湘南新田岭白钨矿床He,Ar同位素特征及Rb-Sr测年

新田岭白钨矿床是湘南W-Sn多金属矿集区中的一个大型矽卡岩型矿床,产于骑田岭岩体北接触带.本文对矽卡岩矿石中1件黄铁矿样品进行了流体包裹体He、Ar同位素测定,获得3He/4He值为4.08 Ra,40Ar/36Ar为342,反映了在矽卡岩矿床的成矿流体中亦有地幔流体的显著参与;运用石英Rb-Sr法获得成矿等时线年龄为(157.4±3.2)Ma(2σ)(MSWD=1.6),87Sr/86Sr初始值为0.71044±0.00012,该年龄值与柿竹园超大型钨多金属矿床及芙蓉大型锡矿等的成矿年龄在测试误差范围内基本一致,表明中侏罗世是湘南地区钨锡成矿的高峰期.     

白钨矿地球化学对皖南竹溪岭和逍遥钨矿成矿流体演化的指示

近年来赣北-皖南地区陆续发现了一批斑岩-矽卡岩钨矿床,构成一个新的世界级钨成矿带——江南钨矿带。位于该成矿带东北段的皖南地区发育大量与弱分异氧化性花岗岩相关的钨多金属矿床,目前这类矿床缺乏基于矿物原位地球化学的精细研究,成矿流体性质和演化认识不清。本文选取皖南地区两个代表性钨多金属矿床——竹溪岭和逍遥矿床为研究对象,开展白钨矿原位成分分析,揭示矽卡岩体系成矿流体性质、物化条件变化以及水岩反应影响,并探讨江南钨矿带内钨成矿条件差异。白钨矿原位成分分析能够精细厘定矽卡岩形成过程的氧逸度、pH值、温度、成矿流体组成变化以及水岩反应等信息。逍遥矿床和竹溪岭矿床的白钨矿均可分为三个阶段：其中早期进变质矽卡岩中白钨矿(Sch-1)的Mo含量最高,REE表现为轻重稀土分异的右倾曲线,具有负Eu异常,与成矿母岩REE配分类似,指示早期流体是相对富Cl的岩浆出溶热液;Sch-2产于退变质矽卡岩阶段,其轻重稀土分异变弱,有一定的正Eu异常,REE和Mo含量较低,推测早期Sch-1结晶摄取大量的LREE,导致后期流体轻重稀土比值降低;脉状产出的白钨矿(Sch-3)形成于晚期石英-硫化物阶段,其REE、Nb、Ta和Y等元素含量显著高于Sch-1和Sch-2,REE表现为轻重稀土分异弱的平坦型曲线,发育弱正Eu异常,暗示晚期流体更加富F。本文研究认为从早期Sch-1到晚期Sch-3,白钨矿Eu异常变化不一定反映氧逸度变化,而更可能反映的是水岩反应制约;此外,白钨矿的Mo含量相对于Eu异常更能够有效地反映体系的氧逸度特征。与逍遥矿床相比,竹溪岭矿床石榴石的钙铁榴石组分含量较低,锰铝榴石组分含量高,白钨矿Mo含量(630×10^-6~18813×10^-6)显著低于逍遥白钨矿(8700×10^-6~74478×10^-6),指示竹溪岭矿床相比于逍遥矿床是相对还原的钨矽卡岩体系。前人认为江南钨矿带中相对于赣北还原型钨矽卡岩矿床,皖南地区矿床总体上属于氧化型,基于竹溪岭矿床和逍遥矿床的对比表明皖南地区钨矿床之间氧化还原状态存在差异。氧逸度和成矿岩浆岩的分异程度是制约皖南地区矿床规模大小的重要因素。

     

煎茶岭镍矿床成矿作用特征

煎岭镍矿与同类矿床相比,具有特殊的地质、地球化学物征，是一种特殊类型镍矿。本矿床流体包裹体同位素特征，表现出成矿体为岩浆与地层两端元混合趋势，成矿流体分属于Mg2+-Ca2+-Na+-F-(Cl-)型。根据 Pb、Sr、O、H、C 同位素及 REE资料，作者认为该镍矿的形成与后期酸性岩浆活动有密切关系，后期岩浆活动为成矿提供热力与热液，使成矿元素活化迁移、富集。本文最后提出了初步的成矿模式。     

