南城徐坊金矿成矿条件及成生机理

本文通过对南城徐坊金矿成矿条件的分析，总结了该金矿的成生机理。认为该金矿的主要控制因素是金矿源层、韧性剪切活动和断裂混合岩化作用，成矿物质主要来自震旦系金矿源层；矿化具有多期多阶段特征，在区域混合岩化作用过程中，金得到一定程度的活化迁移富集，但工业矿化主要发生在韧性剪切活动和断裂混合岩化作用阶段。     

黑龙江省嫩江三合屯韧性剪切带与金矿化

三合屯金矿区发育NE向韧性剪切带,由碎裂花岗岩、糜棱岩化花岗岩、花岗质糜棱岩、超糜棱岩组成。金矿体顺糜棱叶理分布在韧性剪切带内,早中侏罗世的韧性剪切作用形成金的初始矿源层。主金矿体形成于韧性剪切作用之后,与早白垩世火山岩浆活动有关,受叠加在韧性剪切带之上的脆性断裂控制,金矿体的形成是多阶段成矿作用的结果。     

试论金山金矿成矿特征与成矿控制

本文论述了金山金矿成矿控制作用，指出金山金矿的形成与富集主要受含矿变质建造和韧性剪切带控制。含矿变质建造作为金的矿源层，为成矿准备了物质基础；韧性剪切作用促使成矿物质活化、迁移、富集，并构成矿质运移通道和容矿空间；含矿变质建造中的碳质成分则在成矿过程中起着对金的吸附和还原沉淀作用。最后，指明了找矿方向。     

甘肃康县土地堂金矿地质特征及控矿因素分析

土地堂金矿位于碧口金、铜、钴成矿区,金矿体主要赋存于蓟县纪阳坝岩组中,区域上金矿床的分布受早期NEE向韧性剪切带控制,金矿体的展布严格受叠加在韧性剪切带之上的NEE向脆—脆韧性断裂构造控制,且与印支期花岗闪长斑岩脉空间关系密切,特定的岩性组合和断裂构造双重控制着金矿体的空间分布和形态。通过分析研究金矿床与韧性剪切带发展演化之间的关系,初步认为土地堂金矿不具有典型韧性剪切带型金矿的特征,其成因类型应为中低温热液构造蚀变岩型金矿。     

新疆东部金矿床类型、成矿特点及找矿方向

据金矿类型划分标准，结合新疆东部金成矿特点，划分出韧性剪切带型金矿、浅成低温热液型金矿、岩浆热液型金矿、斑岩型金（铜）矿、硅化帽型金矿及变质岩型或绿片岩型银金矿6种成因类型，8种工业类型。通过研究，划分出以斑岩型金矿为主的大南湖－三岔口成矿带、以韧性剪切带型金矿为主的康古尔塔格－黄山成矿带、以浅成低温热液型金矿为主的马庄山－南金山成矿带、以绿片蚀变岩型银金、铅锌矿以及硅铁建造型金矿为主的玉西－铅炉子成矿带、以岩浆热液型金矿为主的金窝子－照壁山成矿带和依热达坂－红山成矿带、以韧性剪切带型和硅帽型金矿为主的头苏泉－塔林成矿带7个金矿成矿带，在此基础上确定该区区找矿主要类型和远景区。     

210金矿床含金韧性剪切带特征与金矿化

２１０金矿床为８０年代发现的新金矿类型。赋矿地层为上泥盆统金窝子组层凝灰岩,定位于矿区的韧性剪切带中。对２１０剪切带的宏观特征、微观特征、蚀变特征和地球化学特征的研究,揭示金矿化的形成、富集与２１０韧性剪切带应变演化过程密切相关,金矿化主要发生在第二期韧性剪切带形成糜棱岩化岩石、蚀变岩石阶段,第三期ＮＥ－ＳＷ左行走滑脆－韧性剪切变形阶段使金矿化进一步富集。     

湘西南脉型金矿的地质特征及其矿床成因

湘西南是湖南重要的产金区，该区金矿以脉型金矿为主。按其成矿元素组合，该区脉型金矿可划分为单金石英脉型和金-锑石英脉型；按其矿体产出形态特征，可划分为顺层式和切层式脉型金矿两种。该区脉型金矿受地层、岩性和构造控制明显，矿物组合简单，金主要以自然金形式产出。该区脉型金矿形成主要与脆、韧性剪切作用有关，雪峰山一带加里东期的剪切作用，使该区的浅变质岩发生变形，并促使地层中的成矿物质发生活化、迁移，最终富集形成金矿床，因此，该区金矿的成因类型为与剪切带有关的中低温热液金矿床。     

