2013年我国近海赤潮引发种种类和分布研究

对2013年全国海洋环境监测1626个站位生物数据进行分析, 以近2001年～2013年在我国近海海域明确发生赤潮的生物作为赤潮引发种, 开展其种类组成和数量分布研究。结果显示: (1)我国近海赤潮引发种隶属于8门60种, 其中产毒种12种, 甲藻27种, 硅藻20种。(2)2013年共监测到上述赤潮引发种50种, 各监测站位种类数在0～25种之间, 平均密度在84～1.16×10¹¹个/m³之间, 赤潮引发种种类数、密度分布大致都呈现近岸至远海递减的趋势, 但在长江口及其邻近海域, 呈现先增大后减小趋势。(3)2013年各海区赤潮引发种种类数在36～42之间, 平均密度渤海>东海>南海>黄海, 多样性指数渤海>黄海>南海>东海, 都以中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为优势种。(4)作为高频赤潮引发种,2013年中肋骨条藻(S. costatum)主要分布在我国近岸及近海海域; 夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)在我国近岸、近远海海域都有分布; 东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)主要分布在黄海和东海的近岸和近海海域; 米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)分布较为广泛, 但出现的站位较少; 红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)只在很少区域有分布。该研究结果有助于摸清我国近海海域赤潮生物种类和分布状况, 可为赤潮的预警及其防灾减灾提供基础科学依据。     

我国近海赤潮灾害发生特征、机理及防治对策研究

近海赤潮灾害的频繁暴发严重破坏海洋生态平衡和海洋环境.根据2000～2009年的统计数据,从赤潮灾害发生时间、地域分布、赤潮生物优势种和规模变化4个方面分析了我国近海赤潮灾害的发生特征,同时探究了赤潮生物、营养物质(氮、磷、铁、锰、维生素、特殊有机物等)和外部环境(气象条件、水动力条件、海水理化因子等)引发赤潮灾害的机...     

2005年春初浙江近海的低温特征及其对大规模东海原甲藻赤潮发生的影响

在长江口附近和浙江近海海域,近些年来每年春季几乎都发生大规模的东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)赤潮,时间通常是在4月底或5月初,但2005年却一直到5月底才发生。本文根据近几年在浙江近海进行的多个春季航次的调查资料和有关站位的气象资料,分析了该海区2005年春初的温度特征及其对大规模东海原甲藻赤潮发生的影响,阐明了2005年春季大规模东海原甲藻赤潮迟发的主要物理环境原因。结果表明,2005年3月浙江近海水温比多年同期平均值偏低,且这种情况在近岸区更为明显;与2004年同期相比,2005年春初(4月初)浙江近海水温偏低,2005年和2004年的这种水温差异在近岸和中上层的低盐水里最为明显,而在远岸和下层的高盐水水温差异则相对要小;近岸低盐水最低温度2005年比2004年低约2.6℃;2005年1—3月浙江近海特殊的气象条件(10 a中最低的气温和强劲的偏北大风)和2004/2005年冬季较弱的台湾暖流是形成4月初浙江近海低温特征的主要原因;2004年冬季和2005年春初浙江近水温偏低很可能是2005年春季东海大规模原甲藻赤潮迟发的主要原因。     

天津近海赤潮发生的环境条件分析

本文重点对1997～2006年天津海域赤潮发生的情况进行统计分析,旨在对赤潮生消过程中海洋环境和气象要素的变化进行研究,为天津海域赤潮预报工作提供参考和依据。     

赤潮对浙江近海养殖业危害的初步调查

本文报导了浙江北部海域赤潮发生时对海湾扇贝、皱纹盘鲍幼体和养殖幼贝毒害的观察结果,证明赤潮毒素是赤潮杀死养殖生物的重要原因。文章还根据已有文献综合讨论了该水域有利于发生赤潮的环境条件。     

