ERA40再分析资料揭示的北半球和东亚地区温带气旋生成频率变化

本文利用欧洲中心再分析数据ERA40的6小时间隔海平面气压场和一种改进的客观判定和追踪方法研究19582001年北半球和东亚地区温带气旋生成频率的气候态、年代际变化及可能原因。结果表明:(1)北半球温带气旋的源地主要位于北美东部(落基山下游地区)、西北大西洋地区、格陵兰至欧洲北部地区、蒙古地区和日本至西北太平洋地区。大洋的西岸和陡峭地形的背风坡有利于大气斜压性的增强和正涡度的发展,从而有利于地面气旋的形成。(2)年、冬季和春季30°～60°N气旋生成数目呈现减少的变化趋势,60°～90°N地区的气旋生成数呈增加的变化趋势。这在一定程度上支持了北半球风暴路径北移的观点。60°N以南和以北的温带气旋数目同北极涛动指数(AO)分别呈现负相关和正相关,这种相关性在年、春季和秋季最为显著。(3)1 958—2001年东亚地区的年气旋数目呈现明显的年代际变化。20世纪60年代至80年代中期40°～60°N、80°～140°E地区气旋数目呈增加趋势,而80年代中期之后温带气旋数目则锐减,主要原因是80年代以后该地区大气斜压性减弱,更高纬度地区的大气斜压性增强,从而导致了气旋源地的北移。在较低纬带的20°～40°N、110°～160°E地区气旋数目线性增加,这主要是由于位于40°～55°N的北太平洋风暴轴有向低纬度偏移的变化趋势造成的。     

东亚及西太平洋锋面气旋的统计研究

用1958到1989年共32年资料对东亚及西太平洋地区的锋面气旋做了统计研究,气旋生成有两个主要的集中区,蒙古生成区次数最多,沿海生成区次之并还可以分为两个分区。各生成区中心位置和中心数值随季节有不同的变化。 气旋中心气压24小时变化值呈负偏态分布,海洋地区气旋的负偏度更大,爆发性气旋主要出现在海洋上,沿海地区也时有发生。有明显年际、月际变化,主要发生在冬季,次为春季.文中还对爆发性气旋各种特征参数做了详细统计。 用计算气旋活动的相对变率方法,定出了四季气旋主要活动路径。     

东亚地区北方气旋和南方气旋活动频数的时空特征

利用1953-2007年NCEP／NCAR再分析逐日海平面气压场资料,统计分析东亚地区北方气旋和南方气旋的时间和地域分布特征。结果表明：南、北气旋活动频数存在明显的年际和年代际变化,伴随着一次全球性的年代际气候跃变,20世纪80年代初期北方气旋活动频数出现了显著的突变。从月际分布可知,5月北方气旋频数最多,8月南方气旋频数最多;春季北方气旋活动频繁,存在着明显的两个高值中心,分另Ij位于蒙古国中部和中国东北地区北部;夏季南方气旋活动频繁,主要集中在中国东部沿海及日本南部海面。南北气旋活动频数的季节变化与大气环流的变化密切相关。相关统计结果可增加对东亚温带气旋活动规律的认识和了解,并为预测和预报提供参考。     

东半球500hPa闭合低压系统的统计分析

通过分析５００ｈＰａ东半球闭合低压系统，研究其气候规律。低压活动次数有年际、月际、季际变化。低压活动于中高纬度带，主要集中于两大地区，第一区是西太平洋及大陆东岸，第二区是东欧地区。第一区中心夏季向西移到大陆上，强度增大，对中国气候有重要作用。低压中心高度值的频数分布是双峰型。低压生命期比阻塞高压还长些。强低压主要出现在大陆高纬地带和西太平洋。强发展的低压多数出现在西太平洋。亚洲低压移动路径有两条，一条从西西伯利亚北部到库页岛，一条从咸海东移到库页岛     

