利用地震回以资料反演界面位置与速度分布

论述了利用地震回折波资料以界面位置与速度分布的方法，推导了地震波走时对于界面位置偏导数的计算公式。数值模拟和实测资料的计算结果表明了该方法的有效性和编制的计算程序的实用性，该方法最的特点是充分地利用了透射波资料中所含的界面位置的信息。界面位置的分辩率与界面两边的速度反差有关，速度判别越大，则分辨率越高。     

速度分布和界面位置的联合反演

提出了横向非均匀介质中由地震波走时资料同时反演介质速度分布和界面位置的方法．计算中，由于变步长技术和线性内插技术(包括理论走时和偏导矩阵的线性内插)的应用，大大提高了运算速度．与国内目前流行的同类程序相比，运算速度快5倍以上．而且，在界面位置的反演中，除反射波外，还考虑了透射波走时对于界面位置的偏导数，从而充分利用了各类透射波资料中所含界面位置的信息，加快了收敛速度．数字模拟实验和实测资料的处理结果表明了该方法和程序的有效性及实用性．      

天然地震转换波偏移成像方法

当地震波在层状介质中传播,P波通过速度界面时,会产生PP型折射波和PS型折射转换波．本文利用PS转换波与初至P波的到时差,提出一种不需要拾取P波和转换波震相的转换界面偏移成像方法．文中对三种不同的理论模型,在正演计算的基础上,采用了上述方法进行数值计算,计算结果表明,这种方法能够确定转换界面的位置和形态．这一方法的实现将有利于利用天然地震资料研究地球深部结构。     

P－SV转换波的一种处理方法─叠前抽道集法

本文利用纵波和横波的迭加速度资料来计算Ｐ－ＳＶ波勘探中转换点的近似位置。再按转换点对Ｐ－ＳＶ波重新抽道集，得到可与反射资料ＣＭＰ道集相兼容的时间剖面图。利用理论模型对上述方法进行了可靠性检验，并用该方法对实际资料作了处理。同时还得到了实际资料的Ｐ波和Ｐ－ＳＶ波的彩色振幅比剖面图。结果表明：采用改进的叠前抽道集法所得到的剖面图具有很好的空间分辨率。     

P—SV转换波的一种处理方法—叠前抽道集法

本文利用纵波和横波的迭加速度资料来计算Ｐ－ＳＶ波勘探中转换点的近似位置。再按转换点对Ｐ－ＳＶ波重新抽道集，得到可与反射资料ＣＭＰ道集相兼容的时间剖面图。利用理论模型对上述方法进行了可靠性检验，并用该方法对实际资料作了处理。同时还得到了实际资料的Ｐ波和Ｐ－ＳＶ波的彩色振幅比剖面图。结果表明：采用改进的叠前抽道集法所得到的剖面图具有很好的空间分辨率。     

用近震资料反演京津唐地区的地壳三维速度结构

用近震资料能得到在水平向和垂直向分辨率较高的地壳速度结构。计算过程中，分别进行定位和速度结构反演的运算，叠代求解。利用北京电信传输台网的资料，用ＡＣＨ方法对发生在该地区的１４７个地震进行定位。根据Ｐ波和Ｐｎ波的走时数据，用ＳＩＲＴ方法反演地壳的维速度结构。ＳＩＲＴ方法具有物理意义清晰，计算速度快的特点，在微机上即可实现大数据量的反演计算。数值模拟结果显示，ＳＩＲＴ方法的反演结果也是比较理想的。为反     

利用地震层析成象技术确定横向非均匀介质中的速度分布和界面位置

本文提出一种横向非均匀介质中的地震层析成象方法，由地震走时资料确定介质的速度分布和界面位置。计算中采用了参数分离、变阻尼、奇异值分解等技术，方程的解较稳定，且可得到解的分办。除反射波外，该方法还可同时利用分析波的资料。因此，适宜于折射及宽角度反射地震测深剖面的资料处理。数字试验结果表明，在模型内部，该方法能得到可靠的反演结果。在边界附近效果较差，受初始值影响较大。     

三维分块倾斜界面的反演及其应用

介绍了利用反射波走时反演介质层速度和包含直立断层的三维界面的计算方法．对各层界面利用多个倾斜或平界面方程来描述．给出了数值计算实例．结果表明，反演解与真模型很接近，说明计算方法是有效的．利用该方法处理了唐山地震区的ＰｍＰ反射波资料，获得了该区域莫霍界面的三维分块形态．唐山附近莫霍界面错断与该区域１９７６年唐山地震及一系列余震的发生有密切的联系．     

地震层析成像技术在岩体完整性测试中的应用

地震波层析成像借鉴了医学上X射线断面扫描的基本原理,利用地震波穿过地质体后走时及能量的改变等物理信息,通过数学处理重建地质体内部图像,从而得到所研究地质体的岩性及构造分布。本文利用这种方法,在一个钻孔中利用电火花震源激了弹性波,在另一个钻孔布设多个检波点同时接收,拾取弹性波初至时间,将接收到的数据利用SIRT方法进行反演迭代计算,最终形成一个弹性波速度谱图,然后利用岩土体的弹性波速度差异推断岩体完整性分布。与其它测试方法比较,该方法分辨率高,空间位置准确,在工程物探、岩土工程勘察中具有较好的应用前景。     

利用地震面波频散反演岩石圈结构的奇异值分解算法

在利用面波频散数据反演介质S波速度结构的过程中,引入奇异值分解方法计算随机逆,利用Wiggins方法对较大奇异值修改和随机逆方法对较小奇异值修改的优点,协调了分辨率和解的关系,改进了随机逆解的精确性和稳定性．模型试算表明,该方法反演所得结果较Harkrider的程序反演结果精确,分辨率更高．     

Simultaneous inversion of velocity distribution and interface positions

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石油地震纵横波速度层析成像

本文以分层均匀"多层介质模型"为依据,正演模拟多炮人工地面地震记录.其观测方式为:三炮位置分别在1500m,2500m,3500m处;道检距25m,140道(或道检距5m,700道),偏移距1000 m.为提高地震反射层析成像的精度,运用"走时最小纵横波速度层析成像"与"波形基本解纵横波速度层析成像"相结合的方法,反演...     