适宜平潭海域夜光藻赤潮发生的水温和气象条件统计分析

以2002—2019年平潭海域发生的16次夜光藻赤潮作为研究对象,基于平潭海域的水温资料和平潭气象站的气象观测资料,分析了该区域夜光藻赤潮的发生与海表水温和气象条件之间的关系。结果表明:(1)平潭海域夜光藻赤潮常发生于4月中旬—5月;(2)夜光藻赤潮发生的较适宜水温为14.4～24.7℃,最适宜水温为20.7～22.8℃;(3)更温暖的水温和气温背景更有利于赤潮的发生,而且在赤潮发生的前1 d,气温靠近最适宜赤潮发生的水温;(4)与其他赤潮发生类似,平潭海域夜光藻赤潮倾向于发生在弱风速时段;(5)相对湿度高、日照时数少的阴天更有利夜光藻繁殖。     

我国海域赤潮发生与海温及厄尔尼诺的相关分析

分析2000年以来我国海域赤潮发生次数和面积,以及期间与厄尔尼诺指数关系,分析认为①海域表温对我国4个海域赤潮发生有较显著影响.②2000～2007年4个海域发生的赤潮次数:东海>渤海>南海>黄海;2000～2007年4个海域赤潮发生面积:东海>渤海>黄海>南海.③1986～2007年厄尔尼诺对赤潮发生次数有一定的影响,4个海域赤潮发生次数与厄尔尼诺的相关程度不同:东海>南海>渤海>黄海,其中1999年后厄尔尼诺对中国近海赤潮发生次数具有显著影响.④1977～2007年发生的10次厄尔尼诺事件对厄尔尼诺年的次年我国海域赤潮发生的次数有比较显著的影响.     

台湾近海的温、盐垂直结构与t－S图解类型

本文根据我国台湾海洋工作者的调查分析资料，对台湾近海的温、盐垂直分布及ｔ－Ｓ图解特征进行分析，按其相似性特点进行归类和分型，并探讨它们的特点和异同之处。主要结果如下：１．冬、夏季台湾近海的温、盐垂直分布类型有５种，ｔ－Ｓ图解类型为９种。２．冬季台湾近海的水温垂直分布存在着一层、二层、三层结构，夏季多为三层结构；冬、夏季的盐度垂直分布为二层和三层结构。３．台湾西南、南和东北近海，ｔ－Ｓ图解类型复杂，出现多种类型交错。４．夏季台湾南端的猫鼻头、鹅銮鼻沿岸附近，其温、盐垂直分布皆出现上均匀层，此现象实属少见。     

基于MODIS影像的2016—2017年东海赤潮高发期水体时空分布及其气象控制因子分析

近年来,东海区域赤潮灾害频发,对沿海地区的经济发展和海洋生态环境造成了极大的破坏。本研究基于赤潮暴发年2016—2017年夏季MODIS影像数据,采用半经验多光谱识别算法对东海夏季赤潮暴发期的水体类型分布特征进行反演。结果表明,赤潮高发期东海水体类型从近岸向开阔海域呈现浑浊水体 赤潮水体 混合水体 干净水体的时空分布特征。其中,硅藻和甲藻赤潮水体在空间分布上具有相互演替变化的特征。此外,通过对浙江省近岸的大陈站、石浦站和嵊泗站3个站点的气象因子进行主成分分析发现,气温、风速和天空云量对赤潮的生消演替起着积极的促进作用。     

我国沿海地区海洋经济社会发展的近海水质影响研究

为促进我国沿海地区海洋经济社会和海洋生态环境协调可持续发展,文章采用成熟的海洋经济社会系统评价指标体系,综合运用环境库兹涅茨曲线、耦合协调度模型和逐步回归法,测算2006-2016年我国沿海地区海洋经济社会发展指数,分析海洋经济社会系统与近海水质间的拟合关系、弹性、耦合度和耦合协调度,并从系统、状态和指标3个层面解析影响近海水质的海洋经济社会因素。研究结果表明：2013年以前海洋经济社会发展与近海水质基本呈反向变化关系;近海水质的海洋经济社会系统弹性自2014年开始转为正值,但二者的耦合度和耦合协调度均较低;海洋社会发展对近海水质存在明显负向影响,海洋第三产业发展、海洋科技成果转化和海洋自然保护区建设有利于近海水质改善。建议严控陆源排污入海,提高海洋科技成果转化效率,优化海洋产业结构,持续加强海洋自然保护区建设,提升近海水质。     

南海夜光藻赤潮概况及其对水文气象的适应条件

本文根据1980~2004年的南海历次夜光藻赤潮事件资料,对这些赤潮事件在时间和空间的分布特征以及赤潮持续时间进行了分析;发现了夜光藻赤潮在1996年后被其它种类赤潮所更替的现象,并初步探讨其原因;统计、分析了夜光藻赤潮发生前后水文气象要素的变化范围和演变特征,提出了南海夜光藻赤潮的适温范围.     

