四川盆地南部边缘一次局地风雹天气的中尺度及雷达观测分析

利用中尺度天气图分析方法和雷达资料分析了2015年5月7日盆地南部边缘一次强风雹天气过程。结果表明:1)在有利的天气尺度系统影响下,高低空冷暖平流叠加区域和中低层干线和湿舌交汇区域是强对流天气发生的落区;2)雷达回波显示,强对流风暴具有弓形回波、穹窿、弱回波区等冰雹回波特征,中层径向辐合和反射率因子核心的反复上升下降对形成地面大风和冰雹具有重要的指示意义,降雹前后VIL的突变对冰雹的预警也有重要的预警作用;3)地面大风与地形的关系密切,地形对大风的形成有很好的促进作用。      

蒙阴一次风雹灾害的雷达回波分析

2005年6月14日,山东省蒙阴县遭受了一次严重的风雹灾害。根据济南新一代天气雷达产品,结合地面气象要素场分析,这次灾害是由沂源、新泰移入的对流风暴单体在蒙阴境内发展造成的。14日17：20左右雷达回波在蒙阴县城附近强烈发展,造成冰雹大风灾害,之后回波沿蒙阴谷地向东南方向移动过程中,与一个由西南向东北方向移动的小单体合并,又一次强烈发展,在垛庄附近造成冰雹大风灾害。     

浙中一次强对流天气动力热力场和雷达回波特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规气象观测和区域自动站观测资料、闪电及多普勒雷达天气资料,对2013年5月29日浙中局地强对流天气过程的环境场、触发机制和雷达回波特征进行了分析。结果表明：局地强对流天气是在东北冷涡背景下产生的;高空冷平流南侵、低层暖平流北上,有利于大气对流不稳定度进一步加大;在热力不稳定能量增长储存条件下,冷空气、地面辐合线与中低层切变线是强对流天气的重要触发机制,地面辐合线对强对流天气还具有组织作用;沿等熵面移动的较大位涡有利于超级单体风暴的发生和发展;初夏0 ℃层高度偏高,但在满足强烈位势不稳定、中等风垂直切变以及低层充足水汽条件下仍可以导致局地小冰雹的产生;地面大风过程是低空暖湿气流入流在快要进入上升气流区时受到上升气流区的抽吸作用而加速导致生成的;多个回波强核被中气旋组织在一起,形成超级单体风暴造成了局地强风雹天气。     

鄂西南冬末一次罕见的强冰雹过程分析

利用常规观测资料、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达资料,对一次罕见的鄂西南冬季强冰雹（直径1～3 cm）天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:强冰雹产生在上干冷、下暖湿,低空辐合、高空辐散的环流背景下,地面中尺度辐合和“喇叭口”的有利地形,给冷锋前暖区对流性天气提供了触发机制;地面冷锋南下伴随的垂直风切变增强有利于已经生成的对流风暴的维持和加强。强冰雹分别由孤立的超级单体和超级单体复合体（多单体结构中含有占支配地位的超级单体）产生。比较而言,孤立的超级单体发展更为高大,持续时间更长。风暴具有中气旋、高悬的强回波、低层入流、弱回波区与回波悬垂、中层径向辐合、风暴顶强辐散等超级单体风暴的典型特征;垂直累积液态含水量及其密度分别较长时间维持在35 kg·m^-2和4 g·m^-3以上的冬季高值;新一代天气雷达冰雹探测算法输出的冰雹指数产品预测到高概率的强冰雹。此次过程出现在冬末,虽然对流出现之后呈现出典型的风暴结构,可以提前10～30 min做出强冰雹的临近预警,但对于对流出现之前的提前数小时的强冰雹短时潜势预报而言,常用做判断强降雹潜势的探空特征（包括对流有效位能...     

江苏"4·30"强风雹成因及双偏振雷达特征分析

利用高分辨率再分析资料、双偏振雷达观测数据,揭示了江苏"4·30"强风雹成因及其雷达特征。结果表明,此过程发生在高空异常深厚的东北冷涡背景下,中层西北急流和地面暖低压均显著偏强,造成远超过经验性指标值的垂直风切变,利于风暴的增强及组织化发展。对流风暴的影响可分为30日午后到傍晚局地对流单体和傍晚到上半夜飑线两个不同阶段:第一阶段局地对流性强,能量积聚大,沿淮和淮北西部地区多局地性雷暴大风,并散发不同尺寸的冰雹;第二阶段在地面强冷空气大风及中高层干冷空气动量下传的影响下,飑线系统及其前缘阵风锋移动快速。飑线上弓形回波前端的强下沉辐散出流,叠加环境风的影响,导致江苏东南部地区区域性的极端灾害大风天气。雷达回波既可清晰显示冰雹云的一般回波特点,如反射率因子回波强,粒子均一性差等;也可反映不同尺寸冰雹回波的差异性,如回波强度越强,最大反射率因子高度越高,单体回波倾斜、弱回波区特征结构越清晰,三体散射特征越明显的风暴单体产生的冰雹尺寸越大;在没有大水滴包裹时,CC值随冰雹尺寸的增大而减小,且伸展高度增高等。综合分析雷达回波多个参量,如风暴单体和阵风锋的移速、风暴单体特征高度的下降速度、Z_DR大值高度降低等指标,对对流灾害性大风量级的监测与预警有重要指示意义。     

三门峡市2006年两次下击暴流天气过程诊断分析

2006年5月26日和6月25日三门峡辖区均出现了以地面大风、冰雹为主的灾害性天气.利用常规观测资料和非常规加密探测资料以及雷达、卫星云图资料对这两次灾害性天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:这两次灾害性天气均是由500 hPa华北冷涡后部的下滑槽或横槽转竖带动北方冷空气急剧南下造成的下击暴流引发的强对流天气.当雷达回波顶高超过10 km、强度≥50 dBz并出现回波悬垂结构的超级对流单体或多单体超级对流风暴移来时,易产生强对流天气;强回波质心在移动过程中不断下降或回波悬垂结构、低层弱回波区出现在风暴后部时,是下击暴流发生的前兆;冰雹指数、风暴跟踪信息、中气旋3个产品叠加对强对流风暴发生、发展、移向的预报具有较好的参考作用.     

