与元素丰缺有关的水文地球化学生态环境模型

通过对离柳地区上缺与生物和人群健康关系的地方病分布特征的分析,再结合其他地区的水文地质蓄水构造和不同水文地球化学作用、元素形成、迁移、分异特征,及与人群健康和生物的某些生态环境问题,耦合成为水文地质蓄水构造－水文地球化学－生态环境多重耦合模型;依据生态位理论将水文地质蓄水构造区内划分为三种不同的生态环境区,并作了分析和描述,将水资源与生态环境形成一个整体研究系统,为不同生态环境区水资源的合理开发利     

水文地球化学综合模型的数值模拟——以大同麻峪口地区为例

运用多相、多矿物、多组分化学平衡和Ｈｅｌｇｅｓｏｎ发展的质量迁移计算理论,以大同麻峪口地区为例,依据该区岩石矿物鉴定结果,建立质量迁移数学模型,采用ＰＨＲＥＥＱＥ程度,模拟计算获得原生矿物溶解量、次生矿物生成量和进入水中的物质量。计算所得地下水化学成分、水化学类型与实际水样分析结果接近;结合化学热力学结果研究了水化学类型分带机制和环境条件,进而模拟和验证了化学反应,元素迁移和分异,以及制约水化学分     

基于phreeqci和netpath联合反演水文地球化学过程——以小秦岭太峪水库为例

为了研究超基性岩区山区河流水化学形成机制,笔者以小秦岭金矿区太峪水库为解剖对象,通过水文地质条件调查与测试数据的分析可知,太峪水库中水化学组分含量虽然较上游河水补给区并非普遍升高,但是矿化度有所增加,且水化学类型为HCO3·SO4-Ca.Mg,水文地球化学演化过程基于两方面化学反应和蒸发作用,以化学反应为主。①基于phreeqci正演计算了各水样点矿物饱和指数,利用netpath模拟水质质量平衡反演拟合,得出水库水质发生了Ca/Na交换和矿物溶解和沉淀作用。而水化学作用主要包括岩盐、石膏、方解石的溶解以及超基性岩矿物成分的沉淀。②通过蒸发作用使各组分质量浓度增大0.23倍。     

赛汉高毕-巴彦乌拉地区铀矿化远景区预测探讨

在研究赛汉高毕-巴彦乌拉地区区域地质背景及水文地质特征的基础上.对该地区铀成矿水文地球化学特征进行了探讨.结果表明,该地区具有相对独立、完整的地下水补给、径流、排泄系统,从盆地边缘到盆地中心具有明显从氧化环境到还原环境的水文地球化学分带特征,水中铀经历了由溶滤迁移到还原沉淀的矿化过程.在二连盐池、赛汉高毕-塔木敌地区和巴彦乌拉-白音塔拉地区有十分有利的铀成矿条件和良好的铀成矿远景.     

肥城市岩溶水水化学特征及形成机制

系统分析地下水长期实测数据,并综合运用数理统计方法、水文地质学、水文地球化学的基本理论,探讨了肥城市水化学特征及其时空分布规律、水化学特征形成机制及水文地球化学过程。结果表明:肥城市地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg型,部分为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca·Mg型和HCO3·Cl—Ca·Mg型,主要阴离子由HCO3-向SO42-和Cl-偏移,总溶解固体(TDS)及总硬度呈明显增大趋势;地下水多数离子浓度从补给区经径流区到排泄区越来越高;方解石和石膏的溶滤作用是研究区内地下水水化学成分变化的主要影响因素,同时存在部分的盐岩溶解及阳离子交替吸附作用,而人类活动也是不可忽视的重要影响因素。      

宁夏海原盆地地下水水化学特征及其演化规律

结合宁夏海原盆地已有的地质、水文地质资料,基于水化学、同位素数据分析了研究区的水文地球化学特征。总体上当地的地下水化学场从补给区到径流区到排泄区具有明显的分带性,符合干旱区盆地的水质演化规律;地球化学模拟表明当地水岩相互作用从补给区的以溶滤-混合作用为主逐渐演变成排泄区的以溶滤-蒸发为主。水中的溶解性总固体含量升高主要由岩盐和石膏的溶解引起,第三系岩性及径流条件对地下水水质有很大的影响。同位素特征表明西华山-南华山断裂控制着当地地下水的补给,地下水开采对深层地下水水质的影响尚不明显;在有些地区,由于地下水开采加速了地下水径流,水质有变好的趋势。      

