湖泊纹层的同生化学变化对古环境恢复的影响

<正> 利用湖相纹泥层偶的成分和厚度变化,常常是恢复各种古环境尤其是古气候信息的重要手段。在不同的沉积环境条件下,纹层的沉积厚度和组成特征会有一定的差异,对这些差异及其所反映的沉积条件变化的研究,是利用纹层反推过去古环境演化的基础。但在此过程中,沉积物同生期的化学变化应该是不可忽视的,这些变化可以造成纹层的成分和厚度的变化,具体分析包括:     

湖相叠层石纹层的碳氧同位素特征及其生长节律的古环境意义

青藏高原北部渐新统雅西措组湖相地层中的叠层石,具有典型的毫米级暗色富有机质纹层与浅色富碎屑纹层交替的生长节律,纹层形态呈穹窿状产出。为了探索湖湘叠层石纹层的成因和时间意义,我们采用激光微区采样技术分别对单个暗色纹层和浅色纹层进行了碳氧同位素分析。结果表明,每一个共轭纹层对中,暗色纹层相对于浅色纹层明显富集δ18O和δ13C,而且δ18O和δ13C之间具有正向变化关系,即δ18O和δ13C显示同步亏损和富集,反映季节性气候变化是影响纹层同位素信号周期性波动的主要因素,支持叠层石的对偶纹层为年纹层成因,它可以为气候和环境变化研究提供一种高分辨率地质材料。     

高分辨率古环境指示器--湖泊纹泥研究综述

作为高分辨率古环境指示器,湖泊纹泥在重建晚第四纪特别是近代全球环境变化中具有特殊的地位和意义。纹泥携带的各种季节信息反映了区域生物学、地球化学、沉积学对季节性驱动力的响应,而且纹泥本身可以提供反映沉积环境和气候变化的精确计年,近３０年来湖泊纹发展历史表明,纹泥的应用主要集中于以下三个方面：纹波计年、纹泥厚度变化和纹泥沉积物分析,其中纹 精确测年是一切应用的基础。可以看出,在古环境研究中,纹泥作为一     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组含碱层段韵律特征及成因

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷早二叠世风城组沉积时期为典型的碳酸盐型咸化湖盆,湖盆咸化过程中析出大量的碱矿(钠碳酸盐类矿物)。通过含碱层段主量元素、碳氧同位素分析,结合岩心宏观及微观矿物岩石特征,探讨了含碱层段韵律特征及形成机理。研究层段碱矿与沉凝灰岩互层,形成明暗相间的咸化韵律。浅色碱矿层质地较纯,主要为苏打和小苏打,主量元素表现为Na_2O含量高,CaO、MgO、SiO_2和Al_2O_3含量低;暗色层段主要为含斑点状碳钠钙石的沉凝灰岩,主量元素表现为Na_2O含量低,CaO、MgO、SiO_2和Al_2O_3含量高。浅色碱矿层和暗色沉凝灰岩段碳氧同位素值均为正,表明其沉积水体具高盐度特征。浅色含碱层段具有更高的δ~(18)O值,反映了碱矿层沉积时期强烈蒸发的气候条件。根据δ~(18)O/δ~(13)C值的波动将研究层段划分为炎热干旱和相对湿润的气候条件,并据此解释不同韵律层盐类矿物形成机理。暗色的沉凝灰岩沉积代表地表流水注入量大于蒸发量,沉凝灰岩中盐类矿物含量少或者呈斑点状从颗粒间的卤水中析出;随着蒸发量的增高以及古气候由温暖潮湿转变为干旱炎热,地表流水注入量急剧减少,强烈蒸发控制了碱矿的沉积,形成浅色质地较纯的碱矿层。气候的频繁交替形成了风二段碱矿与沉凝灰岩频繁互层的特征。     

北极斯瓦尔巴德群岛Bolterskardet湖泊沉积纹层形成机理及古环境重建

北极斯瓦尔巴德群岛Bolterskardet湖(78°06′N,16°01′E)发育了完好的纹层沉积。纹层显微研究及137Cs年龄数据表明该湖的纹层为年纹层(Varve)。纹层层偶由暗色的粉砂层和浅色的粘土微层组成。其形成机制为:在短暂的湖泊开封期,积雪及冰川的融化,携带大量的碎屑物在湖泊中沉积下来,形成颗粒较粗的粉砂层;而颗粒极细的粘土,形成于湖泊结冰后的静水环境。浅色的粘土微层是区别、鉴定年层偶的重要标志。较高的沉积速率、长期冰封、明显的季节水文特征以及封闭的地貌环境是该湖形成纹层的主要原因。Bolterskardet湖纹层厚度与夏季温度的变化…     