安徽铜陵姚家岭大型锌金矿床中新发现白钨矿

姚家岭大型锌金多金属矿床位于长江中下游成矿带铜陵断隆区的东部。本次研究中,在姚家岭矿床蚀变花岗闪长斑岩与大理岩化灰岩捕掳体的接触带的矽卡岩等位置发现了白钨矿。白钨矿电子探针定量分析表明,与理论值相比,WO3值总体偏低,CaO值总体略高于理论值,白钨矿的杂质组分主要为SrO、MoO3、CuO、FeO、MnO、MgO、V2O5和PbO2,计算显示白钨矿的化学式为Ca1.00W0.99O4。铜陵矿集区Zn-Au-Cu-Pb为主的矿床中白钨矿的发现表明,该区成矿系统的演化及热液成矿作用过程中可能发生了轻微的壳幔相互作用,在铜陵矿集区及长江中下游成矿带的其他矿集区要重视和加强钨矿化的研究。     

湖南瑶岗仙钨矿稳定同位素地球化学研究

瑶岗仙矿区拥有大规模脉型钨矿和矽卡岩型钨矿,以及中型铅锌矿床。石英脉型钨矿床脉体中的多阶段性、空间分带性均不明显,围岩蚀变规模小。矽卡岩型钨矿床蚀变规模大,多阶段,成矿温度跨度大,分带明显。石英脉型钨矿床硫化物δ34S=-2.6~3.9‰,平均-0.35‰,范围集中于0值附近,塔式分布;δ18O＝12.4‰~14.4‰,δD=-60‰~-54‰,δ18O值、δD值集中,变化范围很小。矽卡岩矿床δ34S=-1.3~3.6‰,平均0.99‰,略高于石英脉型钨矿床;石英δ18O＝1.5‰~11.7‰（杮竹园数据）,变化范围大。铅锌矿床δ34S=-2.9~1.4‰,平均-0.8‰,略低于钨矿;石英δ18O＝12.1‰~15.4‰,δD=43‰~51‰,变化范围更大。石英脉型、矽卡岩型钨矿和铅锌矿铅同位素组成范围相似,206Pb/204Pb=18.548~18.701,207Pb/204Pb=15.691~15.811,206Pb/204Pb=38.809~39.212。地质和S、Pb、H、O同位素研究说明,瑶岗仙矿区脉型钨矿与矽卡岩型钨矿床含不同的稳定同位素,显示成矿物质和成矿流体来源的差异性,成矿过程也不相同。脉型矿床成矿物质和成矿流体具体较单一的岩浆来源,没有明显的大气降水参与;而矽卡岩型矿床成矿物质主要来自于岩浆,也有沉积岩围岩的贡献,早阶段成矿流体来自于岩浆,中晚阶段有大量的大气降水参与成矿。与矽卡岩型钨矿床相比,脉型矿床成矿作用具有较低的水/岩比值。铅锌矿的地质地球化学特征更加相似于矽卡岩外围的分带形成的铅锌矿,即铅锌矿化属于矽卡岩演化至硫化物阶段的成果,而与石英脉型钨矿床无明显关系。     

赣北香炉山白钨矿床的同位素年代学研究及其地质意义

赣南钨矿闻名世界,但赣北—皖南也存在钨的矿集区,香炉山就是其中之一。该矿床属矽卡岩型层状白钨矿床,与赣南钨矿明显不同。本文通过对矿区内与成矿作用关系密切的花岗岩、白钨矿及其共生的石英矿物的年代学研究,分别获得黑云母花岗岩全岩RbSr等时线年龄为126.2±2.6Ma（95%可信度）、白钨矿SmNd等时线年龄和石英矿物RbSr等时线年龄为121±11Ma（95%可信度）和128±3Ma（95%可信度）。上述测定结果表明,其成矿时代与区内花岗岩岩浆侵位所发生的时间有明显的耦合关系,与区域上同时代形成的斑岩型锡矿（如岩背）及铌钽矿相似,均属燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物。     

