关于确定东亚夏季风强度指数的探讨

文中利用作者曾定义的东亚夏季风在中国东北地区 (12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N)的建立标准 ,根据相同的方法 ,分别计算了沿 112 .5 ,117.5 ,和 12 2 .5°E上 ,2 0°N及以北每隔 5个纬度东亚夏季风建立、持续和撤退时间 (候 ) ,将某年持续和多年平均持续候数相比的标准化值 ,定义为一种沿某一经圈上某一纬度的东亚夏季风强度指数ISMΦ,还分析了该指数与中国夏季降水量场和 5 0 0hPa高度场的相关。结果表明 :(1)沿 117.5°E经度上 ,东亚夏季风在 2 0 ,2 5 ,30 ,35 ,和 4 0°N建立的平均日期分别为 2 7.2 6 ,2 8.5 4 ,34.4 3,37.12和 37.6 5 (候 ) ,撤退平均日期分别为 5 4 .4 4 ,5 3.6 9,5 1.85 ,4 8和 4 6 .76 (候 ) ,其中 117.5°E ,2 0°N代表南海的中北部 ,文中确定的该区夏季风建立、撤退日期分别为 2 7.2 6 (候 )和 5 4 .4 4 (候 ) ,与国内学者公认的 5月 4候 (2 8候 )和 10月 1候 (5 5候 )相当吻合 ;(2 )沿 112 .5°E、117.5°E和12 2 .5°E的同一纬度上 ,东亚夏季风建立的平均日期并不相同 ,西边先于东边建立 ,每隔 5个经度 ,相差约 1～ 2候 ,而撤退的平均日期 (30°N及以北 )分布则相反 ,东边先撤退 ;(3)沿 117.5°E ,30°N和 35°N的ISMΦ和沿 12 2 .5°E ,4 0°N的ISMΦ均与中国华北和东北地区大部 7～     

1873~1995年东亚冬,夏季风强度指数

利用１８７３～１９９５年的海平面资料，延长和建立了东亚冬、夏季风强度指数。该指数与我国的冬、夏季天气的年际变化、年代际变化关系密切，与印度季风强度呈正相关，并且能解释季风的准两年振荡。     

南海夏季风爆发日期和强度的短期气候预测方法研究

利用合成及相关统计方法，研究冬季南海季风指数与850hPa风场、500hPa高度、海表温度、OLR等环境场的相互关系及其影响南海夏季风活动的可能机制。指出冬季南海季风指数及环境场的异常特征可以作为预测南海夏季风活动的前兆信号。在此基础上建立了预测南海夏季风爆发日期和强度的概念模型，1998－2001年的预测试验取得了较好成绩。     

气候变暖背景下南海夏季风建立和结束日期及与其强度的关系

利用1948—2012年NCEP/NCAR再分析全球格点日平均资料,将南海区域(110～120 °E,10～20 °N) 850 hPa 候平均纬向风稳定地由东(西)风转为西(东)风,且同一层上稳定地有θse≥335 K(θse<335 K)确定为南海夏季风建立(结束)日期,得到近65 a南海夏季风建立、结束、持续日期序列。赤道印度洋地区的顺时针旋转的涡旋与越赤道气流及副高对南海夏季风的爆发起着决定性作用。南海夏季风建立日期与其强度的关系密切,夏季风建立越晚(早)其强度越强(弱),纬向风在对流层高层先(后)发生突变。气候变暖对南海夏季风的建立和结束日期及强度的影响是显著的,气候变暖后南海夏季风建立早(晚)年明显偏多(少),强度明显偏弱。      

南海夏季风强度指数及其变化特征

依据南海夏季风活动的基本特征，设计了一个动力不因子（西南风分量）与热力学因子（OLR）相结合标准化的南海夏季风强度指数Is。并计算出1975－1999年6、7、8中各月及夏季Is的数据，给出了强、弱夏季风月和年。分析了其变化特征和Is与夏季风爆发早晚，及与广东和我国降水的关系。结果表明：近35年来，南海夏季风年际变化有准10年和准3－4年变化周期。南海夏季风爆发早（晚），则该年夏季风大多偏强（弱）。南海夏季风强（弱）年，广东后汛期偏涝（旱），前汛期降水正常或偏旱（正常），我国东北、华北大部和江南大部夏季降水偏多（少），而长江中下游和华北西部以及华西偏少（多）。     

南海夏季风的建立及强度变化

利用ＮＣＥＰ ８５０ｈＰａ风场和ＯＬＲ资料，分析了南海地区西南风和ＯＬＲ的气候变化规律以及它们之间的相互关系，提出了一个反映南海西南季风变化的季风指数，并初步分析了南海西南季风的强度变化和建立时间。     

40a南海夏季风建立日期的确定

对1958～1997年NCEP/NCAR4～6月逐候资料的分析表明,将(10～20°N,110～120°E)区域内面积平均的850hPa层上稳定地有θse≥335K且纬向风由东风稳定地转变为西风的时刻为南海夏季风爆发时间具有较好的指示意义.所谓稳定是指从该时刻起,这一状况必须持续3候且其后间断不超过2候,或持续2候后间断1候但立刻又回到间断前状态.     

