亚热带山地民族文化与自然环境和谐发展实证研究--以云南省元阳县哈尼族梯田文化景观为例

一定的自然环境孕育了与之相适应的民族文化，而民族文化又对自然环境具有改造作用。民族文化与自然环境的相互适应是文化与环境持续存在的原因。本文通过深入到处云南南部亚热带山地地区的元阳县哈尼族地区的调查，提出和分析了哈尼文化与自然环境相互适应的结果一哈尼梯田文化景观的特征，并探讨了哈尼文化与自然环境两者梯田景观的关系，证实了哈尼梯田文化景观是哈尼文化与自然环境协调发展的结果，具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

基于GRID-TIN混合格网DEM的旱作梯田数值模拟模型研究

旱梯田地形具有独特的平面和剖面形态特征,现有DEM难以对其地貌形态特征进行准确描述,无法满足构建旱梯田地形数值模拟模型的需求。为此,以黄土高原典型旱梯田地形为切入点,基于Grid-TIN混合格网DEM和面向对象技术构建出水平梯田等典型旱梯田数值模拟模型。根据旱梯田地形的独特地貌形态特征,提出能够对旱梯田地形的高程、坡度进行准确计算的数字地形分析方法。该研究成果是对基于DEM的旱梯田地形数值模拟模型研究的有益尝试,对于探讨利用DEM实现旱梯田地形的有效数字表达与分析具有重要理论意义。     

哈尼梯田遗产地居民地方感与梯田保护态度的关系

地方感在遗产保护中的作用日益受到关注,但目前的研究多集中在个体地方感对遗产保护的作用,较少关注地方感形成的自然、社会环境因素及其影响。在借鉴国外相关研究的基础上,结合哈尼梯田人地关系的特征,从地方感、自然连接、社会连接、梯田保护态度4个维度构建结构方程模型,分析遗产地居民的地方感与另外3个维度的关系。结果表明:当地居民地方感与自然连接中人与自然的连通性、对自然的依恋,与社会连接中亲戚、邻里关系、社区活动组织具有显著的关系;居民地方感与梯田保护态度呈明显正相关;社区中的亲戚邻里关系以及活动组织对于梯田保护态度有直接的正向影响。研究结果进一步验证了地方感对人们的生态环境保护态度具有正向影响这一结论,支持了地方固有的自然、社会特性以及人们与之的连接程度在个人地方感的形成中具有重要作用这一假设。据此,提出应该以社区为基础单元,以重大节庆和祭祀活动为切入点,强化当地的传统社会组织模式和社会关系网络;保护传统的资源管理和分配制度,为梯田保护提供内在动力。     

长江三峡库区梯田稳定性分析与对策*──以鄂西秭归县为例

三峡库区历史上就是滑坡、崩塌作用强烈的地带,在调查分析秭归县滑坡、崩塌对梯田稳定性的影响的基础上,探讨了四种不稳定梯田培坎的特征、性质和现状,提出了利用优势植物固土护坎等相应的对策。     

全球重要农业文化遗产：云南红河哈尼梯田研究进展与展望

云南省红河州哈尼梯田已成为世界重要农业文化遗产之一,哈尼梯田作为传统农业具有丰富的农业甚至生态知识和深厚的文化底蕴,很值得关注和研究。从哈尼梯田自然地理特征及形成、生物多样性、生态系统与景观方面、水资源、哈尼梯田文化与旅游5个方面总结了目前关于哈尼梯田的研究。在回顾相关研究的基础上,展望哈尼梯田方面今后的研究,对现有研究表明关于哈尼梯田的研究还有很大的发展空间。哈尼梯田的进一步研究,将对促进哈尼梯田的遗产价值和文化多样性的保护具有重要意义。     

非洲世界遗产的现状分析及申遗策略研究

以非洲地区的世界遗产为研究对象,利用空间分析和数理统计方法,分析非洲地区世界遗产的现状及列入标准,在此基础上提出非洲地区世界遗产的申报建议。结果显示：1）非洲地区的世界遗产具有区域集聚、临近人口密集和经济发达地区、沿海岸线和沿河流分布的特征。2）在空间分布上具有明显的非均衡性,呈现出东多西少、北多南少的分布态势。3）该地区的世界遗产分布是自然环境、经济水平、人口数量、城镇化水平等多因素共同作用的结果。4）现有文化遗产多涉及文化景观、历史城镇和古代文明,预备项目在遗产线路类型有所补充。自然遗产多涉及生物栖息和地貌景观,预备项目仍旧仅有少量的地质遗迹。总的来说,非洲地区的世界遗产申报工作应该在自然遗产、混合遗产、跨国遗产方面努力,完善世界遗产申报机制,鼓励无世界遗产的缔约国申报遗产。     