A mid-depth front separating the South China Sea water and the Philippine sea water

In order to understand the influence of the South China Sea (SCS) water on the Kuroshio, and to study the dissolved carbonate system, we participated in six WOCE cruises aboard R/V Ocean Researcher 1. The areas studied were the northeast South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea near the Luzon Strait. Temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity and total CO₂ were measured. Our data indicate that, although the Kuroshio and the SCS waters flow in and out of the Luzon Strait near surface, the SCS water seems mainly to flow out of the SCS at mid-depth. There exists a mid-depth front near 122°E between 350 and 1350 m in all seasons and years that we studied. The water mass between 350 and 1350 m east of the front belongs to the West Philippine Sea proper water, while on the west is the mixed water of the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea.     

Simulation of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the South China Sea

The four leading tidal constituents M2, S2, K1 and O1 in the South China Sea are simulated by using POM. The model is forced with tide-generating potential and four leading tidal constituents at the open boundary. In order to simulate more exactly, TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data are assimilated into the model and the open boundary is optimized. The computed co-tidal charts for M2 and K1 constituents are generally consistent with previous results in this region. The numerical simulation shows that energetic internal tides are generated over the bottom topography such as the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands, the Nansha Islands and the Luzon Strait.     

南海黄鲷性腺发育的初步研究

本文采用常规的生物学调查方法并取黄鲷性腺做石蜡切片，用显微镜观察黄鲷的性腺发育，进行组织学研究．其结果表明，南海黄鲷精巢可分成6期，精巢5期的成熟度指数为1．62％～2．71％，平均值为1．99％．雌性生殖细胞可见5个时相，卵巢发育也相应分成6期，卵巢5期时的成熟度指数为8．90％～13．90％，平均值为9．45％．南海黄鲷的繁殖期在11月至翌年的4月，繁殖高峰在12月至3月，黄鲷的产卵类型属于在同一繁殖季节中多次产卵类型．本文还对黄鲷的雌雄同体现象、繁殖力、繁殖时间进行了讨论．     

A survey of baroclinic tides in the Beibu Gulf in the South China Sea

The principal characteristics of the tides are investigated by a shipborne acoustic Doppler current Profiler at a fixed station located in the Beibu Gulf from 4 to 14 April 2003. Data analysis indicates that the diurnal tidal currents dominate local current variations at the observing site. Except the barotropic M_2 constituent, four principal tides comprise both back-and-forth barotropic and baroclinic tidal currents. The baroclinic tidal ellipse parameters vary with depth, showing complicate features, rather than monotonous features being figured. For baroclinic tidal constituents, vertical modes are different to each other. Similarly, the semi-major axes of the tidal constituents vary with depth. In the lower layer, a nonlinear regression approach is used to calculate and obtain the SEMA profiles of diurnal tidal constituents. Results show that in the thin bottom boundary layer, all of the parameters vary drastically with depth, totally distinguished from the vertical profiles above.     

Trends of sea surface temperature and sea surface temperature fronts in the South China Sea during 2003–2017

The trends of the sea surface temperature(SST) and SST fronts in the South China Sea(SCS) are analyzed during2003–2017 using high-resolution satellite data. The linear trend of the basin averaged SST is 0.31°C per decade,with the strongest warming identified in southeastern Vietnam. Although the rate of warming is comparable in summer and winter for the entire basin, the corresponding spatial patterns of the linear trend are substantially different between them. The SST trend to the west of the Luzon Strait is characterized by rapid warming in summer, exceeding approximately 0.6°C per decade, but the trend is insignificant in winter. The strongest warming trend occurs in the southeast of Vietnam in winter, with much less pronounced warming in summer. A positive trend of SST fronts is identified for the coast of China and is associated with increasing wind stress. The increasing trend of SST fronts is also found in the east of Vietnam. Large-scale circulation, such as El Ni?o, can influence the trends of the SST and SST fronts. A significant correlation is found between the SST anomaly and Ni?o3.4 index, and the ENSO signal leads by eight months. The basin averaged SST linear trends increase after the El Ni?o event(2009–2010), which is, at least, due to the rapid warming rate causing by the enhanced northeasterly wind. Peaks of positive anomalous SST and negatively anomalous SST fronts are found to co-occur with the strong El Ni?o events.     