冀北围场地区构造控矿规律与找矿方向分析

围场矿化集中区位于燕山陆内造山带北部,处于北东向和纬向成矿带的交叉复合部位;太古宙-古元古代形成了矿源层,中生代发育多期岩浆侵入和火山喷发事件,形成了大量火山机构和热液蚀变,具有非常有利的金、银、多金属成矿地质条件.虽然围场矿化集中区目前仅发现朝阳湾小型金矿和数量不多的金多金属矿点,但存在很多金、锰、铜、铅、锌、砷地球化学异常,发育对金、银、多金属矿化分布具有显著控制作用的环状构造、韧性剪切带、断裂构造和火山机构,中生代形成大中型金多金属矿床的概率很大.围场矿化集中区金、银、多金属矿床的找矿潜力巨大,区域找矿重点为韧性剪切型金矿、火山岩型金银矿、硫化物石英脉型金矿和脉型银多金属矿.     

陕西石泉羊坪湾—旬阳烂木沟一带黑色岩系金矿地质特征及找矿方向

本区地质矿产特征及综合研究显示,金矿成矿受矿源地层和断裂构造双重因素控制,金矿成因为"沉积—改造型",志留系"黑色岩系"同沉积形成金矿源层或金矿体,印支期韧性剪切构造热液富集成矿改造,燕山期韧性剪切构造叠加成矿改造;区内找矿重点地段是"黑色岩系"矿源层分布区的断裂构造带:西段剥蚀深度大致到断裂构造的韧性层次,深部找矿潜力不大,主要开展浅表部找矿;中段大致剥蚀到脆韧性层次,浅表—中深部找矿潜力大;东段剥蚀深度大致到脆韧性—脆性层次,中—深部找矿潜力较大,应加大中—深部找矿力度。     

康古尔地区金矿成因类型及其控矿因素

新疆康古尔地区地质、构造复杂、成矿条件独特,是以金为主的多金属矿成矿有利地段。金矿成因类型多样,有韧性剪切带型、超浅成低温火山－水热型、中低温火山水热型、中低温岩浆－水热型等。剪切带型金矿是本区主要成矿类型。大地构造、地层岩性、侵入岩、火山岩和韧性剪切带等均与金矿形成有着密切关系。中酸性火山岩是本区主要成矿母岩,韧－脆性剪切带是金矿形成的重要导矿构造。成矿物质来源于上地幔和下地壳。主要成矿时代为晚     

对北洺河铁矿水文地质条件的再认识

通过对北洺河铁矿长期疏干排水条件下,水文地质条件现状的研究,更为准确地指导矿山防治水,并为矿山安全生产提出合理的建议。     

Conditions Of The Present-Day Hydrothermal Metamorphism Of Volcanic Rocks

Hydrothermal metamorphism in volcanic areas causes intense leaching of wall rocks with the development of secondary quartzites and rocks rich in alunite, dickite, and sericite. Three zones of different chemical activity, because of differences in P-T conditions, are evident: 1) zone of liquid hydrotherms (300m – 800m); 2) vaporization zone (10 m – 300m); and 3) condensation zone. Propylitization is common at greatest depth. In the vaporization zone, cooling and increase in pH lead to potassic metasomatism and development of zeolites and orthoclase. Argillization occurs at the surface. The change in the hot waters from acid solutions at depth to alkaline solutions at shallow depths is caused largely by vaporization of dissolved gases such as CO₂ and H₂S at lower pressures. Analyses of the deep circulating thermal waters in the Pauzhetka trough and of altered rocks in the discharge area are given as well as analyses of thermal waters and altered rocks in active volcanoes. Analyses of altered rocks from Wairakei are also compared.- -J. A. Redden.     