湘西层控白钨矿床地质特征及其成矿作用

湖南西部层控白钨矿床,主要分布于江南地轴西缘雪峰弧形构造带的东段和中段,贼存于元古界板溪群浅变质的硅铝质碎屑岩内。矿床的空间分布总是与特定的地层层位联系在一起,其下常有不整合面或假整合面存在,地层控矿的专属性是这类矿床的重要地质特征。区内东西向、北东向构造的转折或复合部位,以及主干断裂旁侧的羽状断裂带,是矿床的主要控矿构造:而矿化强度则受到岩石物理性质和化学成分的制约。矿体具有多层性,多数为盲矿体。成矿作用是在区域地层具有较高的初始钨丰度基础上发生的。区域变质作用或花岗岩浆侵入是成矿物质活化转移的主要热源。成矿流体为低盐度、中低温度,以变质水为主并有大气循环水加入的混合热液。硫同位素组成具变质硫特点。属于变质热液成因的层控白钨矿床。     

湖南瑶岗仙矽卡岩型白钨矿床成矿流体演化特征研究

湖南瑶岗仙超大型钨矿床位于南岭成矿带中段,主要由石英脉型黑钨矿矿脉和矽卡岩型白钨矿矿体组成。前人对瑶岗仙石英脉型黑钨矿矿体开展了较为详细研究,但对矽卡岩型白钨矿的研究则相对较少,有关其矿体特征、成矿过程及其与石英脉型矿化的成因联系尚不清楚。本文在矿床地质研究基础上,将瑶岗仙矽卡岩型钨矿床分为早期石榴子石-透辉石-白钨矿阶段（Ⅰ）和晚期碳酸盐-硫化物-白钨矿阶段（Ⅱ）,并重点针对两个阶段的白钨矿开展了矿物学、元素地球化学、成矿流体地球化学研究,进而厘定了矽卡岩型白钨矿的成矿过程。结果显示,Ⅰ阶段白钨矿的Mo含量（1648×10^-6~3310×10^-6）明显高于Ⅱ阶段白钨矿的Mo含量（816×10^-6~1725×10^-6）,且Ⅰ阶段白钨矿的稀土配分具明显的MREE和HREE亏损特征,指示早期矽卡岩阶段成矿流体具有相对高的氧化条件。两阶段的流体包裹体具有相似的δ¹⁸O值（7.7‰~9.8‰和7.4‰~8.9‰）和δD值（-53‰~-60‰）,表明成矿流体均主要来源于花岗质岩浆,而大气降水与岩浆流体的混合程度低于其他矽卡岩型钨矿床。白钨矿中的流体包裹体具有富CO₂和CH₄的特征,指示该成矿流体体系易于发生流体不混溶作用。白钨矿Ⅰ的成矿流体均一温度为229.1~377.3℃,盐度为1.8%~14.7% NaCleqv,白钨矿Ⅱ的成矿流体均一温度为187.4~294.5℃,盐度为1.2%~10.2% NaCleqv,指示成矿流体演化过程中流体温度和盐度逐渐降低。由此可见,瑶岗仙矽卡岩型矿床的成矿流体起源于花岗质岩浆,与石英脉型黑钨矿同源,总体上经历了两阶段钨矿的叠加成矿作用,流体不混溶作用对钨的聚集至关重要,在早期矽卡岩阶段形成了呈条带状的白钨矿矿体,在晚期矽卡岩退化蚀变阶段形成了被碳酸盐交代的白钨矿矿体。

     

杨金沟白钨矿床围岩蚀变及组分迁移规律研究

文章以杨金沟白钨矿床主要赋矿蚀变围岩为研究对象,通过对不同种类蚀变岩石中主要氧化物和成矿元素特别是W、Mo和As的迁移和富集特征进行详细分析,结合近矿蚀变围岩稀土元素组成及其变化特征研究,初步揭示了杨金沟白钨矿床中钨矿化富集、成矿流体演化与围岩蚀变和元素组分迁移的关系。     