SOME DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS ON INTERFACE WAVES*

In continuation of our earlier work on interface waves (Gupta and Martel 1971) we have extended our studies by using a plexiglas-steel combination in addition to plexiglas-brass. Two other emitter positions were also considered: emitter on plexiglas and emitter on the metal edge, a short distance away from the interface. In both cases the presence of an interface wave could be detected from the seismogram. A curved interface between plexiglas and brass was also studied and it was found that the curvature introduces a change in the phase velocity of the interface wave in the same way as a curved surface does for the Rayleigh wave.     

Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity. However, the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear. Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements (SEMO) that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface. Consequently, the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window. Thus, their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently. These analyses demonstrate that, contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface, there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface: a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism. That is, the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media. Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method, such as head wave travel-time tomography, and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau.     

Fault detection by reflected surface waves based on ambient noise interferometry

Detecting subsurface fault structure is important for evaluating potential earthquake risks associated with active faults. In this study, we propose a new method to detect faults using reflected surface waves observed in ambient noise cross correlation functions. Ambient noise tomography using direct surface waves obtained from ambient noise interferometry has been widely used to characterize active fault zones. In cases where a strong velocity contrast exists across the fault interface, fault-reflected surface waves are expected. We test this idea using a linear array deployed in the Suqian segment of Tanlu fault zone in Eastern China. The fault-reflected surface waves can be clearly seen in the cross-correlation functions of the ambient noise data, and the spatial position of the fault on the surface is close to the stations where the reflected signals first appear. Potentially reflected surface waves could also be used to infer the dip angle, fault zone thickness and the degree of velocity contrast across the fault by comparing synthetic and observed waveforms.     

柴达木东盆地的基岩首波和反射波

一、引言 目前,研究结晶基底,多采用地震首波的方法,利用反射波只能探测地震地质条件较好的浅层基岩面。由于柴达木盆地区内基岩面埋藏很深,界面性质很复杂,过去曾利用重力、磁力、电测方法和中频地震探测结晶基底,均未能取得满意的结果。也曾对西盆     

A comment on the use of spectral characteristics of teleseismic body waves to evaluate fine crustal structure

An investigation of the crustal response in the time and frequency domains is presented to show that for models with similar crustal transit times of P and S waves, any important changes in the internal configuration of the crust such as layering, layer thickness and velocity contrast only influence the amplitudes of the transfer function ratio. Frequency positions of peaks and troughs remain unperturbed unless the total transit time of P and/or S waves through the crust are varied. This would imply that fine crustal structure derived from a matching of peak positions of observed spectral ratios with theoretical transfer function ratios, as is commonly practiced, is not very meaningful. This limitation in the application of the spectral ratio method for detailed crustal structure is demonstrated using two recent applications of this technique.     

PS转换波界面二次源法射线追踪

界面二次源法是最近提出的一种最小走时射线追踪方法,尤其适合层状介质中走时和射线路径的计算.该方法相对于传统的最小走时树方法（如Moser法）,仅在物性界面上设置二次源,射线路径的方向只在层界面处发生改变,该方法最大程度地消除了射线路径的锯齿状现象,同时也避免了低变速区的射线路径多值现象,因此,它具有更高的追踪精度和效率.本文采用界面二次源法在各向同性介质中实现了PS转换波射线追踪,理论模型的计算证实了界面二次源法追踪PS转换波的准确性和高效性,同时该方法在各向异性介质中也很好地追踪出分离的PSV波和PSH波,因此该方法有利于横波分裂在地震勘探中的研究和应用     

各向异性弹性波有限元叠前逆时偏移

利用有限元法和最小走时射线追踪的界面点法，实现了各向异性弹性波的叠前逆时偏移.理论模型资料的偏移结果清晰准确，证实了该系统的可靠性.通过对各向异性模型资料的各向同性偏移处理，发现常规偏移剖面存在较大误差，地质体的垂向深度和横向位置与实际模型有偏离.     

T waves from deep earthquakes generated exactly at the bottom of deep-sea trenches

T waves (seismic water waves), which were generated by deep-focused earthquakes, have been found by an array of sensitive ocean-bottom seismographic observations depolyed on the western Pacific basin. The points of generation of T waves have been exactly located by use of the accurate velocity of water waves which were known from explosions. The positions obtained are at the bottom of deep-sea trenches; however, the positions are slightly (10–35 km) ocean-side of the trench. T waves have been known to be generated by seismic waves which were transmitted from the focus to the trench bottom along the descending lithosphere. The intensity of the observed T waves implies that the Q value along the descending lithosphere is more than 4000. The positions of T-wave generation are consistent with the 8.2- to 8.6-km/s stratified structure of the oceanic lithosphere. T waves from shallow earthquakes beneath the lower continental slope are also clearly observed by bottom seismography.