走滑拉分盆地层序构成特征——以胶莱盆地莱阳群为例

胶莱盆地莱阳群有4个层序界面和3个三级层序,其中SB1、SB2和SB4是区域性不整合面,而SB3是平行不整合面。根据水进体系域中泥质含量和水进体系域(TST)与高水位体系域(HST)的厚度比值,将层序类型划分为浅水型和深水型,将冲积型层序直接判定为浅水层序,将TST中含有深湖相沉积的层序直接判定为深水型。层序Ⅰ,莱阳地区为深水型层序,以滨浅湖相沉积为主;诸城地区缺失TST和HST,层序类型不能确定,低水位体系域(LST)以冲积扇相沉积为主。层序Ⅱ,莱阳地区为深水型层序,以湖相沉积为主,发育了厚层暗色半深湖泥岩;诸城、高密和莒县地区为浅水型层序,以冲积扇相、河流相沉积为主。层序Ⅲ,莱阳和诸城两地为深水型层序,以浅湖—半深湖相沉积为主,发育了厚层暗色泥岩;高密和莒县两地为浅水型层序,以冲积扇相—河流相沉积为主。胶莱走滑拉分盆地层序特征表现为:(1)靠近走滑断层的区域发育浅水型层序,而远离走滑断层的区域发育深水型层序;(2)低水位体系域发育叠瓦状扇体;(3)低水位体系域下部单个扇体厚度小,上部单个扇体厚度大。     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组含碱层段韵律特征及成因*

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷早二叠世风城组沉积时期为典型的碳酸盐型咸化湖盆,湖盆咸化过程中析出大量的碱矿(钠碳酸盐类矿物)。通过含碱层段主量元素、碳氧同位素分析,结合岩心宏观及微观矿物岩石特征,探讨了含碱层段韵律特征及形成机理。研究层段碱矿与沉凝灰岩互层,形成明暗相间的咸化韵律。浅色碱矿层质地较纯,主要为苏打和小苏打,主量元素表现为 Na₂O含量高,CaO、MgO、SiO₂和Al₂O₃含量低;暗色层段主要为含斑点状碳钠钙石的沉凝灰岩,主量元素表现为Na₂O含量低,CaO、MgO、SiO₂和Al₂O₃含量高。浅色碱矿层和暗色沉凝灰岩段碳氧同位素值均为正,表明其沉积水体具高盐度特征。浅色含碱层段具有更高的 δ¹⁸O 值,反映了碱矿层沉积时期强烈蒸发的气候条件。根据δ¹⁸O/δ¹³C值的波动将研究层段划分为炎热干旱和相对湿润的气候条件,并据此解释不同韵律层盐类矿物形成机理。暗色的沉凝灰岩沉积代表地表流水注入量大于蒸发量,沉凝灰岩中盐类矿物含量少或者呈斑点状从颗粒间的卤水中析出;随着蒸发量的增高以及古气候由温暖潮湿转变为干旱炎热,地表流水注入量急剧减少,强烈蒸发控制了碱矿的沉积,形成浅色质地较纯的碱矿层。气候的频繁交替形成了风二段碱矿与沉凝灰岩频繁互层的特征。     

百色盆地东部坳陷古近系那读组烃源岩的地质及地球化学特征

百色盆地东部坳陷古近系那读组的那一段上亚段和下亚段以及那二段广泛发育厚度很大的暗色泥岩,累计厚度可达200～1000m。在东部坳陷的绝大部分地区三段地层暗色泥岩的有机碳含量都在1．0％以上,是好的烃源岩。三套高效源岩的干酪根均以ⅡA型为主,次为ⅡB型和Ⅲ型,干酪根类型分布受控于沉积环境。那一段泥岩的Ro值为0．4％～0．65％,处于未成熟一低成熟阶段;那二段在较深部位的Ro值为0．7％～0．8％或更高,处于成熟阶段的早期。该坳陷的暗色泥岩厚度高值区、半深湖区、有机碳含量高值区、Ro高值区是一致的;沉积中心、沉降中心与生烃中心吻合。那二段成熟度相对较高,已达到成熟阶段早期,源岩厚度、沉积环境、有机质丰度和类型等也比较有利,因此,那二段应是本区的最主要的高效烃源岩。田东沉积区面积较大、泥岩厚度较大、半深湖区范围较大、有机碳含量较高、有机质类型较好、有机质的成熟度也相对较高,因此,田东沉积区比田阳沉积区更具有生、排烃的潜力。     