元阳哈尼梯田景观稳定性评价

(元阳)哈尼梯田景观是云南亚热带山地农业景观的独特代表,具有世界自然文化遗产价值。同时,它又是哈尼族人生存和生产的核心场所,其稳定与否,直接关系到区域社会经济的可持续发展。从梯田景观垂直格局特征、景观格局变化等因素综合评价了近30年来元阳哈尼梯田景观的稳定性。结果表明:在研究时段内,元阳梯田景观基本稳定。其中,"森林-村庄-梯田-河流"四位一体的垂直空间结构形成了梯田景观内独特的能量和物质流动,是保证哈尼梯田景观稳定的前提条件;元阳哈尼梯田景观结构及类型的变化也说明其在研究时段内,景观结构是相对稳定的,从而形成了元阳哈尼梯田农业景观的稳定性。     

黄土丘陵区水平梯田与农民收入的关系及原因——以宁夏回族自治区固原市为例

修建水平梯田是针对我国黄土丘陵区特殊的区域环境,在长期实践中总结出的一项重要且有效的大型国土整治工程,建国以来黄土丘陵区水平梯田主要在水土保持与粮食稳产增产方面发挥了巨大的生态效益和社会效益.但目前相关研究却较少涉及水平梯田的经济效益,尤其是对农民收入的影响.从这一视角出发,以宁夏回族自治区固原市为例,通过Spearman秩相关分析与地统计分析的方法,量化分析了固原市现有以种植业为主要利用方式的水平梯田与农民收入之间的关系.研究结果表明:二者之间并无显著相关.说明目前固原市以旱作种植业为主要利用方式的水平梯田,尽管有利于实现水土保持和粮食稳产增产,但却无法有效带动农民增收.进一步分析发现,区域人口压力过大、种植结构不合理与土地生产经营方式落后是导致这一现象的主要原因.据此提出相关建议,以使水平梯田所发挥的效益最大化,进而促进区域可持续发展.     

响应区域自然特征的巴渝梯田人居景观图式研究

以巴渝地区形态结构完整且具有代表性的梯田区域遥感图像为研究对象,结合史料分析和田野调查,采用可视化的景观图式语言,对单一的梯田水利技术及其时空组合模式以及梯田人居环境3方面的营建特征进行分析,构建巴渝梯田人居系统的景观图式体系。研究发现：1）响应巴渝山地地貌及“春旱夏涝”降雨特征,形成秋水春用的冬水田、夏季排洪的冲冲田以及四季关水的囤水田等系列在地性梯田水利技术;2）巴渝梯田水利技术在时间上形成适应春旱夏涝的“秋蓄-冬沃-春耕-夏排”水资源管理模式,在空间上形成顺应地貌的“高囤-低灌”组合模式;3）梯田人居环境响应地貌影响下水安全差异性,呈现交叉汇聚梯田基底与涵养林为基底嵌套咬合散点型民居斑块的“有机分散型”低山丘陵区梯田人居模式,和涵养林为基底边缘渗透单向跌落梯田与集中型聚落斑块的“大面集中型”中高山沟谷区梯田人居模式。综上,巴渝梯田水利技术类型、组合方式以及梯田人居在山地地貌的建构模式是契合巴渝特有地理地貌和水文条件的经验集成,对城乡低影响开发建设以及传统营建智慧的保护具有积极借鉴意义。     

基于遥感和GIS的元阳梯田分形美的多尺度研究

以哀牢山区元阳梯田为研究对象,以快鸟影像为原始数据,经矢量化得到小流域梯田田块分布图,运用Arcview 计算得到梯田边缘的计盒维数和信息维数,从分形理论和复杂性理论出发,分析梯田的分形美特征.结果表明:1.梯田是介于单调和复杂之间的景观,最利于产生审美快感;2.计盒维数的存在表明梯田边缘具有统计自相似性,不同尺度梯田部分与整体的结构相似性形成梯田的相似性与非相似性美;3.计盒维数值比较接近,但又有所差别,体现了梯田景观空间层次的复杂嵌套性,形成了梯田形状的秩序性与不规则性美;4.信息维数表明,梯田景观具有复杂精细结构和不规则的、破碎的、粗糙的形状,从而形成梯田景观的结构精细性与形状"粗糙性"美.另外,信息维数随研究幅度的增加呈现增加趋势.     