Climatology of deep cyclones over Asia and the Northwest Pacific

Summary A frequency analysis of deep cyclones with central pressure less than or equal to 990 hPa over Asia and the Northwest Pacific in the period 1958–1989 is presented. The most active areas of deep cyclones are: 1) Western Siberia, east of the Ural Mountains; 2) Northeastern China, east of the Mongolia Plateau and, 3) South-west of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The first most active area is related to European cyclones (Schinke, 1993) and starts in the lee of the Ural Mountains; the second is related to cyclones in the lee of Altai-Sayan and the third to East Asian coastal cyclones. After zonal averaging, two frequency maxima of deep cyclones emerged, one between 62.5–67.5° N and the other between 47.5–52.55° N. This is different from the European and North Atlantic regions where only one maximum occurs. The seasonal frequency deep cyclones in Northeastern China reaches maximum in spring and summer while in western Siberia and the Northwest Pacific deep cyclones are more frequent in winter. The annual trend of deep cyclones over the Northwest Pacific shows an increase from the sixties to the eighties while deep cyclones over East Asia decreased during this period. In the 1980's, more deep cyclones occurred over the Northwest Pacific and less deep cyclones over main land Asia which may be associated with the northern hemisphere warming. The monthly number of oceanic deep cyclones in December and January appeared to be positively correlated with the August and September sea surface temperatures over the East Pacific (El Nino regions 1 + 2).With 7 Figures     

北半球温带气旋活动和风暴路径的年代际变化

基于欧洲中心再分析数据ERA40的海平面气压场和高度场,本文分别采用拉格朗日和欧拉方法研究分析了1958～2001年北半球的不同季节温带气旋活动和风暴路径的年代际变化,以及可能的原因.以客观判定和追踪温带气旋为基础的拉格朗日方法得到了北半球的两个温带气旋主要活动中心,即北太平洋地区和北大西洋/北美地区,同时以500 hPa位势高度天气尺度滤波方差为基础的欧拉方法得到了同主要气旋活动中心相吻合的两条风暴轴.研究表明,44年中北大西洋/北美地区温带气旋活动北移加强,以春季最为显著.风暴轴也同样存在着向极移动并加强的特征,并且温带气旋和风暴路径两者移动趋势的相关性很高.作为一个典型地区,北大西洋/北美地区的气旋活动体现了风暴路径的北移,以及温带地区向极地的扩展.但有意思的是北太平洋的情况完全不同,即北太平洋地区的温带气旋活动和风暴轴向低纬度偏移并加强,以春季的南移趋势最为显著.对于此结论,两种方法也有很高的统计相关性.虽然大量研究表明北半球整体上呈现出风暴路径北移的变化特征,但对于具体地区情况有明显差异.另外,400 hPa最大Eady增长率和气旋活动频率的经验正交展开函数 (EOF) 第一模态的空间分布和时间序列非常相似,北太平洋地区和北大西洋地区风暴路径相反的变化趋势很可能同其大气斜压性的同位相的变化有着密切的关系.这也从另一个方面支持了本文对温带气旋和风暴路径年代际变化的分析.     

辽宁省温带气旋龙卷的环境参数特征

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析数据, 统计1979—2020年辽宁省42个温带气旋龙卷环境背景和物理量参数特征, 结果表明:辽宁省温带气旋龙卷多发于温带气旋中心的西南、东南象限, 与冷锋前暖区相对应, 主要分布在辽河平原中西部及渤海湾沿岸, 强龙卷(EF2及以上级别)占比为28.6%。风暴相对螺旋度和对流有效位能的大值区出现在气旋西南—东南象限, 呈带状分布, 龙卷风暴主要分布于风暴相对螺旋度大值区西北侧、对流有效位能大值区的顶端的强梯度区附近。强龙卷参数最大值达0.7, 其大值区与EF2及以上级别龙卷相对应。地面冷锋和干线是温带气旋龙卷的关键触发系统, 对比近气旋中心和冷锋尾部湿度垂直分布, 后者所表现的高层强干侵入导致风暴产生更强的冷池, 过强的下沉气流可能是龙卷产生的不利因素。温带气旋龙卷多分布于高空急流左侧气流的分流区内, 对应高空强辐散区。0~3 km垂直温度递减率大值区与气旋中心附近的弱龙卷高发区有较好对应关系。     

黑龙江省区域暴雪天气气旋特征分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和风云2E卫星资料对2006年3月-2016年3月由温带气旋引发黑龙江省暴雪天气过程普查,共筛选出37次区域性暴雪天气过程,再运用统计和诊断分析得出以下结论:(1)近10 a黑龙江省区域性暴雪主要集中在东部山区东南部;区域暴雪主要出现在季节过渡期;黑龙江省区域性暴雪年际变化大;(2)蒙古气旋作为冬季黑龙江省降雪的主要影响系统,其出现的频率和时间跨度远超过其它影响系统,黑龙江省西北部只有在蒙古气旋影响下才可能产生暴雪天气。(3)单独北上温带气旋通常发生在季节转换期间,造成区域暴雪主要集中在黑龙江省东部;(4)北上温带气旋与蒙古气旋合并而形成的合并气旋都发生11-12月和3-4月季节转换期间,造成区域暴雪主要集中在黑龙江省东部。     