济阳坳陷沙河街组湖相页岩中风成粉砂的识别及其古气候意义

在济阳坳陷沙河街组远离古河口沉积的页岩纹层中发现了风成粉砂沉积。风成粉砂在页岩的纹层中往往星散分布,成层性差,多分布在富有机质纹层与(含粉砂)粘土纹层之间。在结构上,这些风成粉砂与黄土有很大的相似性,颗粒呈棱角状—次圆状,粒度分布于4~6Φ之间,一般正偏,代表冬春季节相对偏干旱时期不稳定的近源阵风沉积;而表层流或层间流沉积的粉砂在粒度上往往与同一纹层内共生的粘土逐渐过渡,粒度概率曲线上呈一段式,粒度变化范围大,粉砂的成层性好,多局限在含粉砂的粘土纹层中。在高频旋回中,当气候偏干旱时,页岩中的自生碳酸盐含量增加,同时风成粉砂在陆源碎屑中所占的比例也明显升高。页岩中风成粉砂沉积的发现,可以进一步为研究有关湖相页岩和第四纪纹泥的古气候变化、正确恢复古湖泊沉积环境提供良好的指标。     

冀西北太古宙条带状麻粒岩的岩石学和地球化学特征

条带状麻粒岩是冀西北太古宙麻粒岩相带中特殊而重要的一种岩类,它由浅色条带和暗色条带组成,条带含量的比例变化不大。浅色条带由较多的斜长石、紫苏辉石、透辉石和一定量的石英组成,伴生少量小而细的磁铁矿;暗色条带由较多的紫苏辉石、透辉石和普通角闪石以及一定量的斜长石组成,伴生有较多较大的磁铁矿。少量黑云母在两种条带中均有所见。两种条带中的同种矿物的光性特征基本相同,而化学成分和稀土元素特征只有很少的差别。暗色条带为基性麻粒岩属ＴＨ２型拉斑玄武岩,而浅色条带的岩石为中酸性麻粒岩,相当英云闪长质类型。这种条带状的岩石形成于不同时期不同性质的岩浆作用和特定的构造环境。暗色条带的物源来自较早的（约２．８Ｇａ）亏损地幔,而浅色条带的物源来自较晚（约２．５Ｇａ）基性岩的部分熔融,与周围的大片区域性英云闪长岩的侵位大致同时。条带状麻粒岩不宜归入ＴＴＧ岩系     

纹层计年与137Cs、210Pb法对比研究东北二龙湾玛珥湖现代沉积速率

通过对东北二龙湾玛珥湖顶部无扰动岩心显微研究,证明此岩心发育有良好的年纹层。据精确统计,0~5.5 cm间为36个年纹层,纹层计年的误差为4％~7％,年纹层厚度为1.1~2 mm不等,平均沉积速率为1.53 mm/a,5.5 cm处对应于1965年。而二龙湾沉积物（从6.5 cm到5.5 cm)岩心的¹³⁷Cs比活度值急剧增加,从（4.67±0.29） dpm/g增加到（12.06±0.47） dpm/g,在5.5 cm处有一个较为明显的蓄积峰值,这一峰值被确认对应为1963年全球¹³⁷Cs散落的高峰期。另外据²¹⁰Pb_ex比活度CIC模式,5.5 cm处约为1962年,这和¹³⁷Cs比活度曲线的1963年时标相一致。印证了纹层计年的精确性,完全可以建立高分辨率时间序列。     

衡阳盆地始新世含鱼地层的成因分析

衡阳市郊五马归槽始新世鱼化石保存在黑色湖相纹层中。根据纹层序列的对比,发现该地的鱼化石均为同一层位;根据鱼化石在纹层序列中的具体位置及鱼化石的保存状况,笔者推测鱼群的死亡并非由于季节更替,而是由气候干旱引起的湖水盐度升高所控制;黑白纹层的变化是由大气降雨所致。     

A new varve thickness record from Allt Bhraic Achaidh Fan,middle Glen Roy,Lochaber: implications for understanding the Loch Lomond Stadial glaciolacustrine varve sedimentation trends

Glen Roy, Lochaber is a key UK site for understanding Late Devensian environmental change, as it contains an annually-resolved glaciolacustrine varve record. This paper develops our understanding of varve sedimentation within Glen Roy through the examination of a new varve sequence located in a more proximal position on the Allt Bhraic Achaidh Fan, one of a series of major fans within the valley. This new varve record consists of c. 203 annual layers, much fewer years than at other sites in the Lochaber area probably due to five significant hiatuses within the record. Varve sediment characteristics and thickness are comparable to, but not statistically correlated with, other varve series that were used to construct a consolidated varve record for the area, the Lochaber Master Varve Chronology. Sedimentological characteristics, analysed by thin section micromorphology, suggest that varve thickness changes within the basin are controlled mainly by distance from the valley sides rather than the position of the ice margin during the Loch Lomond Readvance, as previously proposed.     

