中国城市地震研究概述

本文简要介绍了我国历史上重要城市遭受地震破坏概况，初步分析了我国城市地震的严重性和广泛性，提出开展城市设定地震研究作为城市减灾内容之一的建议。     

Palaeomagnetism and the age of the Makapansgat hominid site

The time of deposition of the Makapansgat Limeworks site in South Africa, containing several hominid fossils, has an important bearing on hominid phylogeny in Africa. Hence, in an attempt to determine this age, a palaeomagnetic analysis of the site has been performed and the results are reported here. Member 3 (from which most of the important hominid fossils have been recovered) appears to have an age greater than 2.90 Ma and possibly greater than 3.06 Ma but less than 3.32 Ma. Previously it has not been possible to delineate the age of this important member with any degree of accuracy. The most likely position for the underlying Member 2 is in that section of the Gauss normal epoch predating the Mammoth event and having age limits of 3.06–3.32 Ma.     

地震活动对大气与海洋环境变化的影响分析——以美国加州与日本3·11地震为例

通过美国加州林火期间的地震、CO气体监测等数据的统计分析,认为地震对气候干燥、林火的发生以及CO气体浓度变化存在重要影响;对比分析日本3·11地震前后的海洋表面温度变化,认为海底地震的热能释放是导致海水温度升高及海洋热膨胀的重要因素,并进而通过海气交换对大气圈等产生影响;综上分析认为,地震活动伴随有大量的热能及气体释放,并对地球系统的多个方面产生影响,在全球变化中具有重要作用。     

黎城盆地北缘黎城断裂的地球物理特征及活动性分析

黎城断裂是晋获断裂构造带上的重要构造单元,查明其构造特征具有重要意义。在黎城盆地北缘针对黎城断裂进行了地球物理勘探和地质考察,对黎城断裂的活动性进行研究。浅层地震勘探和高密度电法勘探的结果表明,黎城断裂是一条第四系活动断裂,倾角较陡。地质剖面考察的结果表明晋获断裂受黎城断裂的影响明显,南北段存在巨大差异。综合以上研究成果,判断黎城断裂为第四系活动断裂,其对晋获断裂的控制作用明显。     

江西数字强震动台网建设综述

对"十五"期间江西省数字强震动台网的建设内容、技术系统的组成以及运行情况进行了综合论述,该台网的建成结束了江西省无强震动观测的历史,将为当地的工程抗震设防、震害预测、区域地震动衰减规律研究及重大工程的地震安全性评价,地震区划等方面发挥重要作用。     

Latitudinal distribution of iodine in sediments in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea

Iodine is a trace element playing an important role in vital activities of organisms. It is im-portant for human bodys thyroid gland. Deficient or excessive iodine will not only influence hu-man health but also cause feeblemindedness, so great attention h…     

Global hydrological changes associated with a perturbation of the climate system: the role of atmospheric feedbacks,their uncertainty and their validation

The anthropogenic increase of the atmospheric greenhouse effect is expected to bring important perturbations of the climate system during the next century. The models which are used to compute scenarios of this future climate change nevertheless suffer from important uncertainties which make impossible the detailed prediction of regional impacts. Characterizing these uncertainties as precisely as possible constitutes a necessary step to assess a climate risk and realize local impact studies. We describe the manifestation of water vapour and cloud feedbacks in the present models, and show that satellite data, in particular, may constitute an important source of information to constrain more efficiently the models.     

开封断裂第四纪活动特征

开封断裂是郑州-开封断裂带的重要组成部分,也是黄河中下游平原的一条重要控制性断裂。利用浅层地震勘探发现,开封断裂为总体走向EW,倾向N的正断层;断裂分为东、西2支,断裂活动性具有明显的分段特征,东支活动性较西支强。钻孔联合剖面揭示开封断裂东支断裂上断点埋深27～35 m,根据地层年代学结果,其最新活动时间为晚更新世。研究成果为开封市城乡规划、重大工程选址和地震区划工作提供了重要的基础数据。     

The Baltic Sea Area: Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki Convention) of 1974 and the Revised Convention of 1992

The Helsinki Convention 1974 marked an important milestone in international ecopolitics. All sources of pollution were, for the first time for a sea area, made subject to regulations in one convention. By establishing the Helsinki Commission the Convention created the basis for far-reaching co-operation between the Baltic Sea states in the field of marine environmental protection. One of the most important steps was taken in 1992 by adopting a new Joint Comprehensive Action Programme as well as a revised version of the Convention. The latter takes account of the findings and experiences of the Helsinki Commission as well as of new ecopolitical developments, by introducing additional fundamental principles and making regulations more concrete and binding under international law.     