南海夏季风活动的年际和年代际特征

利用NCEP风场资料和候平均向外长波辐射（OLR）资料分析了南海区域低层风场与对流活动的关系,在此基础上,采用南海中南部的纬向风平均值来定义南海夏季风的爆发,确定了长序列（1949～1998）的南海夏季风爆发日期和强度指数,并研究南海夏季风活动的年际和年代际变化特征。结果表明：南海夏季风爆发日期和强度指数呈显著的反相关;50年来的气候趋势是,爆发日期逐渐偏晚,强度指数逐渐减弱。二者都存在着明显的年际和年代际变化,它们在不同阶段上的波动是各种时间尺度振荡叠加的结果,而年代际尺度具有非常重要的作用。东印度洋海温异常在南海夏季风爆发前后,均与南海夏季风强度指数呈显著的反相关。东太平洋海温异常在南海夏季风爆发之前,与强度指数反相关,而爆发之后,与强度指数正相关。这体现了南海夏季风活动与ENSO事件的密切关系。     

东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的标准、日期及其主要特征分析

文中利用中国东北区 80个测站 ,1980年以来近 2 0a逐日降水和同期NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料 ,提出了东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立和撤退的标准 ,即取 85 0hPa候平均资料 ,作沿 12 2 .5°E时间 纬度剖面图 ,将θse的336K和南风 4m/s等值线同时越过 4 0°N的候定义为东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的日期 (候 ) ,持续及累积的总候数为影响时间 ;该年θse的 336K等值线永久撤离到 4 0°N以南的候为东亚夏季风从中国东北区撤退的日期 ;如果某年θse的 336K和南风 4m/s等值线没有同时北移越过 4 0°N的候出现 ,确定为东亚夏季风在中国东北区没有建立的年份。文中相应给出 1980～ 2 0 0 0年建立、持续及累积和撤退的时间年历表 ,经计算东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立的平均日期为第 4 1候 ( 7月第 5候 ) ,累积平均影响候数为 3.6候 ( 18d左右 ) ,开始撤退的平均日期为第 4 5候( 8月第 3候 ) ;东亚夏季风在中国东北区建立前后的候降雨量增加和撤退前后候降雨量递减十分显著 ,建立时水汽场由辐散转变为辐合。文中还定义了中国东北区强夏季风的年份 (建立的时间早 ,且累积候≥ 4候的年份 )为1981,1988,1990和 1994年 ,与国内学者定义的强夏季风年基本一致 ;在中国东北区没有建立东亚夏季风的年份为1980 ,1983,1987,1991,     

DETERMINATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET AND EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Results of the definition of South China Sea summer monsoon onset date and East Asian summer monsoon index in recent years are summarized in this paper. And more questions to be resolved are introduced later.     

COMPOSITE ANALYSIS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET PROCESS OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA

Based on the method of composite analysis, the onset process and preceding signs of summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated. The result indicates that convection activities appear first over the Indo-China Peninsula prior to the onset of the monsoon, then around the Philippines just at the point of onset, implying that the convection activities around the Philippines serve as one of the reasons leading to the SCS monsoon onset. Before the SCS monsoon onset, the equatorial westerly over the Indian Ocean (75°E 95°E ) experiences noticeable enhancement and plays an important role on the SCS monsoon onset. It propagates eastward rapidly and causes the establishment and strengthening of equatorial westerly in the southern SCS, on the one hand, it results in the migration southward of the westerly on south side of the south-China stationary front by means of shift northeastward of the westerly and convection over the Bay of Bengal, on the other. Further study also shows that the intensification of equatorial westerly in the Indian Ocean (75°E 95°E) and the southern SCS is closely related to the reinforcement of the Southern-Hemisphere Mascarene high and Australian high, and cross-equatorial flow northward around Somali, at 85°E and 105°E, respectively.     

GENERAL SITUATION ABOUT ACTIVITY OF SUMMER MONSOON OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA IN 2004 ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Based on daily NCEP reanalysis data, OLR and satellite rainfall data, the characteristic of the activities of South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) in 2004 were analyzed. The results showed that the establishment of SCSSM was little later than normal and the intensity was stronger than normal. Influenced by the location of the northwest Pacific subtropical high, which was much northward and westward than normal, SCSSM was active mainly in the South China Sea areas. There existed obvious intraseasonal oscillation and two significant periods of SCSSM, one was about 20-30 days and the other about 40-50 days. The transportation of moisture was concentrated on the South China Sea and the northwest Pacific regions, reducing the northward transportation and resulting in drought in southern China     