Mechanism of Varve Formation and Paleoenvironmental Research at Lake Bolterskardet, Svalbard, the Arctic

On the basis of observation of thin sections and 137Cs data, laminations in sediment are interpreted to be varves in Bolterskardet Lake (78°06' N, 16°01' E), Svalbard, the Arctic. Varves appear under a petrologic microscope as couplets of dark-silt and light-clay layers. The mechanism of varve formation is surmized as follows: each silt layer is the production of sediment inflow interpreted as mainly derived from snowmelt during summer; each clay layer was deposited in a stillwater environment during an ice-cover period. A light -clay layer provides an important index bed to identify the annual interface. The high accumulation rates, long period of ice cover, and topographically closed basin are probably all critical factors in forming and preserving varves. Varve thickness is known to be controlled mainly by summer temperature. The variation of varve thickness in Lake Bolterskardet can then be used to reconstruct summer temperature. The varve series show that there has been distinct decade-scale variability of summer temperature over the past 150 years. Warm periods occurred in the 1860s, around 1900, the 1930s, 1950s, and 1970s, and in the last 20 years. The varved sediments of Lake Bolterskarde preserve an ideal record for high-resolution paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental research in this data-sparse area.     

玛珥湖与纹泥年代学

火山活动是影响全球变化的重要因素之一，玛珥湖和纹泥年代学是近年来古气候研究的新领域。玛珥湖由于其独特的封闭性及其物化条件，使之成为古环境变迁信息的理想载体。纹泥年代学是高分辨率研究过去全球变化的重要手段。玛珥湖的现存状态可以分为空型、湖型、沼泽型和干枯型。纹泥是某些玛珥湖中比较常见的一种沉积构造，它的形成需要一种精细的平衡。硅藻作为纹泥的一个重要组成部分，对光量、温度和各种无机盐反应敏锐，具有重要的古环境意义。能否制作完好的沉积物薄片是纹泥年代学成功与否的关键，本文对纹泥年代学的具体操作方法做了扼要介绍。中国有广泛的火山分布，其中不乏玛洱湖的存在，对之进行详细研究，不仅可以获得可与黄土、冰芯和深海岩芯相媲美的古气候序列，而且可以解决古气候学中某些难题。     

A 2000-year record of solar forcing on varved lake sediment in eastern Finland

A high-resolution study was performed on varved sediments from Lake Lehmilampi in eastern Finland. Varve data was collected by digital image analysis using standard 1.8 mm thick samples impregnated in epoxy and X-rayed. Climatic variability is imprinted on varve properties (varve thickness and accumulation of mineral and organic matter) during the last 2000 years. The cumulative counting error of the varve record is estimated as 2.3%. Qualitative comparison of varve parameters and residual Δ¹⁴C constructed from tree-rings revealed close correspondence between the two records, suggesting solar forcing on lake sedimentation. Classical climatic periods of the last millennia, Medieval Climate Anomaly (1060–1280 in the varve record) and Little Ice Age (cooler phases culminating in 1340, 1465, 1545, 1680, 1850 and also in 1930 in the varve record) are clearly evident in the varve record. At present the physical link between solar activity levels and lake sedimentation has not been established.     