South-coast cyclone in Japan during El Niño-caused warm winters

La Niña conditions during boreal winter sometimes brings excessive snowfall in Japan, especially on the East Sea/Sea of Japan coastal and mountain areas through intensified northwesterly cold winds caused by La-Niña related atmospheric teleconnection. Meanwhile, snowfall events also increase in the Pacific coast area of Japan during the El Niño state due to extratropical cyclones passing along the south coast of Japan (hereafter referred to as South-coast cyclone). In the present study, we investigated year-to-year snowfall/rainfall variations based on meteorological station data and cyclone tracks identified by using the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis. The result clearly indicates increase of the South-coast cyclone during El Niño-developing winters, which is consistent with excessive snow-fall in the northern part of the Pacific coast. Strong subtropical jet hampers cyclogenesis due to less vertical interaction through the trapping of upper-level eddies. During El Niño-developing winters, the subtropical jet is weakened over East Asia, indicating dynamic linkage to increased cyclone frequency. In addition to this, both the deepening of the upper-tropospheric trough over East Asia and anomalous low-tropospheric northwest anticyclones extending from the Philippines toward Japan are also consistent with the enhancement of cyclogenesis over the East China Sea as well as warm winter in Japan.     

陆面热力异常与东亚夏季中纬度气旋年代际变化的联系

基于欧洲中期预报中心的再分析数据ERA-interim,利用统计学方法分析了1979—2013年期间东亚中纬度地区气旋生成频率和陆面热力异常的年代际变化及两者的可能联系。结果表明,东亚中纬度地区存在气旋活动频繁的气旋源地,该地区的温带气旋生成频率具有明显的年代际变化,1990年之前气旋生成频率偏多,1990s至今偏少,而且东亚中纬度地区陆面热力异常的变化有明显的年代际增暖信号;进一步的分析发现,东亚夏季中纬度气旋活动的年代际变化与陆面异常异常之间存在密切的联系,东亚中纬度地区陆面年代际增暖,是引起温度气旋活动年代际减弱的一个重要原因。由于陆面增暖的非均匀性,在50°N以北存在一个影响中纬度气旋生成频率的关键区,关键区陆面的年代际异常增暖,导致气旋源地温度经向梯度减弱,大气斜压性随之减弱,从而使得气旋生成频率年代际减少。     

2019年夏季海洋天气评述

2019年夏季（6—8月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬度西风带呈4波型分布,欧亚大陆为“两槽一脊”的环流型。6月,我国北方海域多入海气旋和海雾,7—8月副热带高压位置较常年偏东、偏南,不利于热带气旋生成。我国近海有10次8级以上大风过程,其中热带气旋过程大风有6次,2次由入海温带气旋造成,另外2次过程主要由雷暴大风引起;出现了14次明显的海雾过程,其中6月出现7次,7月出现4次,8月出现3次;发生13次2 m以上的大浪过程,6月出现4次,7月出现5次,8月出现4次。西北太平洋和南海共有10个热带气旋命名,比常年平均偏少1个;其他各大洋共有14个命名热带气旋生成,分别为：北大西洋4个、东太平洋9个、北印度洋1个。     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性阶段强度变化的比较研究

选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。     

Changes in the activity and tracks of Arctic cyclones

Changes in the frequency and air pressure of cyclones that enter or are formed within the Arctic basin are herein examined by applying the database of cyclones created using NCEP/NCAR re-analysis. The Arctic basin is defined as the area north of latitude 68° N. Deep cyclones with a mean sea level pressure (SLP) of below 1,000 hPa, were analysed separately from shallow cyclones. Changes in the variables in the first, last, deepest and northernmost points of cyclones were studied. The cyclones were grouped into sectors by using the point on latitude 68° N at which the cyclone entered the Arctic region. The analysis described herein shows that the frequency of incoming cyclones, i.e. those that entered the Arctic basin, increased significantly during the period 1948?C2002, but that the frequency of Arctic cyclones formed within the Arctic basin did not. The frequency of deep cyclones that entered the Arctic basin, as well as the frequency of cyclones that formed within it, clearly increased, while the frequency of shallow Arctic cyclones decreased. The most significant changes in the seasonal parameters associated with the cyclones occurred in winter. The mean annual SLP of deep cyclones decreased significantly, particularly for deep Arctic cyclones. The frequency of incoming cyclones showed an increase in the Bering Strait, Alaskan, Baffin Sea, and East Siberian sectors.     