山西晋祠泉域水文地球化学特征及成因

该文介绍了晋祠泉域的地质、水文地质、水化学及水文地球化学特征,并根据泉域内采集的125个水样的水化学成分,采用聚类分析的Q型分析方法进行了水化学分类。泉域地下水从补给区到排泄区,水化学类型由HCO_3—Ca·Mg型演变为SO_4—Ca·Mg型,反映了该泉域具有硫酸盐含水介质的水文地球化学环境及排泄区岩溶水过量开采而导致的硫酸盐加快溶解的趋势。     

咸阳城区地下热水地球化学演化模拟

应用水文地球化学模拟(PHREEQC软件)对咸阳城区地下热水进行了水文地球化学演化和路径模拟.模拟路径分别为西、西北两个补给方向.模拟结果表明,,地下水流向发生了一系列的水-岩反应,,线R5→SP2,SP2水化学类型由Na-HCO2-Cl转化为Na-Cl型,而西北线R6→SP2水化学类型由Na-Ca-HCO3 -el转化为Na-Cl型,在水流路径上SiO2(玉髓)、方解石、白云石和高岭石发生了沉淀,而岩盐、石膏、天青石、钠长石、云母和萤石发生了溶解作用.对研究区地下热水地球化学反应路径模拟,描述了研究区地下热水补给到排泄的演化特征,表明水-岩作用模拟对于揭示研究区地下水化学演化环境具有重要的指示意义.     

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水水-岩反应的锶同位素证据

利用鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水锶同位素和水化学资料,对该区水-岩作用机制进行了分析,并采用反向水文地球化学模拟的方法对锶同位素示踪水-岩反应的分析结论进行了验证。结果表明:研究区主要发生了石膏、少量碳酸盐矿物及铝硅酸盐矿物的溶解反应,且北区地下水对石膏等硫酸盐矿物的溶滤作用强于南区,而南区地下水对铝硅酸盐矿物的溶滤作用强于北区;同时,南区碳酸盐矿物发生了溶解/沉淀的不一致性,即白云石发生溶解反应而方解石发生沉淀反应。采用锶同位素方法得出的水-岩作用结论与反向水文地球化学模拟结果相一致。     

芷江雪峰矿泉水的水文地球化学机制

利用矿泉水的水文地质、水化学特征、环境同位素水文地质学和国际WATCH水/岩平衡计算机程序等新理论、新方法,可以推算出雪峰矿泉水的形成年龄和补给与迳流条件,计算出水的循环深度,以及主要成分的迁移系数,从而有机地研究矿泉水的水文地球化学机制,探讨矿泉水形成的水文地球化学成因模式。     

Investigation of the hydrogeochemical processes in an alluvial channel aquifer located in a typical Karoo Basin of Southern Africa

An investigation was conducted to assess the hydrogeochemical processes of an alluvial channel aquifer located in a typical Karoo Basin of Southern Africa. The investigation was aimed at identifying and describing the groundwater chemistry evolution and its contribution to the overall groundwater quality. X-ray fluorescent spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses were performed on geological samples to identify and quantify the major element oxides and minerals. The study utilises the conventional Piper diagram, bivariate plots and PHREEQC hydrogeochemical model to analyse groundwater chemistry data obtained during the wet (February and May) and dry seasons (August and December) of 2011. The XRF and XRD results show that the channel deposits are dominated by SiO₂ element oxides and quartz minerals, thus elevated concentrations of silicon (Si⁴⁺) were found in the groundwater. Dolomite and calcite minerals were also detected in the unconsolidated aquifer sediments. The detailed study of the alluvial aquifer system has shown that dissolution of dolomite and calcite minerals and ion exchange are the dominant hydrogeochemical processes influencing the groundwater quality. The groundwater evolves from Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–HCO₃ ^? recharge water that goes through ion exchange with Na⁺ in the clay-silt sediment to give a Na⁺–HCO₃ ^? water type. The groundwater is supersaturated with respect to quartz, dolomite and calcite minerals. The study shows the potential usefulness of simple bivariate plots as a complimentary tool to the conventional methods for analyzing groundwater hydrogeochemical processes.     

