湖北早三叠世鱼龙前肢化石新材料及对比讨论

杨钟健和董枝明曾在1972年指出中国发现的早三叠世鱼龙Chaohusaurus geishanensis与欧洲的Grippia前肢和头部相似,具有系统关系。但后来中国该时代鱼龙类化石大多前肢特化或不完整,难以进一步对比研究。本文记述了湖北下三叠统嘉陵江组中发现的2件较完整的鱼龙前肢化石新材料,对中国的古老鱼龙类相关信息进行了补充。通过形态学对比,认为湖北被归入Chaohusaurus的早三叠世鱼龙前肢总体特征与同属的Ch.geishanensis接近而与Ch.chaoxianensis有明显差别,而且其以相对较大的个体、间中骨挤压变形以及豌豆骨发育等特征表现出与Grippia、Utatsusaurus、Parvinatator等其他早三叠世鱼龙类前肢的相似性。据此分析推测,早三叠世鱼龙类可能存在两个演化方向。即在二叠纪末大灭绝(EPME)事件后不久,鱼龙类起源并在奥伦尼克期出现分化,一部分个体相对较大、前肢未特化、运动能力较强的鱼龙类实现了跨区交流,另一些个体相对较小、前肢特化、运动能力较弱的鱼龙类则成为地方性(东特提斯区)的独立演化分支。但两者之间的系统发生关系以及Chaohusau...     

新疆半岛湖地区晚二叠世与早三叠世地层的发现及其意义

在巴颜喀拉弧后盆地西端的半岛湖地区，分布着大量的复理石建造，以往一直认为其属三叠世沉积。近期笔者在该区上述地层中发现了牙形石和孢粉化石，首次厘定该区上二叠统和下三叠统的存在，对完善该区的地层系统和沉积构造研究等具有重要意义。     

一种新的错时相沉积物——巨鲕及其环境意义

华南下三叠统缓坡背景的地层中广泛发育高能滩相鲕粒灰岩,其中含相当数量的巨鲕,粒径大部分在2~6 mm之间,最大可达12 mm。巨鲕的核心类型以多晶粒状方解石和球粒为主,具明暗相间的同心纹层,沿切线方向定向排列的晶体结构表明其原生矿物可能为文石。含巨鲕灰岩与生物碎屑灰岩交互沉积,指示了当时海平面的相对变化。巨鲕在新元古代地层中广泛发育,但在显生宙和现代海洋环镜中超过5 mm的鲕粒相当少见。巨鲕在二叠纪末灭绝事件后大量出现,随着中三叠世生态的复苏、海洋环境趋于正常而又消失。这些特征说明巨鲕可以作为一种错时相沉积物,它的形成无疑与当时的生态和海水环境有关,代表着一类特殊的沉积学现象。分析了巨鲕产出背景、微观结构和沉积特征,对于了解其成因、探索二叠纪—三叠纪之交地质突变期异常的生态状况和特殊的海洋环境具有重要意义。     

西藏仲巴县仁多地区早三叠世牙形石及冈底斯西部早三叠世古地理格局

随着海相三叠系沉积地层的发现,冈底斯地区三叠纪时期的古地理格局正在经历着从古陆向海洋沉积区的认识上的转变,然而仍然有地质学家认为冈底斯西部南侧存在早三叠世的隆起区,在岩相古地理上表现为隆格尔—工布江达陆相岩浆弧的存在,其主要根据是没有发现三叠系地层。仁多剖面位于该岩浆弧带中部的隆格尔隆起区上,前人认为该区没有下三叠统,然而笔者在以往划分为中二叠统"下拉组"的地层中获得了典型的早三叠世牙形石属Pachycladina的化石,因此确定研究区的下三叠统是存在的,并且在岩性上以白云岩为特征,在区域上可对比到上二叠统至下三叠统的木纠错组的上段。该发现表明仁多地区的下三叠统不缺失,与冈底斯三叠纪在整体上处于海洋沉积区的观点一致,隆格尔隆起并不存在。根据近年来积累的西藏地区下三叠统的地层资料,指出冈底斯西部早三叠世为大面积的白云岩蒸发岩台地相和局部碳酸盐岩台内坳陷相间的古地理格局。     

