国家973“我国南方致洪暴雨”项目2008年度工作取得重要进展

2008年是国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”实施的第4年,也是项目研究工作取得重要进展的一年。2008年,在国家科技部和中国气象局的大力支持下,在项目首席科学家张人禾研究员和项目专家组领导下,经过7个课题负责人的精心组织和合理安排及项目组80多名研究人员的共同努力,我国南方暴雨研究在一些关键科学问题上取得了重要进展,这些进展的取得为本项目圆满完成国家规定的研究任务并实现预期目标奠定了坚实的基础。     

“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”通过中期评估并获高度评价

由中国气象科学研究院承担的国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”圆满完成项目任务书规定的研究任务，于2006年12月11～12日顺利通过了中期评估，并获得高度评价。经过研究人员两年的努力，已经在南方致洪暴雨的中尺度结构、机理以及监测与预报理论和方法研究方面取得重要进展，研究成果显示出良好的业务应用前景，圆满完成了头两年任务书所规定的目标与任务，为后3年的研究奠定了良好的基础。     

我国南方暴雨的试验与研究

50年以来, 中国气象科学研究院几代科学家致力于暴雨研究, 取得了令人瞩目的成就, 尤其是最近10年, 中国气象科学研究院主持了3个国家级研究项目开展我国南方暴雨研究, 其中包括华南前汛期暴雨的试验与研究, 长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨的试验与研究以及目前正在实施的研究范围更为广泛的我国南方致洪暴雨的试验与研究。通过上述项目的实施, 在华南前汛期暴雨与长江流域梅雨锋暴雨的三维结构、形成机理、遥感监测与探测中尺度暴雨的理论和方法以及自主发展配有三维同化系统的中尺度暴雨数值模式系统等方面均取得重要的研究成果, 有的已经在我国各级业务部门推广应用, 取得良好的经济与社会效益。目前正在实施的国家973项目, 针对引发我国南方致洪暴雨的β-中尺度强对流天气系统开展更为深入的试验与研究, 通过这些努力, 有望在提高我国暴雨的监测与预报、预警能力, 增强我国减灾防灾的总体实力做出更为重要的贡献。     

国家973“南方致洪暴雨”项目组建跨课题的中尺度强对流天气系统综合分析研究组

国家973“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”页目（简称“南方致洪暴雨”项目）实施1年以来，在中尺度暴雨系统的研究与典型暴雨过程的分析上做了大量的工作。为了整合研究力量，加强研究积累，提高中尺度暴雨的机理和结构分析研究水平；同时为了配合2007年实施的我国南方暴雨野外科学试验的资料分析研究工作，项目组建了中尺度强对流天气系统综合分析研究组，研究组由项目首席科学家张人禾研究员、倪允琪教授、张大林教授、谈哲敏教授和张庆红博士、孙建华博士、张福清博士共30余人组成，我国著名科学家陶诗言院士任科学顾问。     

国家973项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”获准立项并启动

2004年中国气象科学研究院国家973项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”获准立项实施,院长张人禾研究员受聘为该项目的首席科学家。项目研究期限为2004年10月至2009年 10月。参加单位中除了中国科学院和高校的有关单位外,还包括中国气象局所属的国家气象中心、国家气候中心、国家卫星气象中心、中国气象局培训中心、武汉暴雨研究所、上海台风研究所、广州热带海洋气象研究所等单位。项目意义:正确的暴雨预报是各级政府指挥抗洪救灾的主要科学依据之一,要深入了解暴雨的机理、提高暴雨预报能力,必须深入研究空间尺度为几十公里至上百公里(中β尺度)的强对流系统(即暴雨     

国家973项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”专家组扩大会议和后3年启动会议在京召开

为了突出对β-中尺度暴雨机理的研究，提高暴雨监测与预测水平，总结前两年研究工作进展，落实项目后3年研究工作任务并制定研究工作的总体目标，2007年5月22—23日，国家973项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测理论和方法研究”专家组扩大会议和后3年启动会议在北京召开。会议全面研讨并落实了课题责任制，调整了课题任务书，突出了研究重点和有应用前景的创新成果的形成，并围绕项目的总体目标对后3年的研究工作做出了总体的部署。     