PATTERNS OF CYCLONE ACTIVITY INFLUENCING CHANGJIANG RIVER-HUAIHE RIVER VALLEYS IN SPRING REVEALED USING THE CYCLONE AREA ALGORITHM

Due to the topography and local nonuniform distribution of heating, extratropical cyclones in the lower troposphere usually have complex shapes and structures, and there remain some uncertainties in identifying them. Using a modified cyclone area automatic objective recognition algorithm for cyclones, we investigated the patterns of spring cyclone activities affecting Changjiang River-Huaihe River valleys (CHV) of China during the previous 37 years. The results indicated that the algorithm performs well in reproducing the cyclogenesis, movement, and cyclolysis of cyclones in CHV. Three new perspectives were noted. (1) Most influential cyclones have relatively short travel distances and lifetimes, they are typically excluded when conducting synoptic-scale cyclone tracking. (2) The cyclogenesis location of influential cyclones in spring displays multi-source characteristics. In particular, the influential cyclones originated in northern China account for 43% with more marked mobility compared to the locally generated cyclones, although most of their centers do not enter CHV. (3) Multi-center cyclones appear mainly in Da Hinggan Mountains which is on the east side of the Mongolian Plateau and over the East China Sea. These cyclones are relatively large in horizontal scale and have relatively long lifetimes.     

Cyclone Phase Space Characteristics of the Extratropical Transitioning Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

The cyclone phase space (CPS) method has been utilized to evaluate the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclones (TCs) in many recent publications. However, these studies mainly focused over the North Atlantic basin. In this paper, the CPS characteristics of all the cyclones over the western North Pacific are investigated and discussed, with three parameters calculated from the best-track data of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Tokyo and the Japanese 25-yr reanalysis data. It is concluded that most TCs over the western North Pacific possess the non-frontal and warm-core structure, while a larger number of cyclones that have undergone ET hold the frontal and cold-core structure. The spatial pattern of the CPS parameters indicates that the areas of tropical and extratropical cyclone activities could be demarcated by 30°N. The composite and individual series of three parameters of the CPS indicate that the transformation of −V _T^U from positive to negative leads to the start of ET, and could be considered as a potential predictor in operationally forecasting an ET event.     

Surface fluxes of momentum and mechanical energy over the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans

Summary Using 6-hourly data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis set (1958–1997) we have determined the winter and summer mean fluxes of momentum and mechanical energy into the Northern Hemisphere (NH) oceans. We have also diagnosed the contribution made to these by the mean wind speed and the covariances due to the temporal variability. In both seasons the greatest oceanic flux of momentum is found in the region to the south of Greenland and Iceland. The contributions to the total made by the transient term exhibited maxima in the north central Pacific and Atlantic and in winter, and accounts for about 15% of the mean stress in both extratropical ocean basins and both seasons. The rate at which mechanical energy is imparted to the ocean shows a similar spatial structure. The fluxes are typically three times larger in winter, and about one third of the input is associated with the transient part of the low level wind. The spatial and temporal structure of the part of fluxes contributed by the temporal variability shows a strong relationship with mean cyclone depth, a parameter known to represent an unbiased measure of cyclone activity. The fluxes exhibit significant positive winter trends (many of which are significant) over the extratropical Pacific and in the Atlantic north of about 40° N, and these have been found to result from reinforcing trends in the components associated with the mean wind speed and the temporally varying part. The changes are broadly in line with those in observed significant wave height over the northern oceans in recent decades, and are closely related to secular increases in the mean depth of cyclones. Positive trends in the number of extreme cyclones in key regions of the Pacific and Atlantic have been found. The trend is significant in the relevant part of the Pacific, but whether the increase in the Atlantic subregion should be regarded as above the noise is seen to depend on how such extremes are defined. We discuss how conclusions drawn in specific studies may depend critically on how cyclones and extreme events are characterized. Received November 2, 2001 Revised December 24, 2001     