碳酸盐岩溶解-沉淀热力学模型及其在塔北地区的应用

 碳酸盐岩作为一种化学岩类其物性受成岩作用的影响十分明显,溶解作用是否发育直接关系到碳酸盐岩储层质量的好坏。碳酸盐矿物在埋藏环境中的溶解度与地层水的化学成分、环境的温度、pH等有着密切的关系。利用地层水化学资料,根据化学热力学的理论,通过方解石及白云石与地层水作用的平衡反应,计算吉布斯自由能变化ΔG,以此来判断方解石及白云石的溶解趋势,并建立了封闭系统中这两种矿物与水作用的热力学模型。根据这个理论模型,对塔北地区159口井奥陶系及6口井的寒武系地层水进行了ΔG的计算,结果显示,塔北地区碳酸盐岩与地层水反应的ΔG基本为负值,表明该地区总体处于碳酸盐岩溶解的环境,寒武系白云岩反应的自由能小于奥陶系灰岩,即在这种深埋条件下白云岩比灰岩更易溶解,这一点在实际岩芯资料上及前人的实验模拟中均有显示。塔北于奇地区自由能的计算结果也为负值,说明该地区强烈的充填作用并非发生在现今条件下,于奇地区现今的埋藏环境是有利于碳酸盐矿物溶解的,这一结论也在该地区奥陶系及寒武系岩芯上得到了验证。
      

广汉市平原区浅层地下水化学演化及其控制因素

为在广汉市城乡规划过程中提供地下水资源开发利用的基础信息,采用矿物风化系统分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和PhreeQC反向水文地球化学模拟等方法对广汉市平原区的浅层地下水的地下水水化学组分进行分析,确定了浅层地下水的水化学演化及控制因素,完成了地下水资源的质量及时空分布特征分析。分析表明：Gibbs图显示岩石风化主导该区地下水水化学特征,风化过程产生离子和次生矿物又经历水解作用,在矿物风化系统稳定场图中显示水样中铝硅酸盐矿物逐渐趋于溶解,碳酸盐矿物处于饱和状态;PhreeQC反向水文地球化学模拟结果显示在水流模拟路径上主要发生了钙蒙脱石、钾长石溶解和高岭石、石英、钠长石的沉淀,以及Ca-Na₂之间的阳离子交换吸附作用;离子相关性和主成分分析进一步的验证了溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用和阳离子交换吸附作用是引起浅层地下水水化学过程和矿物组成改变的主要原因。研究区地下水水质总体不会对人体健康造成不良影响。     

Hydrogeochemical modelling of fluid–rock interactions triggered by seawater injection into oil reservoirs: Case study Miller field (UK North Sea)

A hydrogeochemical model is presented and applied to quantitatively elucidate interdependent reactions among minerals and formation water–seawater mixtures at elevated levels of CO₂ partial pressure. These hydrogeochemical reactions (including scale formation) occur within reservoir aquifers and wells and are driven by seawater injection. The model relies on chemical equilibrium thermodynamics and reproduces the compositional development of the produced water (formation water–seawater mixtures) of the Miller field, UK North Sea. This composition of the produced water deviates from its calculated composition, which could result solely from mixing of both the end members (formation water and seawater). This indicates the effect of hydrogeochemical reactions leading to the formation and/or the dissolution of mineral phases.     

地质流体 岩石反应的地球化学动力学方法

摘 要　 提出了一个以矿物生成和溶解的速率确定体系矿物沉淀的量来模拟水 岩反应的新方 法。新固相在体系中沉淀的量只依赖于沉淀速率‚而不是依赖于水 岩之间的平衡。考察了一 个矿物溶解生成次生矿物最终趋于平衡的溶解沉淀反应演化‚结果表明在水 岩体系中对于次 生矿物的部分平衡假定在许多情况下都不能成立。在这样的反应演化过程中亚稳矿物与溶液 之间总保持过饱和态‚矿物的沉淀速率随反应的进展而变化。同时‚当主要溶解矿物达到平 衡而溶解作用停止时‚次生矿物沉淀尚未停止‚直到体系饱和指数全部趋于0时‚才达到总 体平衡。用动力学方法处理地球化学过程中的水 岩反应比准稳平衡的简单假设更合理‚因为 动力学方法更符合自然情况‚同时产生了关于时间过程的时间尺度信息。     

Water–Rock Interactions: An Investigation of the Relationships Between Mineralogy and Groundwater Composition and Flow in a Subtropical Basalt Aquifer