国家973“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”项目七个课题通过中期评估

2006年12月11-12日，由中国气象科学研究院承担的国家973“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”项目七个课题中期评估会议在北京举行，经过专家组的严格评审，顺利通过了中期评估，获得专家的好评。     

国家973“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”项目2005年度学术年会在上海召开

2006年2月24-26日，国家重点基础研究发展规划“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”项目2005年度学术年会在上海召开，中国气象局宇如聪副局长、中国气象科学研究院院长项目首席科学家张人禾研究员、上海市气象局汤绪局长、中国气象局科技发展司林洪柱助理巡视员、国家科技部基础研究中心张峰处长、上海市科委孙利源处长出席了本次会议。     

我国南方致洪雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究

在中国气象局和国家科技部的大力支持下,由中国气象科学研究院承担的国家重点基础研究发展计划项目"我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究"在项目首席科学家张人禾研究员的领导下,经过80多位科学家联合攻关,出色地完成了本年度的研究任务并实现了前3年的预期目标.2007年度取得了以下阶段性进展:     

我国机载下投式探空飞机首次试飞和试投放探空仪取得成功

由中国气象科学研究院承担的国家973项目“我国南方致洪暴雨监测与预测的理论和方法研究”、灾害天气国家重点实验室联合航空装备研究所、天津大学、凌云科技集团有限公司、空军某航空部队开发的机载下投式探空飞机已正式试飞,并在6km、7km和8km3个不同高度试投放机载下投式探空仪取得圆满成功。     

我国近30年龙卷风研究进展

从3方面总结了龙卷风研究成果:①研究概况,最初的龙卷风灾后调查到开展天气气候特征分析至近年来开展龙卷风本体结构、产生机制的探讨,获得了丰硕成果;②研究方法提高,从事实调查到利用统计方法,从利用台站常规观测资料到运用卫星、多普勒雷达、风廓线仪等非常规资料开展分析,近年数值模式WRF、ARPS等也被用来研究龙卷风,研究的方法手段不断得到改进;③龙卷风研究、预报面临的困难和未来展望。     

Current activities in aerobiology in Japan

A brief review of the research activities of Japanese scientists in aerobiology, which is one of the interdisciplinary sciences closely related to atmospheric turbulence and diffusion as well as to biology, is presented in order to make contacts with interested scientists in other countries.     

近十年来我国气候变暖影响研究的若干进展

近年来，我国政府和科技界十分关注气候王馥棠变暖对我国经济发展可能影响的评估, 开展了许多重大项目和课题的研究。该文仅就气候变暖对我国自然植被、农业、森林、水资源、能源利用和区域海平面上升等领域影响评估研究的若干有意义的初步结果简要归纳和评述如下:取自不同GCM模型的未来气候变化情景下的影响评估模拟表明，我国的特征性自然植被类型将会发生明显的变化。同当前气候（1951~1980年）下的模拟分布相比，到2050年我国几乎所有地方的农业种植制度均将发生较大变化；气候变暖将导致复种指数增加和种植方式多样化，但降水与蒸散之间可能出现的负平衡和土壤水分胁迫的增加以及生育期的可能缩短，最终将导致我国主要作物的产量下降。气候变暖对我国水资源最明显的影响将会发生在黄淮海流域，这个区域的水资源供需短缺将大大提高。同时，气候变暖将改变我国室内取暖和降温的能源需求关系:北方冬季取暖的能源消耗将减少, 而南方夏季降温的能源消耗将会增加。海平面的上升将使我国三个主要沿海低洼脆弱区，即珠江三角洲、长江三角洲和黄河三角洲，面临部分遭受海水淹没的威胁。     