龙门山构造带早三叠世古地磁新结果及其对四川盆地构造旋转的制约

选择龙门山构造带剑阁县竹园镇马鹿乡地区早三叠世飞仙关组,开展了详细的古地磁研究。通过对飞仙关组9个采样点灰岩、泥质灰岩样品系统的古地磁测试,热退磁结果分离了一组高温特征剩磁分量。样品的高温剩磁分量具有正、反双极性,且通过了倒转检验,表明它们很可能代表了岩石形成时的原生剩磁。构造校正后的特征剩磁方向为:偏角D_s=42.3°,倾角I_s=12.6°,α_(95)=9.4°;相应的极位置为:经度φ_p=219.3°E,纬度λ_p=42.9°N,d_p/d_m=4.9°/9.6°,古纬度plat=6.4°。对比稳定的四川盆地早三叠世的古地磁结果,获得龙门山构造带相对于稳定四川盆地发生了1.2°±4.4°的顺时针旋转运动,为此从构造古地磁角度,提出龙门山构造带和四川盆地自早三叠世以来,在动力学上已是统一的构造单元,并没有发生明显的构造旋转作用。     

内蒙古东南部早三叠世花岗岩带岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境

锆石U-Pb定年结果表明位于林西县北西的转山子岩体的形成时代为245.6±0.9Ma,该岩体与内蒙古东南部的龙头山和建设屯岩体共同构成一条大致平行于西拉木伦河蛇绿岩带的早三叠世花岗岩带。岩石学和地球化学分析表明,上述早三叠世岩体属于钙碱性和高钾钙碱性系列,铝饱和指数(ACNK)均小于1.1,属于偏铝质或弱过铝质的I型花岗岩。其中,转山子岩体轻重稀土分馏较弱,含有较低的Sr含量(400×10-6),显示经典岛弧岩石的特征;建设屯岩体具有强烈的轻重稀土分馏以及较高的Sr含量(400×10-6),显示埃达克岩的地球化学特征;龙头山岩体的轻重稀土分馏特征和Sr的含量总体介于前两者之间。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,上述三个岩体都具有正的εHf(t)值。岩石地球化学特征反映它们起源于不同深度的新生下地壳不同程度的部分熔融作用。综合考虑区域地层和岩浆岩资料,本文认为该花岗岩带与区域上同时代的镁铁质火山岩共同形成于西伯利亚和中朝古板块碰撞造山过程中与伸展有关的地球动力学环境,可能与向南俯冲的古亚洲洋板块在早三叠世的断离引起的软流圈上涌有关。     

内蒙古中部锡林浩特-西乌旗早三叠世A型酸性火山岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

通过K—Ar年代学、元素、同位素地球化学研究,可以厘定内蒙古锡林浩特-西乌旗英安岩-流纹岩形成于早三叠世（K—Ar：245Ma）;其具有富硅碱,贫钙镁,显著的负Eu异常,低Ba、Sr丰度和高Rb／Sr比值,以及高Ga、Zr、Nb、Ce、Y等元素地球化学特征;并呈现相对富集的（^87Sr／^86Sr）i（0．7068～0．7099）和中等亏损的Nd（εNd（t）=＋1．66-＋3．34）的同位素特征。这些类似于A型花岗岩的地球化学特征。它们可能是内蒙中部近于同期发育的铝质A型花岗岩浆的喷出相,形成于慢源岩浆底侵新增生中下地壳的直接部分熔融,并伴随其后的分异作用。这些具有A2型花岗岩地球化学特征的酸性火山岩与同期拉斑玄武岩构成了造山后拉张环境下发育的特征性双峰式火山岩组合,这不仅为内蒙中部在早中生代已经结束块体拼合而进入造山后阶段提供了进一步的岩石学证据,而且暗示了地幔物质的加入在中亚造山带后造山时期陆壳的垂向生长过程中起最主要的作用。     

贵阳花溪早三叠世遗迹化石及其对二叠纪末生物大绝灭事件后生物复苏的启示?

报道了贵阳花溪下三叠统大冶组中14种遗迹属,它们包括Beaconichnus、Cosmorhaphe、Dendrorhaphe、Gyrochorte、Gordia、Micatuba、Mammillichnis、Megagrapton、Planolites、Palaeophycus、Phycodes、Phycosiphon、Rhizocorallium和Undichna。遗迹化石产出特征为以水平潜穴为主、浅的阶层分布（<4mm）、以觅食迹为主的遗迹组合和小型化的Planolites,这些特征表明经历了P-T事件之后,华南早三叠世浅海生态环境仍处于缺氧异常环境,这种环境直到早三叠世晚期才趋于正常。大冶组遗迹化石发展模式体现出海洋环境群落生态演替特征,造迹生物由早期单一多毛类蠕虫向物种丰富的多毛类发展,再到以甲壳纲动物在沉积物中开辟更大的生态空间和定居。这种绝灭后软躯体动物在崩溃生态系中的发展模式与贵州晚泥盆世弗拉期-法门期之交绝灭界线之上遗迹化石所表现的软躯体动物的演化特征相似。向三度空间开拓发展的复杂遗迹Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides在绝灭前后世界范围内的分布表明,高纬度区软躯体动物的复苏比低纬度区要快。     