A holistic study of the composition of the basalt groundwaters of the Atherton Tablelands region in Queensland, Australia was undertaken to elucidate possible mechanisms for the evolution of these very low salinity, silica- and bicarbonate-rich groundwaters. It is proposed that aluminosilicate mineral weathering is the major contributing process to the overall composition of the basalt groundwaters. The groundwaters approach equilibrium with respect to the primary minerals with increasing pH and are mostly in equilibrium with the major secondary minerals (kaolinite and smectite), and other secondary phases such as goethite, hematite, and gibbsite, which are common accessory minerals in the Atherton basalts. The mineralogy of the basalt rocks, which has been examined using X-ray diffraction and whole rock geochemistry methods, supports the proposed model for the hydrogeochemical evolution of these groundwaters: precipitation + CO₂ (atmospheric + soil) + pyroxene + feldspars + olivine yields H₄SiO₄, HCO₃ ⁻, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ + kaolinite and smectite clays + amorphous or crystalline silica + accessory minerals (hematite, goethite, gibbsite, carbonates, zeolites, and pyrite). The variations in the mineralogical content of these basalts also provide insights into the controls on groundwater storage and movement in this aquifer system. The fresh and weathered vesicular basalts are considered to be important in terms of zones of groundwater occurrence, while the fractures in the massive basalt are important pathways for groundwater movement.     

高放废物处置库甘肃北山野马泉预选区地下水化学特征及水-岩作用模拟

在高放废物处置库场地选择和性能评价中,地下水化学特征是最重要的因素之一。文中以野外水文地球化学调查资料为基础,应用水文地球综合分析方法和地下水地球化学模拟技术,探讨中国高放废物处置库甘肃北山野马泉预选区地下水化学特征、时空分布规律及水岩作用机理。主要结论是:野马泉地区地下水以咸水为主, 具有高矿化的特征,水化学类型以Cl·SO4 Na和SO4·Cl Na型为主,pH值大多在7~8 之间;地下水化学成分显示出明显的分带特征;地下水对石盐和石膏欠饱和,对黄铁矿以及铝硅酸盐过饱和;方解石、钠长石在补给区地下水中呈不饱和状态,在排泄区地下水中呈饱和状态。由水岩作用模拟可知,沿水流路径地下水溶解岩石中的钠长石、黑云母、石盐等矿物,溶解二氧化碳,沉淀析出方解石、伊利石和萤石等矿物;发生明显地下水蒸发作用、二氧化碳溶解作用和Ca2+/ Na+离子交换作用, 说明溶滤、沉淀、离子交换和蒸发浓缩作用是区内地下水化学行为的控制因素。     

Influence of precipitation on bacterial structure in a typical karst spring,SW China

Micro-organisms are major components in the environment, which play a key role in groundwater environment. This study aims to investigate the bacterial diversity over time in a typical karst spring named S31 and its response to hydrogeochemical parameters. Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was adopted to detect changes of the bacterial community structure. For the correlations between hydrogeochemical parameters and predominant phyla, redundancy analysis were adopted. According to the results, hydrochemical characteristics were controlled by carbonate equilibrium system and dynamic groundwater transformation which was influenced distinctly by precipitation. In addition, the redundancy analysis indicates that HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Eh, temperature and cumulative precipitation are the most important hydrogeochemical and environmental parameters to determine the bacterial community structures. That is to say, temperature can influence bacterial abundance by controlling dissolved oxygen content. Precipitation is another important factor which determines the community composition and bacterial structure directly or indirectly. Moreover, acidobacteria, proteobacteria, and bacteroidetes play key roles in response to the environmental factors in the groundwater of karst zones.     

Geochemical processes controlling the elevated fluoride concentrations in groundwaters of the Taiyuan Basin,Northern China

High fluoride groundwater with F⁻ concentration up to 6.20 mg/L occurs in Taiyuan basin, northern China. The high fluoride groundwater zones are mainly located in the discharge areas, especially in places where shallow groundwater occurs (the groundwater depth is less than 4 m). Regional hydrogeochemical investigation indicates that processes including hydrolysis of silicate minerals, cation exchange, and evaporation should be responsible for the increase in average contents of major ions in groundwater from the recharge areas to the discharge areas. The concentration of F⁻ in groundwater is positively correlated with that of HCO₃⁻ and Na⁺, indicating that groundwater with high HCO₃⁻ and Na⁺ contents help dissolve some fluoride-rich minerals. The water samples with high F⁻ concentration generally have relatively higher pH value, implying that alkaline environment favors the replacement of exchangeable F⁻ in fluoride-rich minerals by OH⁻ in groundwater. In addition, the mixing of karst water along the western mountain front and the evaporation may also be important factors for the occurrence of high fluoride groundwater. The inverse geochemical modeling using PHREEQC supports the results of hydrogeochemical analyses. The modeling results show that in the recharge and flow-through area of the northern Taiyuan basin, interactions between groundwater and fluoride-rich minerals are the major factor for the increase of F⁻ concentration, whereas in the discharge area of the northern basin, the evaporation as well as the mixing of karst water has greater contribution to the fluoride enrichment in groundwater.