APPLICATION OF HYSPLIT MODEL IN DEFINITION OF THE ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Using NCEP reanalysis data and an airflow trajectory model based on the Lagrangian method, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, the daily backward trajectories on the height of 850 hPa above the South China Sea (SCS) area are simulated from April to June. The onset date of the SCS summer monsoon from 1948 to 2009 is determined according to the simulated source of airflow in the monitored area of the SCS. By analyzing the SCS monsoon onset dates over the 62 years, we found that the number of years in which the SCS monsoon onset is earlier accounts for 13%, and the later years 14%, the normal years 73%, of all the 62 years. Analyses with the Lagrangian method, done in comparison with the other two methods which combine wind and potential pseudo-equivalent temperature, were performed to determine the onset dates of the SCS summer monsoon. In some years, the source of the southwest airflow in the monitored area of the SCS is in the subtropical region before the onset of the SCS monsoon, so the airflow from the subtropics can be distinguished with the airflow from the tropics by using the Lagrangian method. The simulation by the trajectory model indicated that in some years, after the onset of SCS summer monsoon, the SCS will be controlled by the southeast wind instead of the southwesterly usually expected.     

利用大尺度环流确定2006年南海夏季风爆发日期

南海夏季风爆发最显著的特征就是南海地区西南风的突然增强和降水的明显增多,往往采用南海地区低层平均风场和(或)对流强度来判别南海夏季风的爆发日期。这种方法在大多数的年份是适用的,但是2006年由于0601号台风“珍珠”的介入,利用南海地区的区域指标来确定南海夏季风的爆发日期就略显不足。要解决以上的问题,必须从更大尺度上去想办法。利用经圈和纬圈环流可以较好地确定2006年南海夏季风的爆发日期。分析结果表明2006年南海夏季风爆发于5月16日(第4候)。     

东亚副热带夏季风槽的气候特征及其与南海夏季风槽的比较

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,从气候特征角度研究了东亚副热带夏季风槽的结构和演变特征及其与南海夏季风槽的区别.结果表明,无论是辐合还是对流,南海夏季风槽都强于副热带夏季风槽.南海夏季风槽伸展高度较低,位置少变;而副热带夏季风槽伸展高度较高,并且随高度向北倾斜.南海夏季风槽建立早且突然,表现为对流层低层正相对涡度突然出现,其撤退缓慢;副热带夏季风槽则是渐进式建立,表现为低层云贵高原、广西地区的正相对涡度逐步向东北方向扩展,其撤退较快.南海夏季风槽建立过程中东西风向逆转是一个很明显的指示因子,而副热带夏季风建立过程没有伴随明显的风向逆转,主要特征是西风增强.南海夏季风槽不具备锋面性质,副热带夏季风槽则具备明显的锋面性质.     

赤道涡旋与南海夏季风爆发

文中应用１９７９－１９９５年共１７ａ的８５０ｈＰａ风场资料和ＮＯＡＡ卫星的ＯＬＲ资料，分析了南海夏季风爆发的特征。证实南海夏季风爆发，落后于同纬度的中南半岛和菲律宾岛屿地区。但在南海的东部和西部，季风爆发几乎是同时的，具有某种驻波的特征。文中还证实，大多数年份的４，５月间在１０５°Ｅ附近有赤道涡旋形成，这个涡旋引导它上游的赤道西风或南半球西风进入南海南部，为南海的季风爆发创造有利条件。这种涡旋不活跃的年份，季风爆发往往偏晚。它们之间可能存在某种联系。４月中旬，这个涡旋的形成和１０５°Ｅ越赤道气流的初步建立是同时的。进入５月份，这支越赤道气流逐渐加强。南海夏季风的活动与这支气流可能关系密切。如果称位于１０５°Ｅ附近的赤道涡旋为东亚的爆发涡旋，它显然与南亚季风的情况有较大差别。南亚的爆发涡旋与季风爆发的关系是直接的，而在东亚，则是间接的，这也说明了东亚季风比南亚季风更具有复杂性。     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON II. INTER-DECADAL VARIATION

By using the 40-year NCEP (1958-1997) grid point reanalysis meteorological data, we analyzed the inter-decadal variation on the climatic characteristics of the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. The results are as follows. (1) There was great difference on the onset date of the SCS summer monsoon between the first two decades and the last two decades. It was late on the 6th pentad of May for the first two decades and was on the 4th and 5th pentad of May for the next two decades. (2) Except for the third decade (1978-1987), the establishment of the monsoon rainfall was one to two pentads earlier than the onset of the summer monsoon in all other three decades. (3) The onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of the abrupt development and eastward advancement of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The four-decade analysis shows that there were abrupt development of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal between the 3rd and 4th pentad of May, but there was great difference between its eastward movement and its onset intensity. These may have important effect to the earlier or later onset of the SCS summer monsoon. (4) During the onset of the SCS summer monsoon, there were great difference in the upper and lower circulation feature between the first two and the next two decades. At the lower troposphere of the first two decades, the Indian-Burma trough was stronger and the center of the subtropical high was located more eastward. At the upper troposphere, the northward movement of the center of subtropical high was large and located more northward after it landed on the Indo-China Peninsula. After comparison, we can see that the circulation feature of the last two decades was favorable to the establishment and development of the SCS summer monsoon.     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.