Early Triassic Volcanic Rocks in the Western Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone: Implications for the Opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean

In this study, zircon U-Pb dating of volcanic rocks from the Zhongba ophiolite of the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) in southern Xizang (Tibet) yielded an age of 247 ± 3 Ma. According to whole rock geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data, the Early Triassic samples could be divided into two groups: Group 1 with P-MORB affinity, showing initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70253–0.70602, εNd(t) values of 4.2–5.3, (206Pb/204Pb)t ratios of 16.353–18.222, (207Pb/204Pb)t ratios of 15.454–15.564, and (208Pb/204Pb)t ratios of 35.665–38.136; Group 2 with OIB affinity, showing initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.70249–0.70513, εNd(t) values of 4.4–4.9, (206Pb/204Pb)t ratios of 17.140–18.328, (207Pb/204Pb)t ratios of 15.491–15.575, and (208Pb/204Pb)t ratios of 36.051–38.247. Group 2 rocks formed by partial melting of the mantle source enriched by a former plume, and assimilated continental crustal material during melt ascension. The formation of Group 1 rocks corresponds to the mixing of OIB melts, with the same components as Group 2 and N-MORBs. The Zhongba Early Triassic rocks belong to the continental margin type ophiolite and formed in the continental–oceanic transition zone during the initial opening of the Neo-Tethys in southern Xizang (Tibet).     

江西萍乐坳陷带西段早三叠世地层划分与对比及沉积环境分析

萍乡—宜春一带地处萍乐坳陷带西段,早三叠世地层广泛发育,长期以来对其地层单元划分、时代归属、分布范围、名称使用均不统一,给萍乐坳陷西段的研究工作带来诸多问题。笔者通过萍乐坳陷带西段萍乡—宜春一带1∶5万区域地质调查,首次系统地从岩石地层、生物地层方面对早三叠世地层进行了划分与对比,将该地区早三叠世地层自下而上划分为:殷坑组、青龙组、周冲村组,又将周冲村组进一步划分为四个段,并依据牙形石成果资料,将殷坑组、青龙组、周冲村组一段定为印度阶,周冲村组二段至四段定为奥伦尼克阶。同时根据岩性组合及沉积相特征对其沉积环境进行了分析,认为该地区早三叠世沉积环境为"台-坡-盆"古地貌结构的"陆缘海"。     

Unusual intraclastic limestones in Lower Triassic carbonates and their bearing on the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

Flat pebble conglomerates were a common carbonate facies in Cambrian to Early Ordovician open marine settings, but they become extremely rare in these environments after this time. However, the Early Triassic witnessed an anachronistic reappearance of flat pebbles, together with other intraclast types, in a range of carbonate depositional settings. In south China, flat pebble conglomerates are encountered in storm-dominated, platform carbonates to deep basinal settings, while prefossilized bivalve intraclasts and flat pebbles are common in mid-ramp facies of northern Italy. The emplacement mechanisms of the intraclast-bearing beds appear to have been diverse and to have included basinal turbidity flows and storm-generated hyperconcentrated flows: true storm beds, deposited under combined flow conditions, are rare. The cause of the widespread early lithification implied by the Early Triassic intraclasts appears to have been twofold: suppression of bioturbation, allowing the preservation of thin beds, and rapid submarine lithification. Both features appear to be a response to the widespread development of benthic dysoxia/anoxia during and following the end-Permian mass extinction. This event appears to have temporarily recreated the conditions that pertained in Cambro-Ordovician shelf seas. Flat pebble conglomerates may, therefore, constitute a proxy indicator of stressed environmental conditions associated with global anoxic/dysoxic events.     