湖泊沉积物年纹层的研究方法及其意义

文章总结了前人对湖泊沉积物年纹层类型的划分,并根据年纹层的形成过程和组分特征分为3个大类,即碎屑年纹层、生物成因年纹层(如硅藻年纹层等)和化学成因年纹层(如方解石年纹层、菱铁矿年纹层、黄铁矿年纹层、蒸发盐年纹层等)。介绍了目前应用于湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的主要方法和技术包括:1)新鲜沉积物表面照相、X射线照相技术;2)光学显微镜观察;3)数字化图像分析;4)扫描电子显微镜技术等。而岩相学大薄片是目前年纹层研究工作中应用非常广泛的材料,对目前制作大薄片比较普遍采用的快速冷冻-冷冻干燥和水-丙酮-环氧树脂交换这两种方法进行了介绍并比较了各自的优劣。湖泊沉积物年纹层研究的古环境意义主要体现在两个方面,一是提供了高精度的纹层年代学时间标尺,在诸如气候突变事件的时限、大气14C浓度变化、火山灰层定年、古地磁场长期变化主曲线重建等方面有重要意义;二是年纹层性质研究如年纹层厚度和年纹层微相变化本身所蕴藏的高分辨率古气候环境变化信息,在太阳活动周期、ENSO等气候事件的研究中也有重要意义。最后,文章简单介绍了我国东北龙岗火山区四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中年纹层的特征并展望了其研究潜力。     

A 1500-year record of temperature and glacial response inferred from varved Iceberg Lake, southcentral Alaska

We present a varve thickness chronology from glacier-dammed Iceberg Lake in the southern Alaska icefields. Radiogenic evidence confirms that laminations are annual and record continuous sediment deposition from A.D. 442 to A.D. 1998. Varve thickness is positively correlated with Northern Hemisphere temperature trends, and more strongly with a local, ∼600 yr long tree ring width chronology. Varve thickness increases in warm summers because of higher melt, runoff, and sediment transport (as expected), but also because shrinkage of the glacier dam allows shoreline regression that concentrates sediment in the smaller lake. Varve thickness provides a sensitive record of relative changes in warm season temperatures. Relative to the entire record, temperatures implied by this chronology were lowest around A.D. 600, warm between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1300, cooler between A.D. 1500 and A.D. 1850, and have increased dramatically since then. Combined with stratigraphic evidence that contemporary jökulhlaups (which began in 1999) are unprecedented since at least A.D. 442, this record suggests that 20th century warming is more intense, and accompanied by more extensive glacier retreat, than the Medieval Warm Period or any other time in the last 1500 yr.     

Amplitude of ENSO cycles in the Santa Barbara Basin,off California,during the past 15 000 years

Varve thickness time series from ODP Site 893 in the Santa Barbara Basin (off California) were analysed to determine variation in the strength of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles during the past 15 000 yr. Mean varve thickness and variance changed over time, with thicker varves before ～8000 yr BP indicative of wetter than modern climates. A 100‐yr running standardisation was applied to correct for non‐stationarity. The contribution of ENSO‐scale variability was then estimated as the amplitude of 3–8 year bandpassed data. Results show multidecadal‐ to centennial‐scale modulation of the amplitude. On average, however, the amplitude of ENSO scale variability remained constant throughout the past 15 000 yr. We therefore conclude that, although the expression of ENSO cycles may have changed during the Holocene, there is no indication for a significant change in amplitude of interannual variability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Advances in understanding calcite varve formation: new insights from a dual lake monitoring approach in the southern Baltic lowlands

We revise the conceptual model of calcite varves and present, for the first time, a dual lake monitoring study in two alkaline lakes providing new insights into the seasonal sedimentation processes forming these varves. The study lakes, Tiefer See in NE Germany and Czechowskie in N Poland, have distinct morphology and bathymetry, and therefore, they are ideal to decipher local effects on seasonal deposition. The monitoring setup in both lakes is largely identical and includes instrumental observation of (i) meteorological parameters, (ii) chemical profiling of the lake water column including water sampling, and (iii) sediment trapping at both bi-weekly and monthly intervals. We then compare our monitoring data with varve micro-facies in the sediment record. One main finding is that calcite varves form complex laminae triplets rather than simple couplets as commonly thought. Sedimentation of varve sub-layers in both lakes is largely dependent on the lake mixing dynamics and results from the same seasonality, commencing with diatom blooms in spring turning into a pulse of calcite precipitation in summer and terminating with a re-suspension layer in autumn and winter, composed of calcite patches, plant fragments and benthic diatoms. Despite the common seasonal cycle, the share of each of these depositional phases in the total annual sediment yield is different between the lakes. In Lake Tiefer See calcite sedimentation has the highest yields, whereas in Lake Czechowskie, the so far underestimated re-suspension sub-layer dominates the sediment accumulation. Even in undisturbed varved sediments, re-suspended material becomes integrated in the sediment fabric and makes up an important share of calcite varves. Thus, while the biogeochemical lake cycle defines the varves’ autochthonous components and micro-facies, the physical setting plays an important role in determining the varve sub-layers’ proportion.