Contribution Of Spray Irrigation Of Wastewater To Groundwater Contamination In The Karst Of Southeastern Minnesota,USA

A vegetable- and meat-canning facility located in the karst of southeastern Minnesota disposes ≈2.85×10⁵ m³ yr^?1 of wastewater by spray irrigation of an 83.7-ha field located atop the local groundwater divide. Cannery effluent contains high levels of chloride and nitrogen (organic and ammonia), in excess of 7000 mg/l and 400 mg/l, respectively. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations are generally < 5 mg/l. Agricultural, domestic, and municipal sources of chloride and nitrate are common in the region, and water supplies frequently exceed the drinking-water limit for nitrate-nitrogen of 10 mg/l. Fifty-two area wells and thirteen surface-water locations were sampled and analyzed for five ionic species, including: chloride (Cl), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), sulfate (SO₄), nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂-N), and phosphate (PO₄). Two distinct chloride plumes flowing outward from the groundwater divide were identified, and 65% of the wells sampled had nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in excess of 10 mg/l. The data were divided into two groups: one group of samples from wells located near the canning facility and another group from outside that area. A correlation coefficient of R²= 0.004 for Cl vs. NO₃-N in the vicinity of the irrigation fields indicates essentially no relationship between the source of Cl and NO₃. In areas of agricultural and domestic activities located away from the cannery, an R² of 0.54 suggests that Cl and NO₃ have common sources in these areas.     

气化-热液矿床的侧向分带及其成因机制

通过对个旧锡多金属、银山贵金属-多金属、冷水坑银-多金属和东坡钨-锡-多金属矿田的研究,揭示了从下行板块、板片和下盘的不同深度衍生出来的不同的成矿流体,沿着它们上升的通道,在化学、温度和压力上发生有规律的变化,结果导致不同矿物或矿石建造在花岗岩类和有关的主干断裂之间沉淀,并形成侧向分布和侧向分带。     

Some Deep-Seated Features Of Platform Provinces Of The Soviet Union

Geophysical and deep-drilling data disclose the block nature of the faulting in both folded and platform provinces of the crust. System and morphology of deep-seated structures embraces two types of major elements: large angular crustal blocks bordered by intense crush zones on one or more sides,and narrow elongated graben rifts. On platforms, the sedimentary cover conceals the true identity of the deep-seated structures which reveal themselves as gentle flexures but seldom by thickening or thinning of the beds as a whole. Deep rifts of the Russian platforms (Russian, Scythian-Turanian, West Siberian, and East Siberian) are interpreted as parts of a planetary system of rifts. Associated with these major features are sub-systems of more localized faults and fold belts. The deep Russian rifts and structures of the platforms are analyzed by depth to basement measurements which collectively show the enormous amount of absolute crustal subsidence even on relatively elevated platforms. Combinations of platform and geosynclinal tectonic provinces are discussed with some interesting variations on the general pattern of geosynclinal evolution. - -B. N. Cooper.     

Hydrogeologic Evaluation Of Fracture Permeability In Crystalline Basement Aquifers Of Uganda