Terrace aggradation during the 1978 flood on Powder River, Montana, USA

Flood processes no longer actively increase the planform area of terraces. Instead, lateral erosion decreases the area. However, infrequent extreme floods continue episodic aggradation of terraces surfaces. We quantify this type of evolution of terraces by an extreme flood in May 1978 on Powder River in southeastern Montana. Within an 89-km study reach of the river, we (1) determine a sediment budget for each geomorphic feature, (2) interpret the stratigraphy of the newly deposited sediment, and (3) discuss the essential role of vegetation in the depositional processes.Peak flood discharge was about 930 m³ s^− 1, which lasted about eight days. During this time, the flood transported 8.2 million tons of sediment into and 4.5 million tons out of the study reach. The masses of sediment transferred between features or eroded from one feature and redeposited on the same feature exceeded the mass transported out of the reach. The flood inundated the floodplain and some of the remnants of two terraces along the river. Lateral erosion decreased the planform area of the lower of the two terraces (~ 2.7 m above the riverbed) by 3.2% and that of the higher terrace (~ 3.5 m above the riverbed) by 4.1%. However, overbank aggradation, on average, raised the lower terrace by 0.16 m and the higher terrace by 0.063 m.Vegetation controlled the type, thickness, and stratigraphy of the aggradation on terrace surfaces. Two characteristic overbank deposits were common: coarsening-upward sequences and lee dunes. Grass caused the deposition of the coarsening-upward sequences, which had 0.02 to 0.07 m of mud at the base, and in some cases, the deposits coarsened upwards to coarse sand on the top. Lee dunes, composed of fine and very fine sand, were deposited in the wake zone downstream from the trees. The characteristic morphology of the dunes can be used to estimate some flood variables such as suspended-sediment particle size, minimum depth, and critical shear velocity. Information about depositional processes during extreme floods is rare, and therefore, the results from this study aid in interpreting the record of terrace stratigraphy along other rivers.     

梯田保护利用的演化逻辑及外力影响因素

以世界文化遗产的云南红河哈尼梯田为例,基于元阳县自然资源局的土地利用的空间矢量数据,利用地理信息系统技术提取2013-2018年元阳县与梯田核心景区的土地利用类型信息,分析梯田耕作时空演变的总体特征和变化趋势,选取级差地租理论解释梯田耕作的演化逻辑,并通过实地调研说明政府的外力干预效果。结果表明：1）梯田核心区的耕地比例大于整个元阳县的耕地比例,且不同于元阳县内旱地面积大于水田面积,核心区内的水田面积为旱地面积的一倍,表明核心区的水田比非核心区保护得更好;2）在没有外力干预的自然情况下非核心区与核心区水田分别呈现改旱和撂荒趋势,民族内部的文化力量难以可持续抗衡这种变迁。而政府作为市场失灵的调控机关,在遗产保护任务和政治利益激励的诉求下,干预了核心区的梯田演变过程,通过提高级差地租Ⅱ实现核心区的土地增值,集中加大对核心区的资源要素投入,从而有效延缓了梯田遗产消失或变更的进程;而非核心区由于缺乏政府有力的干预,梯田正呈现逐渐消失的趋势。     

河流水位变幅是影响阶地划分与新构造分析的重要因素：以长江三峡段为例

本文分析了长江三峡地区河流水位变幅对阶地的影响,认为水位变幅是影响阶地划分与新构造分析的重要因素。为了剔除水位变幅的影响,作者提出了阶地相对位相图的概念;并从三峡阶地远距离对比以及新构造上升的中心、幅度、速度等方面作了尝试。     

长江三峡阶地的成因机制

根据对长江三峡阶地堆积物进行的野外调查与室内分析发现三峡阶地的成因具有以下特点:构成阶地上部的河漫滩相堆积、中部的冲积砾石层与作为阶地基座的基岩平台是在不同时期形成的;阶地上部河漫滩相堆积是在中全新世气候温暖、长江三峡高水位条件下形成的.因此,长江三峡阶地是在构造上升的基础上由于气候及长江三峡流量及水位变化而形成的,并非一定是间歇性构造上升的标志.     

RAISED MARINE TERRACES ALONG THE GULF OF ADEN COAST OF SOMALIA

Mapping in the Galweda-Elayu area of northern Somalia has revealed depositional and erosional marine terraces at elevations of approximately 16 m, 8 m, and 2 m. These terraces vary from 0–2300 m, 200–2200 m, and 0–800 m in width, respectively. Sediments exposed in stream-valley walls demonstrate that the two higher terraces were formed by marine transgressions followed later by regressions to below present sea level. Beach ridges on the terraced alluvial fan at the mouth of togga Galweda imply that sea level and/or land elevation varied by at least 6 m during the formation of the 16-m terrace and by at least 3 m during the formation of the 8-m terrace. ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U ages of corals suggest that the 8-m terrace was formed during deep-sea isotope substage 5c (105 kyr B.P.) and the 2-m terrace during substage 5a (80 kyr B.P.). A 7-kyr-old coral from above the present storm beach on the outer flanks of the 2-m terrace suggests that sea level in the Gulf of Aden was close to its present level by the middle Holocene. No material suitable for dating was recovered from the 16-m terrace, but on morphological grounds and based on marine-terrace elevations elsewhere in the Red Sea-Gulf of Aden rift zone, we believe that the 16-m terrace was formed during isotope substage 5e (132–120 kyr B.P.), when global sea level was about 6 m above present.     