4-6月江淮流域不同尺度温带气旋发展率及移动特征

基于改进的温带气旋客观识别方法,统计分析1986—2015年4—6月不同空间尺度江淮流域温带气旋的发展率及移动特征。结果表明:1)整体气旋发展率呈先上升、后下降趋势,较大空间尺度气旋发展率呈显著上升趋势,中间尺度气旋发展率无明显变化趋势。2)较大尺度气旋源地集中在湖北、湖南交界处,中间尺度气旋源地位于安徽等江淮流域东部,各尺度气旋源地位于整层大气非绝热加热项大值区域内。3)气旋初生阶段,江淮流域存在风速切变线,淮北地区风速小于淮南地区,江淮流域上空对流层低层位势高度为负距平,中高层则为正距平,属浅薄低压系统。4)不论何种尺度气旋,均存在东移和东北移动路径,但较大尺度气旋东北移动路径的比例较大。     

夏季进入北极温带气旋的活动特征及其影响因素北大核心

进入北极地区的气旋在移动过程中往往伴有大风、强降水等特征,对北极气候变化有深刻的影响。基于NCEP2再分析资料,识别并跟踪了北半球夏季(6—8月)从中纬度进入北极的温带气旋,考察了其年际变化特征和影响因素。结果表明:1979—2019年夏季进入北极的温带气旋共867个,其中消失在北极边缘区域和中心区域的数量分别为688个和161个,且后者平均强度更大、平均持续时间更长。分区域研究发现,夏季从陆地进入极区的气旋个数较多,而从海洋进入极区的气旋强度更大,活动更为剧烈。对进入北极的气旋年际时间序列进行分析发现,夏季进入北极的气旋个数和强度均存在年际变率,其中气旋个数的年际变率尤为显著。气旋个数年际变率主要周期为5 a,强度的主要周期约为2.7 a。进一步分析发现,引导气流是影响气旋向北移动的重要因素。此外,夏季北大西洋气旋强度与同期北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)指数存在较好相关。研究还表明,进入极区气旋活动的年际变化受大气斜压不稳定性的影响,在北太平洋地区区域平均的Eady增长率与气旋个数和强度的相关性均最强,相关系数分别为0.4和0.5。     

1990年代初夏季东北亚低压的年代际转变

夏季东亚地区对流层低层受到一个陆地低压系统控制;该低压中心位于东亚的北部地区,文中称之为东北亚低压。基于NCEP/DOE、NCEP/NCAR、ERA-40和ERA-Interim四种不同的再分析数据,本文分析了夏季东北亚低压的年代际变化特征,并进一步探讨了其转变的可能物理机理。研究结果表明夏季东北亚低压在1990年代初期存在一次显著的年代际转变, 之后低压强度减弱。对应此次年代际转变,东北亚地区对流层位势高度呈现为正压结构的正异常,其南侧的高空西风急流中心强度减弱。进一步,基于观测和简单线性斜压模式模拟结果,我们提出环贝加尔湖地区夏季气温增加可能是导致1990年代初期之后夏季东北亚低压减弱的原因。     

The role of diabatic heating, torques and stabilities in forcing the radial-vertical circulation within cyclones part ii: case study of extratropical and tropical cyclones

Utilizing Eliassen’s concepts, the forcing of the isentropic azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circulation by diabatic heating and torques within an extratropical cyclone and a typhoon was studied through nu-merical simulations based on the linear diagnostic equation derived previously. The structure of the forcing associated with diabatic heating and torques was determined from quasi-Lagrangian diagnostic analyses of actual case studies. The two cyclones studied were the Ohio extratropical cyclone of 25-27 January 1978 and typhoon Nancy of 18-23 September 1979. The Ohio cyclone, which formed over the Gulf Coast and moved through Ohio and eastern Michigan, was one of the most intense storms with blizzard conditions to ever occur in this region. Typhoon Nancy which occurred over the South China Sea during the FGGE year was selected since relatively high quality assimilated data were available. Within the Ohio cyclone, the dominant internal processes forcing the mean circulation with em-bedded relatively strong hydrodynamic stability were the pressure torque associated with baroclinic (asymmetric) structure and the horizontal eddy angular momentum transport associated with the typical S-shaped thermal and wind structures of self-development. Within typhoon Nancy, the dominant internal process forcing the mean circula-tion with embedded weak hydrodynamic stability was the latent heat release. This analysis shows that the simulated azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial motions within these two cy?clones agree quite well with the “observed” azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial motions. This isentropic nu?merical study also provides insight into the relatively important internal forcing processes and the trade off between forcing and stability within both extratropical and tropical cyclones.