贵阳花溪地区下三叠统大冶组遗迹化石及沉积环境分析

贵阳花溪下三叠统大冶组中富产遗迹化石,产出18个遗迹属:Beaconichnus,Circulichnis,Cosmorhaphe,Dendrohaphe,Glockerichnus,Gyrochorte,Gordia,Maeandropolydora,Micatuba,Mammillichnis,Megagrapton,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Phycodes,Phycosiphon,Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides和Undichna。自下而上可识别出三个遗迹组构,分别为Phycodes、Phycosiphon Mammillichnis和Thalassinoidess遗迹组构。根据遗迹化石各属种分布,大冶组自下而上出现四个遗迹相:Cruziana遗迹相、Zoophycoss遗迹相、Nereites遗迹相和Cruziana遗迹相。结合遗迹组构,对大冶组的沉积环境进行了讨论,Phycodes组构属于Cruziana相,指示浅水环境;Phycosiphon Mammillichnis组构属于Zoophycos遗迹相—Nereites遗迹相,代表台缘下斜坡半深海低能环境;Thalassinoides组构属于Cruziana相,指示早三叠世印度期末的浅水高能环境。     

Rifts,rivers and climate recovery: A new model for the Triassic of England

Triassic basins of England developed under a regime of largely W–E extension and progressed from non-marine fluvial and aeolian sedimentation (Sherwood Sandstone Group), through marine-influenced playa lacustrine deposits (Mercia Mudstone Group) to marine environments (Penarth Group). A new tectono-stratigraphic model for the Sherwood Sandstone Group is proposed in which two major long-distance river systems developed under conditions of relative fault inactivity in the Early Triassic (Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds and equivalent) and Middle Triassic (Otter Sandstone and equivalent). These are separated by a late Early Triassic syn-rift succession of fluvio–aeolian sandstones (Wildmoor Sandstone and Wilmslow Sandstone formations) and playa lacustrine muds (Nettlecombe Formation) which show major thickness variation and localisation with hanging wall basins. The partitioning of syn-rift deposits into mudstones within upstream basins (close to the source of water and sediment) and clean aeolian or fluvio–aeolian sandstones in downstream basins is similar to the pattern observed in the underlying late Permian. Under conditions of rapid tectonic subsidence chains of extensional basins may become disconnected with upstream basins (Wessex Basin) acting as traps for fines and water permitting more aeolian activity in temporarily unlinked downstream basins (Worcester and Cheshire basins). In addition to tectonic controls, fluctuating climate, relief related to limestone resilience in arid settings, the smoothing effect of fill and spill sedimentation and Tethyan sea-level change all contributed toward the observed Triassic stratigraphy in England.     

A sedimentological model for the continental Upper Triassic Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member: recording an interplay of climate and tectonics (Argana Valley; South‐west Morocco)

The continental Upper Triassic Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member was deposited in an extensional setting on the Pangaean continent, strongly influenced by a low‐latitude climatic regime (10° to 20° north). Complex interaction of basin subsidence and climatically driven processes led to high facies variability and a lack of correlatable units across the Argana Valley exposures. A process‐orientated approach integrating detailed facies with architectural element analysis was undertaken, which resulted in a multistage depositional model for the Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member. The basin‐scale model shows that basal alluvial fan and braided river systems are confined to the centre of the Argana Valley exposures. Aeolian deposits occur throughout the sequence, but dominate in the north. After a phase of playa deposition, prominent basin‐wide fluvial incision of up to 8 m marks the onset of perennial fluvial flow. These well‐sorted, internally complex and locally highly amalgamated fluvial sandstones are widespread throughout the basin and are focused in a north to south (south‐west) flowing channel system. After a final stage of aeolian sedimentation, sandstone deposition of the Tadrart Ouadou Sandstone Member in the Argana Valley is terminated rapidly by the onlap of lacustrine mudstones of the Sidi Mansour Member. The study revealed that, except for one pronounced period of perennial conditions, sedimentation is controlled largely by ephemeral fluvial flow, alternating ground water tables, deflation processes and periods with limited periodic local run‐off. The study highlights that facies architecture in the basin is the result of complex interaction of local syn‐sedimentary tectonics and the climatic regime within the basin, but also the climate of the catchment area to the east. The data suggest a proximal to mid‐distal basin setting in the rain‐shadow to the west of a mountain range (Massif Ancien), which exerted a strong control on the depositional environments of Triassic deposits exposed in this part of South‐west Morocco.     

东昆仑南缘早三叠世洪水川组的源区特征:来自碎屑组成、重矿物和岩石地球化学的证据

分布于东昆仑南缘的早三叠世洪水川组系一套由砾岩、砂岩、页岩和鲕粒灰岩等浅海相和河流相沉积物构成的弧前盆地沉积组合.砂岩碎屑组成、重矿物组合、岩石地球化学和古水流综合研究结果表明,洪水川组砂岩物源主要来自于北侧的岛弧带,同时南侧的阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂带也为其形成提供了部分物源;源区主要出露长英质岩石、变质岩和硅质岩.     

