天气雷达风廓线数据探测原理差异,进行不同时间代表性的风廓线数据的空间匹配试验,确定与天气雷达风廓线数据进行融合的风廓线雷达数据最优时间分辨率,结果为1 h。利用2015年7月北京南郊观象台的探空、风廓线雷达、天气雷达测风数据进行三种高空风的一致性比对,结果表明三种测风数据具有较好的一致性,均方根误差分别为2.3和2.5 m·s~(-1);60、30以及6 min不同时间代表性风廓线雷达数据与天气雷达风廓线数据之间的均方根误差分别为2.6、2.8及3.1 m·s~(-1),60 min数据的融合效果最佳,低空尤其明显。利用广东省2014年5月的风廓线雷达观测网以及天气雷达网风廓线数据进行了高空风场的融合分析试验,融合分析场提供了更为丰富的高空中尺度水平风场信息,低空的涡旋更加明显。     

近地层湍流通量计算及几种塔层风廓线模式的研究

利用近地层风廓线的积分形式和平均场资料计算了表征湍流通量和热量通量特征量。u_*和T_*.得到了几种稳定度条件下利用两层风、温实测资料计算u_*和T_*的方法,可以普遍应用. 本文还用铁塔风速资料对目前广泛采用的几种中性和非中性湍流交换系数分布模式代入运动方程得到风廓线计算公式并进行了研究.给出了误差范围.认为:不稳定时用Yamamoto的K_m模式导出的风廓线公式以及中性和稳定时用Yokoyama的K_m模式导出的风廓线公式与实测廓线比较符合,且计算比较简便.     

夏季北京城市大气边界层湍流通量的塔层观测

利用2003年8月13～26日期间中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层气象塔47、120和280 m 3层高度上三维风速和温度脉动的观测资料,结合涡动相关方法,分析了夏季北京市城市下垫面的动量和感热等湍流通量。结果表明：3层高度上动量通量和感热通量的日变化彼此非常接近, 且3层高度上最大感热通量达到200～250 W·m-2。观测期间盛行南风,120 m高度的水平风速小于10 m·s-1。同时分析了由慢响应传感器采集的15个高度上的气温和8个高度上的相对湿度。结果表明：受地表加热影响,320 m高度上气温和相对湿度的日变化非常显著。不同高度上动量通量和感热通量的比较表明：城市下垫面的空气动力不均匀性比热力不均匀性显著。用廓线法计算了32和65 m高度之间的湍流通量,结果表明：1）夏季晴好天气情况下,北京城市下垫面能量输送以感热为主;2）由廓线法计算得到的动量通量、感热通量和由涡动相关法直接测量结果相近。此外还初步讨论了大气边界层温度、湿度垂直廓线随时间的演变。     

新一代雷达风廓线与探空风廓线资料相关分析

利用南昌新一代多普勒天气雷达获取的2002～2005年37次（共计614组样本）完整风廓线资料,与同期探空风廓线进行相关分析。结果表明：探空风廓线与雷达风廓线之间具有比较好的相关性。风向相关系数R≥0．6次数占总数78％,其中R≥0．8次数占总数60％。风速相关系数R≥0．6次数占总数81％,其中R≥0．8次数占总数57％。随着高度增加,探空风向与雷达风向的相关度明显降低,风速的相关变化不大。     

关于海面湍流通量参数化的两种方案试验

本文对海气间湍流通量计算的参数化进行了两个方案的试验。第一个是对气候模式ＣＣＭ３中的计算方案作了改进,用半解析的计算方法代替纯迭代的方法,减少了计算量而达到相同精度。第二个是用Ｂｒｕｔｓａｅｒｔ提出的廓线函数计算海面通量,达到了当前最精确模式相同的精度。这二种方案均可用于大气模式或用于由实测气象资料求通量。     