Sulfur isotope studies of the felbertal scheelite deposit,eastern alps

The Felbertal scheelite deposit is the largest known strata-bound tungsten concentration. It lies in an up to 400 m thick rock pile in the lowermost part of the volcanic rock sequence, probably of the Early Paleozoic Habach Formation. Both ore fields (eastern and western) have been affected by Variscan and Alpine metamorphism and tectonism, resulting in a remobilization of the ore mineralization. This ore deposit and the neighboring rocks show a strikingly low sulfur content. The eastern field with one major orebody has very little sulfide mineralization. The western field, with 8 orebodies (K1–K8) and two remobilized vein zones (S1 and S2), reveals somewhat more minor sulfide enrichments that are mainly within and around the K1 and K2 orebodies and in some parts of the interlayered schist sequence. Sulfur isotope compositions of 90 sulfide minerals (37 pyrrhotite, 20 chalcopyrite, 19 pyrite and 11 molybdenite and/or WS₂-MoS₂ solid solutions and 3 Pb-Bi sulfosalts, including 7 sulfides within scheelite grains) from 60 ore and host rock samples have been determined with a standard error of less than ±0.2 per mil. All data range from –3.6 to +4.3 ³⁴S. There are small differences in the sulfur isotope values from place to place and in time from the first and second to the third generation. In the western field, the K1 orebody differs from other orebodies (K2, K4, K7) due to isotopically heavier ³⁴S values. The three scheelite generations show differences in the ³⁴S values of the sulfide microphases within scheelite grains, from +1.0 to +4.3 per mil for the first and the second, and from –1.8 to –3.3 per mil for the third generation. Sulfide phases within molybdoscheelites may have crystallized under the same conditions as the other coeval sulfide minerals in the same orebody. They commonly formed later than scheelite. These changes may be explained using data from Ohmoto and Rye (1979): Small changes in temperature, pH, and/or may result in large changes in the ³⁴S values with the precipitation of isotopically heavier sulfides under more reducing conditions. Only four samples with sulfide mineral pairs show isotopic equilibrium. All others display some disequilibrium. We suggest that the sulfides in the ores and surrounding volcanogenic host rocks formed contemporaneously from the same hydrothermal ore fluids, and that the sulfur species in these fluids may have been dominantly H₂S.     

铁同位素体系及其在矿床学中的应用

本文报道了世界范围内不同含铁矿物的Fe同位素组成,进一步了解了铁同位素在不同含铁矿物中的基本分布特征;系统总结了铁同位素在不同储库和不同类型矿床中的分布特征,构筑了铁同位素体系的基本框架;结合最新的研究成果,较全面地总结了铁同位素在矿床学领域的应用,得出了铁同位素可以用来示踪流体出溶、流体演化、表生蚀变作用和成矿物质来源的基本认识。在流体出溶过程中,相对于岩体,出溶的流体富集铁的轻同位素;成矿流体体系的演化过程中,矿物的结晶沉淀会导致铁同位素发生分馏,随着Fe(III)矿物的结晶沉淀,流体逐渐富集铁的轻同位素,随着Fe(II)矿物的结晶沉淀,流体逐渐富集铁的重同位素,随着矿物的结晶沉淀,流体的Fe同位素组成随时间发生演化;在成矿后的表生蚀变作用过程,高温蚀变作用形成的产物相对于原矿物富集铁重同位素,低温蚀变作用形成的产物基本保留了原矿物的铁同位素组成;Fe同位素在示踪成矿物质来源具有应用潜力,流体出溶、流体演化等重要成矿作用过程中Fe同位素组成的变化规律是利用Fe同位素示踪Fe来源的关键所在。     

Fluid inclusion studies of the Felbertal scheelite deposit

Fluid inclusion measurements on quartz, scheelite, beryl, fluorite and calcite in the metamorphosed Felbertal scheelite deposit display two main types of fluid inclusions:

1. H₂O-CO₂ fluid inclusions are characterized by variable amounts of CO₂ up to 18 wt.%. They show two or three phases at room temperature. The bulk homogenization temperatures for the inclusions range between +269 °C and +357 °C. The calculated salinities are between 2.2 and 7.8 wt.% NaCl equivalent. For the late CO₂-bearing fluid inclusions a methane component is evident from microthermometrical data (T_mclath >10.0 °C combined with T_mCO₂
2. Aqueous, two-phase fluid inclusions with salinities in the range between 0 and 11 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Their homogenization temperatures are scattered between 100 °C and 360 °C.