Throughout Africa, many communities rely on fractured crystalline basement rocks of Precambrian age as the primary source of water supply. The hydrogeology of these aquifers is often poorly understood, and boreholes are frequently sited and designed with little appreciation of the local fracture system. This is especially true in Uganda, where the role of fractures in determining well yield and relative importance of deep and shallow fracture zones have been a continous source of debate since a major national well drilling program was initiated over ten years ago. Recent studies in Uganda have attempted to resolve outstanding hydrogeological questions through the implementation of one of the most comprehensive borehole fracture studies ever undertaken in continental Africa. During the study, 233 packer tests were carried out at 22 sites. Six of the sites, together with a further 16, were subjected to constant yield recovery tests. One well was tested before and after the deployment of yield-enhancing hydraulic fracturing techniques to investigate its effectiveness. Study results reveal the presence of an extremely poor aquifer with little transmissive capability. Across the study area, the hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock average <10^-7 m/s; the majority of transmissivity values are less than 1 m²/d. Packer tests show that fractures occur throughout the depth of well, but are usually very few in number and often exhibit a relatively low permeability. Most wells relied on a single permeable zone for most of their water. In approximately half of the boreholes tested, the most permeable zone was found to occur at the top of the uncased section, just below the regolith. No relationship was found between the distribution of boreholes with shallow, intermediate or deep, high yielding fracture zones and physiographic features. Neither was any relationship observed between hydraulic conductivity and depth within the upper 60 meters of rock tested. Notably, however, no fracture zones more permeable than 10^-5 m/s were found below a depth 57m, and it is suggested that a depth of approximately 60m below ground level may represent the effective base of aquifer. Packer tests performed in a hydraulically fractured borehole confirmed increases in borehole transmissivity by a factor of about 3. The tests were also able to show where improvement in hydraulic conductivity was being achieved. Résumé. Estimation de la perméabilité de fractures dans les aquifères du socle cristallin en Ouganda. Partout en Afrique, les ressources en eau de nombreuses communautés proviennent pour l'essentiel des roches cristallines fracturées d'âge précambrien. L'hydrogéologie de ces aquifères est souvent mal connue; fréquemment, l'implantation des forages s'appuie sur une connaissance bien faible du dispositif local de fracturation. C'est particulièrement vrai en Ouganda, où le rôle de la fracturation dans la détermination du débit des puits et l'importance relative des zones de fractures superficielle et profonde sont le sujet de discussions permanentes depuis le lancement, il y a 10 ans, du programme de forages. Les études récentes en Ouganda ont tenté de répondre aux principales questions concernant l'hydrogéologie en réalisant l'une des études les plus complètes sur la fracturation dans les forages jamais entreprises en Afrique centrale. Cette étude s'appuie sur 233 tests avec packer menés sur 22 sites. Six de ces sites, puis 16 autres ont été soumis à des tests de rabattement à débit constant, puis à l'étude de la remontée. Un puits a été testé avant et après un développement par fracturation hydraulique pour déterminer l'efficacité de la méthode. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'existence d'un aquifère très rédiut à faible transmissivité. Dans la région étudiée, la conductivité hydraulique du socle est en moyenne infériur à 10^щ m/s; la majorité des valeurs de transmissivité sont inférieures à 1 m²/j. Les tests avec packers montrent que les fractures sont présentes tout au long du puits, mais qu'elles sont en général très peu nombreuses et présentent une faible perméabilité. L'essentiel de la ressource de la plupart des puits provient d'une zone perméable unique. Dans près de la moitié des puits testés, la zone la plus perméable a été recoupée au sommet de la partie non tubée, juste sous le régolite. Il n'existe aucune relation entre la physiographie et la répartition des puits selon la position superficielle, intermédiaire ou profonde des fractures productrices. Il n'a pas été non plus observé de relation entre la conductivité hydraulique et la profondeur, dans la tranche de roche testée des 60 m supérieurs. Toutefois, aucune zone fracturée présentant une perméabilité meilleure que 10^ч m/s n'a été trouvée au-dessous de 57 m, ce qui permet de supposer que la base réelle de l'aquifère est à environ 60 m sous la surface du sol. Les tests avec packers effectués dans le forage développé par fracturation hydraulique montrent une amélioration de la transmissivité d'un facteur 3. Les tests ont aussi montré où s'était produite l'amélioration de la conductivité hydraulique.     

我国主要汞矿床的辰砂硫同位素组成

汞矿是我国重要有色金属矿产之一,和世界相比,有其独特之处。据26个汞矿床(点)229件辰砂硫同位素测定值统计,绝大部分辰砂的δ~(34)S都是正值,且与含矿地层中硫酸盐δ~((?)4)S的差值,大致有一个确定的变化范围。辰砂的δ~(34)S比含矿地层中硫酸盐的δ~(34)S平均低9.35‰。从时间的总体上看,各时代地层中辰砂的δ~(34)S变化曲线与海洋硫酸盐的δ~(34)S时间变化曲线,几乎具有相同的演化趋势。因而,在一般情况下,辰砂中的硫都是来自含矿地层中的海洋硫酸盐。     

秦岭凤太矿田层控铅锌(铜)矿床的氧化硅产出特征及其硅质来源

秦岭凤太矿田的所有铅锌(铜)矿床中都含有大量的氧化硅，前人资料中往往以沉积或蚀变单一形成方式论其成因，非此即彼。本文提出氧化硅有三种产出类型，以同生沉积型为主，其次为成岩后生阶段交代灰岩者，第三类为造山期形成的脉体。三类氧化硅的产出特征有许多不同，但硅质来源一致，即均来自深部地层和岩石中循环的含矿热液。对矿床中氧化硅的研究不仅有助于深入探讨矿床的成因，而且对于该类矿床的勘查有较重要的意义。     

沉积矿床成因亚类的划分及沉积菱铁矿的成因

沉积矿床的形成过程,可明确地划分为同生作用、成岩作用与后生作用等三个矿化阶段。现在所见到的沉积矿床,主要是最后矿化阶段改造的结果。根据沉积矿床所经历矿化阶段的不同和表现强度的不同,作者将沉积矿床划分为四种成因亚类:(1)沉积同生矿床;(2)沉积成岩矿床;(3)沉积成岩-后生矿床;(4)沉积后生矿床。产于沉积岩和沉积矿床中的青灰色微细均粒菱铁矿系成岩作用形成,米黄色或淡黄色的粗至巨粒的成分较纯的菱铁矿系后生作用形成。它们都不是同生作用形成的。