南盘江盆地及邻区早中三叠世层序地层格架及其古地理演化-兼论从"滇黔桂盆地"到"南盘江盆地"的演变过程

二叠纪与三叠纪之交的大规模台地淹没事件使二叠纪时期的一些孤立台地被淹没而消亡，其后，研究区在三叠纪经历了从滇黔桂盆地到南盘江盆地的演化过程；在空间上，从连陆台地到浊积盆地以及发育在浊积盆地中的孤立碳酸盐台地，相分异特别明显，特别是南宁和靖西一带孤立台地上早三叠世的鲕粒滩以及连陆台地边缘的礁滩相灰岩更是引人注目。尽管不同相带的三级沉积层序相序组构千差万变并且它们的形成时限也不尽相同，但是由其所表征的相对海平面变化则具有大致的同步性，从而在早中三叠世地层中可以识别出6个三级沉积层序；以地层记录中的两种相变面和两种穿时性为基本要素，即可以建立南盘江盆地早中三叠世的层序地层格架。早、中三叠世层序地层格架及相应的古地理特征，代表了统一的南盘江盆地的形成演化过程；晚三叠世的古地理特征，反映了南盘江盆地的消亡过程。     

川北南江地区下三叠统飞一段风暴沉积特征及地质意义

为进一步探究四川盆地北部南江剖面近P-T界线处频繁出露的风暴沉积暗含的地质信息,探讨早三叠世巨型季风气候对四川盆地北部沉积的影响,对研究剖面进行野外及镜下岩石学、沉积学特征综合分析,以底面侵蚀构造、风暴砾屑层、丘状交错层理等作为重要的识别标志,识别出风暴作用不同阶段的沉积产物高峰期(Sa)、衰减期(Sb)、停息期(Sc)段。根据Sa、Sb、Sc段的不同组合形式,将出露的多套风暴沉积划分为代表不同水深环境的I、II、III、IV四种风暴层序结构类型;在此基础上对Sa段风暴颗粒进行粒度分析并对风暴沉积厚度、层序结构类型等作纵向比较,风暴沉积表现为向上风暴作用逐渐增强的沉积序列。结合上寺剖面风暴沉积研究并进行横向对比,发现两剖面风暴沉积均发育在靠近P-T界线的早三叠世地层中且沉积规模接近,推测应为早三叠世时期同一巨型季风体制下受到频繁风暴作用影响的事件性沉积,并共同揭示了开江-梁平海槽边缘在早三叠世逐渐向广海方向推进、海槽逐渐被填平的沉积过程。     

渤海湾西岸全新世沉积速率对河流供给的响应

渤海湾西岸由北向南获取了3个钻孔,以全新世海相岩心为研究对象,采用AMS14C(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry14C,加速器质谱14C)测年方法建立年代框架并计算平均沉积速率,结合沉积物粒度组成及沿岸古河流三角洲发育历史,探讨了沉积速率对沿岸河流供给变化的时空响应。结果表明,早全新世—中全新世初期(11~6ka),渤海湾西岸整体沉积速率偏低,仅0.03~0.07cm/a,沉积物粒度较粗;中全新世6.43~4.97ka cal BP期间,NP3孔平均沉积速率为0.60~0.93cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的CH110孔和BT113孔。沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量低,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西北岸对潮白河、永定河及滦河沉积物供给的响应;中全新世晚期3.68~2.67ka cal BP期间,BT113孔沉积速率为0.27~1.4cm/a,高于同期沿岸北部CH110孔和NP3孔,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量较NP3孔高,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西岸南部对黄河沉积物供给的响应;晚全新世2.29~0.24ka cal BP期间,沿岸中部CH110孔沉积速率为0.55~0.91cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的BT113孔和北部的NP3孔,该高沉积速率为渤海湾西岸中部对黄河和海河供给沉积的先后响应。     

Paleoecological and archaeological implications of a late Pleistocene/Early holocene record of vegetation and climate from the pacific coastal plain of panama

A phytolith record from Monte Oscuro, a crater lake located 10 m above sea level on the Pacific coastal plain of Panama, shows that during the Late Pleistocene the lake bed was dry and savanna-like vegetation expanded at the expense of tropical deciduous forest, the modern potential vegetation. A significant reduction of precipitation below current levels was almost certainly required to effect the changes observed. Core sediment characteristics indicate that permanent inundation of the Monte Oscuro basin with water occurred at about 10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P. Pollen and phytolith records show that deciduous tropical forest expanded into the lake’s watershed during the early Holocene. Significant burning of the vegetation and increases of weedy plants at ca. 7500 to 7000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. indicate disturbance, which most likely resulted from early human occupation of the seasonal tropical forest near Monte Oscuro and the development of slash-and-burn methods of cultivation.