Both types of fluid inclusions are of Alpine origin. They do not record the conditions of the original tungsten ore formation in pre-Alpine (Upper Proterozoic) time. However, it was possible to deduce a path for the fluid evolution and the combined ore redeposition during the retrograde Alpine metamorphism and tectonism from microthermometrical and petrographical studies.     

新疆阿尔泰铁木尔特铅锌矿床稳定同位素组成特征

新疆阿尔泰山南缘克兰盆地中的铁木尔特中型铅锌矿床赋存于上志留统—下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组第二岩性段,容矿岩石为大理岩、绿泥石英片岩、变钙质粉砂岩、矽卡岩。矿床经历了喷流沉积期、叠加改造期和表生期。喷流沉积期硫化物δ34S值集中于-27.8‰～-16.0‰,峰值为-26.0‰,少量1.7‰～3.4‰,表明硫主要来自细菌还原海水硫酸盐及岩浆活动。氢、氧同位素组成表明,叠加改造期石英和方解石的δD变化于-122‰～-61‰,δ18O变化于9.5‰～10.9‰,δ18O水为-5.8‰～4.8‰,表明叠加改造期成矿流体具有多来源特征,是岩浆水、大气降水和变质水的混合产物。铁木尔特铅锌矿床在成因类型上为VMS型,矿床形成后又经历了叠加改造。     

赣南盘古山钨矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征

盘古山钨矿床是南岭地区著名的大型钨矿床。通过氢、氧、硫和硅同位素地球化学特征的研究,对盘古山钨矿床的成矿流体和成矿物质来源进行了探讨。研究结果显示:成矿流体δD值介于-121.7‰~-80.6‰,δ18O值为2.97‰~6.47‰,硫化物δ34S值集中分布于-2.3‰~1.3‰,石英脉的石英δ30Si平均值为-0.44‰;花岗岩的石英δ30Si平均值为-0.53‰;砂岩的石英δ30Si平均值为0.2‰。研究结果表明:盘古山钨矿床的成矿流体、成矿物质以及硅质均主要来源于花岗岩浆,少部分成矿流体来自大气降水,少部分硅质来自砂岩地层。     

辽宁太古代红透山铜矿的稳定同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

文章分析了辽宁太古代红透山铜矿中硫化物的多硫同位素组成和石英的硅氧同位素组成。δ³⁴S在-0.7‰~+3.1‰，极差为3.8‰，平均值为0.21‰，与深部幔源硫相似。δ³³S≈0.52δ³⁴S，即δ³³S=0(δ³³S =δ³³S-1000[(1+ δ³⁴S/1000)0.515-1]，不具有硫同位素非质量分馏效应，表明该矿床中的硫没有经历大气循环过程。矿石中石英的δ30Si分布在-0.8‰~+0.4‰之间，δ¹⁸O分布在+8.5‰~+9.5‰之间，与海底黑烟囱及热水喷气成因硅质岩的硅氧同位素组成相似。提出红透山铜矿为海底热液喷气沉积变质成因。     

内蒙赤峰红花沟金矿稳定同位素研究

本文通过对红花沟金矿铅、硫、氧、氢等稳定同位素研究,及微量金、铅、铀、稀土元素的研究指出,成矿物质主要来源于太古代变质岩及其重熔产物,成矿溶液主要来源于大气降水;强调了大气降水在成矿物质迁移、富集过程中的作用。建立了矿源层、构造、热源三位一体的成矿模式。     