中国梯田撂荒程度及空间格局分异研究

在城镇化和工业化的驱动下,中国丘陵山区耕地逐渐被边际化,耕地撂荒范围也迅速从劣质的坡耕地延展至优质的梯田,大规模梯田撂荒将会引发一系列社会和生态效应,科学评估中国山区梯田的撂荒程度及空间分布将有助于有效地应对耕地撂荒问题。本文通过全国抽样调查的方式对中国梯田的撂荒程度进行了调查,利用获取的中国329个县的560份村问卷测算了中国梯田撂荒规模,并进一步分析了梯田撂荒空间分异特征及驱动因素。结果显示：(1)全国梯田撂荒现象分布广泛,发生梯田撂荒的村庄占总调查村庄的比例为54%,撂荒面积占梯田总面积的比例达到9.79%;(2)梯田撂荒程度呈现“南高北低”的特征,南方丘陵山区较为严重,尤以长江中下游地区为最;(3)梯田撂荒的主要因素可归结为农业劳动力外出务工、梯田耕作机械化程度、灌溉条件、耕作交通条件等。减缓梯田撂荒,应因区精准施策,提高梯田区机械化水平等措施具有普适性,针对质量较差的梯田,可有序“退耕”,对于质量较好的梯田,可采用调整种植结构、加强农业基础设施建设、鼓励流转与规模经营等方式。     

三江并流形成时代的初步探讨

滇西北三江并流区是世界上独特的纵向岭谷地貌区、世界自然遗产地。金沙江、怒江、澜沧江3条大江的阶地、河谷主要沉积物均为中更新世以来所形成，说明三江并流这-独特地貌-水文现象形成于中更新世及以后的时间。中更新世昆黄运动是西南纵向岭谷乃至中国的地貌-河流发育重要转型事件，奠定了西南纵向岭谷区的自然地理格局，影响了三江并流区的现代地表过程和生态环境变化。     

Desert pavement characteristics on wadi terrace and alluvial fan surfaces: Wadi Al-Bih, U.A.E. and Oman

In arid mountain areas, the dating and correlation of alluvial depositional surfaces is often uncertain. Especially in regions where the geomorphology is not well known, surface modification by the development of soil and desert pavement may allow the correlation of geomorphic surfaces and estimation of at least their relative ages. Pleistocene wadi terraces and associated alluvial fans occur in Wadi Al-Bih, U.A.E. and Oman, for which correlations and age relationships are not known. Three age-related groups of fans and terraces have been identified and mapped on the basis of their morphostratigraphic relationships. Deposition of the oldest terrace sediments and associated fans followed a long period of sustained incision after Miocene uplift of the region. The younger two groups of terraces and fans are inset within the older group. To identify the gross effects of pavement development, comparisons have been made between terrace surface and subsurface particle-size distributions. The older terraces have finer surface sediments and a greater contrast between finer surface and subsurface sediments than the younger terraces. This reflects the degree of pavement development. Particle size on the fan surfaces is comparable with that on the equivalent terrace surfaces. Criteria for the classification of pavements were developed based on clast fracturing and angularity, size, sorting, packing, and surface texture, from which a simple index of pavement development has been derived. Other properties, rock varnish and weathering characteristics, were also recorded; but these proved to be less discriminatory than pavement characteristics. The pavement data have been augmented by observations on soils. Detailed studies of pavements on terraces (8 sites, 12 samples covering the three age groups) and fans (5 sites, 10 samples covering the three age groups) allow differentiation between age-groups. The three terraces show three different age-related pavement types, expressed by differences in the pavement development index. Weakly-developed pavements (little fracturing, sub-rounded clasts, some modification of the depositional fabric, incipient soil development, stage I CaCO₃ accumulation) occur on the youngest terrace and fan surfaces. Moderately-developed pavements (clast fracturing, sub-angular clasts, moderate sorting and packing, deeper soil development, stage II CaCO₃ accumulation) occur on the middle terrace and fan surfaces. Well-developed pavements (complete clast fracturing into small angular fragments, mature sorting and packing of the pavement surface, deep soil development with strong horizonation, stage III CaCO₃ accumulation) occur on the highest terrace and oldest fan surfaces. There are minor differences between the youngest pavements on terraces and fans, which reflect initial sedimentological differences. These differences become less as the pavements develop. On the basis of comparative studies, the oldest terrace is estimated to date from sometime prior to ca. 100 ka BP, the second terrace and the most extensive fan surface from the Late Pleistocene, and the youngest terrace and fan phase from the Latest Pleistocene or Early Holocene.