城市气象研究进展

中国数十年来在城市气象研究这一新兴学科领域开展了大量研究并获得了多方面的丰硕成果。文中从城市气象观测网与观测试验、城市气象多尺度模式、城市气象与大气环境相互影响、城市化对天气气候的影响等4个方面论述了城市气象的主要研究进展:中国各大城市已建立或正在完善具有多平台、多变量、多尺度、多重链接、多功能等特点的城市气象综合观测网;北京、南京、上海等地开展了大型城市气象观测科学试验,被世界气象组织列入研究示范项目;成功开展了风洞实验、缩尺度外场实验研究;建立了多尺度城市气象和空气质量预报数值模式,并应用于业务;在城市热岛效应、城市对降水影响、城市气象与城市规划、城市化对区域气候及空气质量的影响、城市气象与大气环境相互作用等研究领域取得长足进展。最后指出,未来需要重点从新观测技术及观测资料同化应用、城市系统模式研究、城市化对天气气候的影响机理、城市化对大气环境和人体健康的影响、城市水文气象气候与环境综合服务等方面开展科学研究与应用,为中国城市化、生态文明建设、防灾减灾和应对气候变化等国家需求提供科技支撑。      

Recent advances in monsoon studies in China

This review provides a synopsis of the major progress that has been made in monsoon studies in China and to further bridge the gap between the Chinese and international meteorological community. It consists of seven major sections. After the introduction, the second section begins with the global monsoon systems and their seasonal variation, based on some new methods proposed in recent years. Besides, some major intraseasonal features of East Asian monsoon, including the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon are discussed. In the third section, we review the interactions between ENSO and the East Asian monsoon, focusing in particular on the results of Chinese meteorologists that indicate the influence of ENSO on the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) is obviously different from that on the tropical monsoon. Besides the tropical Pacific,other ocean basins, such as the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, are also important to the East Asian monsoon, and this topic is discussed in the fourth section. In the fifth section, we address the role of land surface processes in East Asian monsoon. For example, we describe work that has shown more snow cover in spring on the Tibetan Plateau is followed by a weakened EASM and more summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valleys. The sixth section focuses on the influence of atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere(SH) on EASM, demonstrating how the signal from the SH is likely to provide new clues for the seasonal forecasting of summer rainfall in China. Finally, in the seventh section, we concentrate on the interdecadal variations of EASM. In particular, we look at a significant interdecadal variation that occurred at the end of the 1970 s, and how our understanding of this feature could affect forecasting ability.     

Changes in urban-related precipitation in the summer over three city clusters in China

The impacts of urban surface expansion on the summer precipitations over three city clusters [Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)] in eastern China under different monsoonal circulation backgrounds were explored using the nested fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model version 3.7 (MM5 V3.7), including the urban-related thermal and dynamical parameters. Ten-year integrations were performed using satellite image data from 2000 and 2010 to represent the urban surface distributions and expansions in China. Changes in the precipitation revealed obvious subregional characteristics, which could be explained by the influences of the vertical wind velocity and moisture flux. With urban-related warming, vertical wind motion generally intensified over urban surface-expanded areas. Meanwhile, the increase in impervious surface areas induced rapid rainwater runoff into drains, and the Bowen ratio increased over urban areas, which further contributed to changes in the local moisture fluxes in these regions. The intensities of the changes in precipitation were inconsistent over the three city clusters, although the changes in vertical motion and local evaporation were similar, which indicates that the changes in precipitation cannot be solely explained by the changes in the local evaporation-related moisture flux. The changes in precipitation were also influenced by the changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and the corresponding moisture flux, which are expressed in marked subregional characteristics. Therefore, the influence of urban-related precipitation over the three city clusters in China, for which changes in moisture flux from both the impacted local evaporation and EASM circulation should be considered, varied based on the precipitation changes of only a single city.     

Trends in Temperature Extremes in Association with Weather-Intraseasonal Fluctuations in Eastern China

Trends in the frequencies of four temperature extremes (the occurrence of warm days, cold days, warm nights and cold nights) with respect to a modulated annual cycle (MAC), and those associated exclusively with weather-intraseasonal fluctuations (WIF) in eastern China were investigated based on an updated homogenized daily maximum and minimum temperature dataset for 1960–2008. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method was used to isolate the WIF, MAC, and longer-term components from the temperature series. The annual, winter and summer occurrences of warm (cold) nights were found to have increased (decreased) significantly almost everywhere, while those of warm (cold) days have increased (decreased) in northern China (north of 40°N). However, the four temperature extremes associated exclusively with WIF for winter have decreased almost everywhere, while those for summer have decreased in the north but increased in the south. These characteristics agree with changes in the amplitude of WIF. In particular, winter WIF of maximum temperature tended to weaken almost everywhere, especially in eastern coastal areas (by 10%–20%); summer WIF tended to intensify in southern China by 10%–20%. It is notable that in northern China, the occurrence of warm days has increased, even where that associated with WIF has decreased significantly. This suggests that the recent increasing frequency of warm extremes is due to a considerable rise in the mean temperature level, which surpasses the effect of the weakening weather fluctuations in northern China.     