南海表面浮力通量、水型变性及南海"暖水"的消长分析

利用英国南安普敦海洋中心(SOC)海-气界面的热量和淡水通量资料以及世界大洋图集(WOA01)的海面温度和盐度资料计算了南海表面各月的有效浮力通量及水型变性矢量场,分析了南海表层暖水形成和发展的季节性特征。研究结果表明,南海表层暖水的发展、维持以及消亡在很大程度上受到海洋表层浮力通量的影响;此外,南海上层水体密度的垂直结构和变化也深受表面浮力通量和表层水型变性的影响。在中、北部,南海的垂向结构季节性变化较为明显,其中冬季表层水体的下沉强度最大,深度最深,而夏季表层水体却无下沉趋势。     

Bias correction of sea surface temperature retrospective fore-casts in the South China Sea

Offline bias correction of numerical marine forecast products is an effective post-processing means to improve forecast accuracy. Two offline bias correction methods for sea surface temperature(SST) forecasts have been developed in this study: a backpropagation neural network(BPNN) algorithm, and a hybrid algorithm of empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis and BPNN(named EOF-BPNN). The performances of these two methods are validated using bias correction experiments implemented in the South...     

The variability of internal tides in the Northern South China Sea

An array of three bottom-mounted ADCP moorings was deployed on the prevailing propagation path of strong internal tides for nearly 1 year across the continental slope in the northern South China Sea. These velocity measurements are used to study the intra-annual variability of diurnal and semidiurnal internal tidal energy in the region. A numerical model, the Luzon Strait Ocean Nowcast/Forecast System developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory that covers the northern South China Sea and the Kuroshio, is used to interpret the observed variation of internal tidal energy on the Dongsha slope. Internal tides are generated primarily at the two submarine ridges in the Luzon Strait. At the western ridge generation site, the westward energy flux of the diurnal internal tide is sensitive to the stratification and isopycnal slope associated with the Kuroshio. The horizontal shear at the Kuroshio front does not modify the propagation path of either diurnal or semidiurnal tides because the relative vorticity of the Kuroshio in Luzon Strait is not strong enough to increase the effective inertial frequency to the intrinsic frequency of the internal tides. The variation of internal tidal energy on the continental slope and Dongsha plateau can be attributed to the variation in tidal beam propagation in the northern South China Sea.     

南海海平面长期变化及其趋势研究

On the basis of the satellite maps of sea level anomaly(MSLA) data and in situ tidal gauge sea level data,correlation analysis and empirical mode decomposition(EMD) are employed to investigate the applicability of MSLA data,sea level correlation,long-term sea level variability(SLV) trend,sea level rise(SLR) rate and its geographic distribution in the South China Sea(SCS).The findings show that for Dongfang Station,Haikou Station,Shanwei Station and Zhapo Station,the minimum correlation coefficient between the closest MSLA grid point and tidal station is 0.61.This suggests that the satellite altimeter MSLA data are effective to observe the coastal SLV in the SCS.On the monthly scale,coastal SLV in the western and northern part of SCS are highly associated with coastal currents.On the seasonal scale,SLV of the coastal area in the western part of the SCS is still strongly influenced by the coastal current system in summer and winter.The Pacific change can affect the SCS mainly in winter rather than summer and the affected area mostly concentrated in the northeastern and eastern parts of the SCS.Overall,the average SLR in the SCS is 90.8 mm with a rising rate of(5.0±0.4) mm/a during1993–2010.The SLR rate from the southern Luzon Strait through the Huangyan Seamount area to the Xisha Islands area is higher than that of other areas of the SCS.