大气应急响应模拟中城市冠层风廓线参数化方法检验

城市冠层内风场的准确模拟或预报是突发性大气污染应急响应措施制定和实施的重要前提和基础。为了合理反映城市冠层的影响, 并满足应急响应时效性的要求, 将MacDonald(2000)提出的城市冠层内风廓线参数化方法耦合于中尺度气象模式MM5, 并利用2010年7月18日至8月6日北京325 m气象塔垂直观测资料进行验证。试验结果表明:(1)城市冠层参数化方法能够较好的模拟各种稳定度条件下冠层内风速廓线垂直变化, 中性、稳定和不稳定层结时的标准平均偏差分别为78%、12%、4%, 标准平均误差分别为78%、52%、21%。(2)城市冠层参数化方法能够较好的模拟冠层内实际风速变化情况, 虽然随高度增加模拟偏差增大, 但8、15、32、47 m高度的模拟风速与观测值依然十分接近, 标准平均偏差分别为2%、-26%、25%、60%, 标准平均误差分别为54%、46%、52%、73%。(3)与传统的Monin-Obukhov相似性边界层参数化方法相比, 城市冠层参数化方法明显提高了冠层风速的模拟能力。中性、稳定、不稳定层结时, Monin-Obukhov相似性边界层参数化方法的标准平均误差高达420%、176%、184%, 城市冠层参数化方法的标准平均误差减小至78%、52%、21%;冠层内8、15、32、47 m高度, Monin-Obukhov相似性边界层参数化方法的标准平均误差分别为283%、184%、227%、167%, 城市冠层参数化方法的标准平均误差减小至54%、46%、52%、73%。     

近海层大气湍流通量系数研究

根据１９９４年９月１８～３０日南沙群岛海域渚碧礁的近海面大气湍流观测实验资料,分别计算了该海域光滑海面和粗糙海面上的空气动力粗糙度（ｚ０ ）、中性曳力系数（ Ｃ Ｄ Ｎ）。利用 Ｂｕｔｓａｅｒｔ 的假定,推导了求取标量粗糙度（ｚ Ｔ、ｚ Ｑ）、整体输送系数（感热交换系数 Ｃ Ｈ Ｎ、水汽交换系数 Ｃ Ｅ Ｎ ）的一组公式。在此基础上,分别计算和分析了该海域光滑海面和粗糙海面上空气动力粗糙度（ｚ０ ）、标量粗糙度（ｚ Ｔ、ｚ Ｑ ）、中性曳力系数（ Ｃ Ｄ Ｎ）、整体输送系数（感热交换系数 Ｃ Ｈ Ｎ、水汽交换系数 Ｃ Ｅ Ｎ）及其关于水平风速分量的分布,并得到了一些有益的结论。     

稳定性降水融化层在风廓线雷达资料中的特征

针对风廓线雷达探测降水的需要,通过理论分析和个例验证,从垂直速度、信噪比和谱宽3方面初步总结了稳定性降水融化层在风廓线雷达资料中的特征.结果表明:垂直速度从融化层上方向下递增,融化层内变化最快,在融化层下方达到最大;信噪比和谱宽在融化层内分别形成一个"亮带",谱宽"亮带"的高度略高于垂直速度最大值的高度,略低于信噪比"...     

A numerical investigation on the interaction of turbulent and long-wave radiative fluxes in the surface layer

The interaction of turbulent and radiative transfer applied to a number of plausible atmospheric situations in the surface layer under the stably stratified condition is discussed.The calculated results show that the long-wave radiative flux has a great influence upon the thermal structure of the surface layer, and that it usually acts in such a way as to weaken the thickness of the constant turbulent heat flux layer. In the case of low wind velocities and strongly stable stratifications, the thickness of the turbulent heat flux layer will become very thin and/or inexistent.     

A case study of nocturnal wind and temperature profiles over the inhomogeneous terrain of Northern Germany with some considerations of turbulent fluxes

Soundings in the stably-stratified boundary layer were executed over the rough terrain of Northern Germany during a night with a low-level jet (LLJ) development. Vertical wind and temperature profiles were obtained at 5 m height intervals using a tethersonde transported up and down along a 300 m high radio tower by an elevator. From these profiles, turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum, coefficients of eddy diffusivity and boundary-layer parameters were estimated. The nocturnal mean state analysis agrees well with the second-order model results of Brost and Wyngaard (1978) and our own first-order numerical testing while the time histories of different profile groups are in accordance with the observations of Izumi and Barad (1963).     

Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: A re-evaluation

Previous results of non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles as functions of ( = z/L) show systematic deviations between different experiments. These discrepancies are generally believed not to reflect real differences but rather instrumental shortcomings. In particular, it is clear that flow distortion has not been adequately treated in most previous experiments. In the present paper, results are presented from a surface-layer field experiment where great care was taken to remove any effects from this kind of error and also to minimize other measuring errors. Data from about 90 30-min runs with turbulence measurements at three levels (3, 6, and 14 m) and simultaneous profile data have been analysed to yield information on flux-gradient relationships for wind and temperature.The flux measurements themselves show that the fluxes of momentum and sensible heat are constant within ± 7% on average for the entire 14 m layer in daytime conditions and when the stratification is slightly stable. For more stable conditions, the flux starts to decrease systematically somewhere in the layer 6 to 14 m. From a large body of data for near-neutral conditions (¦¦ 0.1), values are derived for von Kármán's constant: 0.40 ± 0.01 and for _h at neutrally, 0.95 ± 0.04. The range of uncertainty indicated here is meant to include statistical uncertainty as well as the effect of possible systematic errors.Data for _m and _h for an extended stability range (1 > > – 3) are presented. Several formulas for _m and _h appearing in the literature have been used in a comparative study. But first all the formulas have been modified in accordance with the following assumptions: = 0.40 and ( _h ) _{= 0} = 0.95; deviations from this result in the various studies are due to incomplete correction for flow distortion. After new corrections are introduced, the various formulas were compared with the present measurements and with each other. It is found that after this modification, the most generally used formulas for _m and _h for unstable conditions, i.e., those of Businger et al. (1971) and Dyer (1974) agree with each other to within ± 10% and with the present data. For stable conditions, the various formulas still disagree to some extent. The conclusion in relation to the present data is not as clear as for the unstable runs, because of increased scatter. It is, however, found that the modified curve of Businger et al. (1971) for _h fits the data well, whereas for _m , Dyer's (1974) curve appears to give slightly better agreement.     

湍流频散对边界层风廓线的影响

应用包括湍流粘性和频散的新的Reynolds平均动量方程，分析了边界层的垂直风速廓线，发现包含湍流频散的地面层的风速廓线对经典的风廓线指数规律有一个对数规律的修改；而且在不稳定层结下比在稳定层结下，湍流的频散效应更为显；在中性条件下，指数规律退化为对数规律并且Karman常数被另外一个常数所代替，而这个新常数也可以通过相似理论来获得。     

Analysis of turbulent exchange and coherent structures in the stable atmospheric boundary layer based on tower observations

Using data collected at the Spanish low troposphere research centre CIBA (Centro de Investigación de la Baja Atmósfera) and at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands, we analyzed the most significant features of different coherent structures occurring in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. In particular, we used both the Reynolds and wavelet methods to analyze a solitary wave, a gravity wave, a density current and a low-level jet. For each of these structures, we found that wavelet analysis had the capacity to distinguish the different scales involved in these events due to the different timing and heights of the thermal instabilities and downdrafts associated with the disturbances. In addition, the wavelet method highlights the different roles of turbulence and coherent structures in the transfer of heat, moisture and CO₂ in the nocturnal boundary layer.     

A theoretical analysis of the effects of surface heterogeneity on the fluxes between ground and air

Summary The computation of the fluxes between ground surface and air in atmospheric models is based on the assumption that the surfaces parameters are horizontally homogeneous. In reality, the surface is heterogeneous, inducing a difference between the computed and realistic fluxes. Assuming that the distributions of temperature and humidity of the surface are normal, the difference of the fluxes for homogeneous and heterogeneous surface is found theoretically. The results show that the effect of the heterogeneity on the radiation flux is small, but attains a certain degree on the sensible and latent heat fluxes. However, this effect on the heat fluxes is not great when the standard deviation of the distribution of the surface parameters also is small. Only in case of great standard deviation, the difference may attain several W/m² even the order of magnitude of 10 W/m². Usually the computed sensible and latent heat fluxes are slightly greater for the heterogeneous case than that for homogeneous case, but when the interaction between the temperature and humidity of the surface is considered, the reverse is true. Received January 18, 2001 Revised July 31, 2001     

Estimation of the turbulent fluxes in the surface layer using the inertial dissipative method: A Monte Carlo error analysis

Inertial dissipation methods are based on measurements of the structure parameters of momentum, temperature and humidity. The most serious problems arise when experimental errors and uncertainties in the meteorological constants produce uncertainties in the calculated fluxes.In order to design an experimental layout to use an optical technique to measure fluxes, we need to perform an accurate error analysis. A Monte Carlo analysis is presented here to simulate the results and to analyze the propagation of statistical errors affecting the measurements. Results show that the coupling of inertial dissipation methods with optical methods is promising and a field experiment, based on the joint techniques, is feasible.This work was partially supported by M.P.I. (60%) grants of the Italian Ministry of Education.     

A theoretical study on the interaction between airflow over a mountain and the atmospheric boundary layer

In this paper, a two-dimensional atmospheric meso-scale numerical model with a higherorder turbulent closure is used to investigate the interaction between the diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the airflow over a mountain of finite amplitude.