一次南岭山脉前汛期强对流天气过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、FY-2G/2E卫星黑体亮温(TBB)资料、多普勒天气雷达资料与ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2016年4月17—18日南岭山脉一次强对流天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)该过程前期,受地面倒槽与辐合线影响出现暖区降水,后期随着地面冷空气侵入配合低空切变线与高空槽东移南压迅速转变为锋面降水,强降水落区与南岭山脉走向一致,大暴雨由多个中尺度对流系统(MCS)移入和有利地形作用造成;大冰雹、雷暴大风主要出现在暖区降水时段,暖区短时强降水以高质心降水为主,锋面越山之后强天气主要为低质心短时强降水,雷暴大风和冰雹较少出现。(2)雷达回波图上中层径向辐合的出现,对雷暴大风具有预警参考意义;中气旋、高垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)、回波悬垂、有界弱回波等回波特征对提前预警大冰雹有一定的指示作用。(3)不同类型强天气发生的大气层结条件存在差异,上层干区深厚、低层湿度条件较好有利于产生大冰雹,大的0—6 km垂直风切变有利于冰雹增长;大的下沉对流有效位能(DCAPE)是预报雷暴大风的一个参考指标;整层温度露点差和DCAPE小是判断只出现短时强降水的参考依据。(4)南岭及其附近地区"喇叭口"地形和迎风坡地形有利于低层气流辐合触发对流,造成暴雨多发和降水时间延长,南岭背风坡的锋生作用使南岭山脉南麓出现雷暴大风、冰雹等天气的可能性增大。     

前倾槽背景下河套地区一次强冰雹天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料、多普勒雷达资料以及NECP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对2016年9月22日内蒙古河套地区强冰雹天气成因进行分析,结果表明:在前倾槽有利的天气尺度环流背景下,中高层干冷空气叠加在低层暖湿空气上形成了对流不稳定层结条件。较大的对流有效位能(CAPE)、假相当位温θse高能区、0～6 km中等强度的垂直风切变有利于强冰雹的形成。反射率因子有"钩状回波"、前侧入流缺口、后侧入流缺口;前侧入流缺口表明有上升气流,强盛的上升气流有利于空中大冰雹的增长,后侧入流缺口表明有下沉气流,有可能引起破坏性大风。基本径向速度剖面有明显的中气旋特征,强烈的辐合有利于对流风暴上升运动的进一步发展;对流风暴后侧有辐散下沉气流降落到地面,辐散风出流促使对流风暴前沿的暖湿气流强迫抬升,从而使上升运动得到进一步的加强。反射率因子剖面有弱回波区、回波悬垂且55 dBZ以上的强回波核心位置超过-20℃层等温线高度以上;弱回波区左侧的回波强度高达55～60 dBZ且已经接地,表明有大冰雹降落到地面。     

鄂西山区一次早春局地强冰雹过程分析

利用常规的地面、高空形势图以及雷达观测资料,对2017年4月15日发生在湖北恩施山区的一次局地性强冰雹天气过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明:锋前地面暖低压的热效应,加强了地面辐合和不稳定能量的积聚,使上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结更加明显,地面辐合线和中低层切变辐合区的存在,为风暴单体形成提供了良好的环境条件;在中尺度辐合线动力抬升作用下,低层辐合上升触发了对流不稳定能量的释放,加上山区"喇叭口"有利地形的抬升作用,更激发了强对流天气的发展;此次强对流天气过程中,表现出了多单体风暴此消彼长的特征,在有利的大气环境条件和地形条件下,多单体风暴的发展加强,强风暴较长时间维持,是此次局地出现强冰雹的重要原因。雹暴单体的垂直结构反映出了低层入流、弱回波区、高强回波悬垂等典型特征,中层径向辐合和风暴顶辐散共同作用,有利于风暴单体得以维持和发展,也是造成局地冰雹天气的重要原因。单体风暴反射率因子较长时间维持在60dBz以上,并对应较大的VIL值出现;此次强冰雹天气,局地性强,影响范围小,其主要原因是0～6km垂直风切变不大,同时,中低层湿层浅薄,地面湿区明显偏南,仅在冰雹落区附近出现一个小范围的近饱和湿区,不利于风暴天气有组织的大范围发展。     

一次强风雹天气的干侵入作用及雷达回波特征分析

利用6小时NCEP 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、常规观测资料和多普勒雷达资料等，对2018年6月13日发生在河南省北部地区的一次风雹天气过程进行诊断分析，结果表明：（1）此次强风雹天气发生在华北冷涡后部西北气流中，强天气发生前大气整层较为干燥，冷涡后部横槽南下，自上而下带来干冷空气，低层水汽辐合与午后地面高温共同作用，形成上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结；（2）地面辐合线和弱冷锋是此次风雹天气的触发机制；（3）对流单体在干侵入的一侧首先发展加强，随后在地面辐合线附近不断产生小的对流单体，对流单体合并后进一步加强，逐渐形成弓形回波带,大风出现在回波带前侧地面辐合线附近，冰雹出现在中气旋左侧区域;（4）对流单体的移动方向与地面辐合线一致，地面辐合线稳定少动有利于对流系统的增强，地面辐合线断裂后对流系统迅速减弱消亡。这些结论为强风雹短临预报预警提供了参考依据。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.