广东凡口铅锌矿床赋矿地层稳定同位素研究

广东凡口铅锌矿床是中国著名的大型铅锌矿床。在凡口矿区新发现有类似奥陶系岩性的地层,与寒武系一起构成矿区的浅变质基底,其δ¹³C_V-PDB值为-6.5‰、δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值为14.9‰,在矿区各地层中最小,受热液作用影响最弱,主要受岩性影响。由深至浅,泥盆系地层的δ¹³C_V-PDB、δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值逐渐增高、⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值逐渐减小,该段岩层的主赋矿层位（D₂d和D₃t）δ¹³C_V-PDB接近零,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW在18‰左右,稳定同位素的变化除受岩性影响外,主要受后期热液蚀变作用的影响,为成矿提供了一定的前提条件。石炭系（C₂ht）白云岩的δ¹³C平均值为2.17‰,δ¹⁸O平均值为21.9‰,与其他层位性质明显不同,为矿区的盖层。     

渣滓溪大型脉状锑矿中钨矿化产出地质特征及找矿远景

渣滓溪大型脉状锑矿中异体共生有白钨矿化,受同一层位(岩性)、不同构造期次(类型)控制。矿区位于2条NE向区域性逆冲断层所挟持的抬升断块内,岀露地层为新元古界板溪群五强溪组浅变质的碎屑-火山碎屑沉积岩;已发现含钨矿化(体)层28层,层控(岩控)特征明显;白钨矿化主要呈细脉状产于岩石节理裂隙中。锑矿化富集段亦为钨矿脉富集段,钨与锑为同源不同期的产物。构造应力是完成元素活化、迁移和沉淀富集的主要成矿机制,矿床属于动力变质热液成因。区内含钨(体)层众多,成矿空间较大,具有侧伏延深、分段富集的特点,其找矿前景较好。     

Stable isotope geochemistry and diagenetic mineralization associated with the Tono sandstone-type uranium deposit in Japan

The Tono sandstone-type uranium mine area, middle Honsyu, Japan is composed of Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks in the lower part (18–22 Ma) and marine facies in the upper part (15–16 Ma). Calcite and pyrite occur as dominant diagenetic alteration products in these Neogene sedimentary rocks. The characteristics of calcite and pyrite differ significantly between lacustrine and marine facies. Abundant pyrite, calcite, organic matter, and small amounts of marcasite or pyrrhotite occur in the lacustrine facies, whereas small amounts of calcite and framboidal pyrite, organic matter and no marcasite or pyrrhotite are found within the marine units. The δ¹³C values of calcite in the lacustrine deposits are low (−19 to −6‰ PDB) but those in marine formation are high (−11 to +3‰). This implies that the contribution of marine carbonate is larger in upper marine sedimentary rocks, and carbon in calcite in the lower lacustrine formation was derived both from oxidation of organic matter and from dissolved marine inorganic carbon. The δ³⁴S values of framboidal pyrite in the upper marine formation are low (−14 to −8‰ CDT), indicating a small extent of bacterial seawater sulfate reduction, whereas those of euhedral-subhedral pyrite in the lower lignite-bearing arkose sandstone are high (+10 to +43‰), implying a large extent of closed-system bacterial seawater sulfate reduction. The δ³⁴S and δ¹³C data which deviate from a negative correlation line toward higher δ¹³C values suggest methanogenic CO₂ production. During diagenesis of the lacustrine unit, large amounts of euhedral-subhedral pyrite were formed, facilitated by extensive bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate with concomitant oxidation of organic matter, and by hydrolysis reactions of organic matter, producing CH₄ and CO₂. Uranium minerals (coffinite and uraninite) were also formed at this stage by the reduction of U⁶⁺ to U⁴⁺. The conditions of diagenetic alteration within the lacustrine deposits and uranium mineralization is characterized by low Eh in which nearly equal concentrations of CH₄ and HCO₃ ⁻ existed and reduced sulfur species (H₂S, HS⁻) are predominant among aqueous sulfur species, whereas diagenetic alteration of the marine formations was characterized by a predominance of SO₄ ²⁻ among dissolved sulfur species. Modern groundwater in the lacustrine formation has a low Eh value (−335 mV). Estimated and measured low Eh values of modern and ancient interstitial waters in lacustrine environments indicate that a reducing environment in which U⁴⁺ is stable has been maintained since precipitation of uranium minerals. Received: 9 February 1996 / Accepted: 11 April 1997