2008年深圳洪涝灾害的气候背景和环流条件

用NCC/CMA资料分析了2008年6月深圳降水异常事件的成因,结果认为:2007年7月—2008年2月赤道西太平洋海表温度异常偏低、2008年前冬今春青藏高原积雪面积偏大是深圳异常降水事件的前期气候背景;2008年6月东亚阻塞高压的异常强大及乌拉尔山长波槽的异常加深发展,促进了经向环流异常增强;偏强的冷空气以阶梯槽的形式频繁入侵华南,为深圳异常降水事件提供了动力条件。副高西段较常年偏南,西伸脊点偏东;强劲的季风潮为深圳地区输送了巨大的水汽和热量;冷暖空气在华南地区的频繁交汇与维持是深圳异常降水事件的主要成因。上述多种因素的异常共同导致了深圳异常降水事件的发生。     

Characteristics of Chemical Speciation in PM_1 in Six Representative Regions in China

A better knowledge of aerosol properties is of great significance for elucidating the complex mechanisms behind frequently occurring haze pollution events. In this study, we examine the temporal and spatial variations in both PM_1 and its major chemical constituents using three-year field measurements that were collected in six representative regions in China between 2012 and 2014. Our results show that both PM_1 and its chemical compositions varied significantly in space and time, with high PM_1 loadings mainly observed in the winter. By comparing chemical constituents between clean and polluted episodes, we find that the elevated PM_1 mass concentration during pollution events should be largely attributable to significant increases in organic matter(OM) and inorganic aerosols like sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium(SNA),indicative of the critical role of primary emissions and secondary aerosols in elevating PM_1 pollution levels. The ratios of PM_1/PM_(2.5) are found to be generally high in Shanghai and Guangzhou, while relatively low ratios are seen in Xi'an and Chengdu, indicating anthropogenic emissions were more likely to accumulate in forms of finer particles. With respect to the relative importance of chemical components and meteorological factors quantified via statistical modeling practices, we find that primary emissions and secondary aerosols were the two leading factors contributing to PM_1 variations, though meteorological factors also played important roles in regulating the dispersion of atmospheric PM.     

近56年四川地区不同季节昼夜降水特征分析

本文利用四川地区1961~2016年141个气象站降水资料,分析了四川地区四季夜间和白天降水时空变化分布特征,结果表明:(1)四季夜间降水量占总降水量超过60%和夜间降水次数占总降水次数50%以上的区域分布相似且占四川大部分地区,盆地西部沿山地带以及川东南部分地区四季的夜间降水量和降水次数比值皆较大,攀西地区和川西高原部分地区在多数季节比值也相对较大,而川东北四季的夜间降水同白天降水基本相当。(2)四季的昼夜降水量、春季昼夜以及冬季白天的降水次数的气候趋势系数总体呈现为以盆地西部沿山边缘为分界,川西增加川东减少,增加和减少趋势的分布范围在不同季节有所增减;夏季和秋季的昼夜以及冬季夜间的降水次数除了高原部分地区为弱增加趋势外,四川地区整体表现为减少趋势,且秋季整个降水次数在四川东部以及攀西地区通过99%显著性检验水平。(3)整个四川地区白天和夜间降水次数呈线性减少而降水量在白天和夜间不同季节增减趋势不一致;总的来说,四季夜间降水的年代际变化较白天相对更明显,不同季节昼夜降水在不同年代的线性增减表现不一致,但秋季夜间和白天降水量和降水次数基本在2000年左右之前为线性减少趋势,之后为增加。