洞庭湖生态功能区划分与管理对策

生态环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础条件,保护具有重要生态服务功能地区的生态环境质量,寻求经济发展与生态环境保护协调的实施方案,是落实区域经济社会可持续发展战略的重大举措。洞庭湖位居长江中游荆江南岸,具有调节长江中游洪水、沉泄泥沙和繁衍生物多样性等的重要生态服务功能,在维系长江江湖水系和水域生态平衡方面发挥了巨大作用。本文针对洞庭湖国家级生态功能保护区建设的需要和要求,通过制定洞庭湖生态功能区划分的原则,对洞庭湖区不同区位的生态功能进行划分,并对不同分区提出了生态环境保护和恢复的对策。     

反演磁性地质界面的意义与方法

磁性地质界面的反演是地球物理勘探的重要课题之一,对于提高磁测资料的地质解释效果有重要意义.通过磁测资料反演磁性地质界面主要分两步：第一步,从总异常中分离有磁性界面起伏引起的磁异常;第二步,由分离的磁异常反演磁性界面的深度.本文分别从这两个方面回顾了提取异常和反演界面的较有代表性的技术.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

重力技术在地球自由振荡检测研究中的应用

地球自由振荡是一种十分重要的地球动力学现象,用重力技术检测地球自由振荡,结合地震技术可为获得地球内部精细结构提供一种重要手段.本文概要综述了地球自由振荡理论研究的发展和重力技术检测现状,详细讨论了利用我国武汉超导重力仪检测到的地球自由振荡本征周期和谱峰分裂现象,结合我国实际情况提出了研究展望,旨在给出需解决的学科问题和相应的策略探讨.     

Influence of desert mineral resource exploitation on the spatial structure of the urban system in Xinjiang

The strategic mineral resource exploration has important influence on the modern urban system in arid areas. Large amounts of investment on oil and gas industry have important effect on the infrastructure which includes cities and communications, and this will become an important factor of changing the urban structure of Xinjiang. In the 1950s, Kelamayi and Dushanzi cities have appeared by the petroleum exploration in the west of the Juggar Basin, which not only changed the single role of Xinjiang oasis agricultural city but also made the distribution of cites broken from natural oasis for the first time, and the network trend of urban spatial structures emerged. In recent years, the large-scale petroleum exploration in Tuha, Juggar and Tarim Basins gives local cities more chance of rapid development. Especially, a large-scale communication construction, with the 552 km desert highway as representative, totally changed the traditional oasis spacial structure of the urban system in the Tarim Basin. The influence on the spacial structure of the urban system by oil exploration in a large-scale reserve basin can be divided into four stages.

     

An analysis of the factors contributing to the settling potential of fine fluvial sediment

The settling potential of fine sediment is known to be influenced by particle size, shape, density and porosity, and is commonly predicted using Stokes's law, despite its known limitations for modelling the behaviour of natural particles. In order to develop an improved understanding of the potential for fine sediment to settle out of suspension or undergo transport by hydraulic processes, it is important to examine the role of particle structure in detail. In this study, stepwise regression was used to identify which structural properties of particles exert an important control on fine sediment behaviour in river systems. The presence of composite particles and their associated particle size, porosity and fractal dimension were shown to be the most important controls on settling potential. Composite particles that form in the aquatic environment (flocs) were shown to have significantly different form and behaviour from composite particles of terrestrial origin (aggregates). Importantly, it was demonstrated that particle structure and behaviour exhibited consistencies between contrasting river catchments in different locations. An understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of composite particles is viewed as providing a valuable input to efforts to model the mobilisation, transport and fate of fine sediment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

仪器烈度计算方法研究

通过分析研究美国地质调查局和日本气象厅的仪器烈度算法,认为计算仪器烈度要综合考虑幅值、频谱、持时等地震动参数的影响,创新地提出了利用三分向合成加速度、速度计算仪器烈度,并通过汶川8.0级地震进行验证。结果表明,本文推荐的仪器烈度算法,其结果具有较高的准确性和可靠性,可为地震烈度速报提供参考。     

微囊藻毒素对人类健康影响相关研究的回顾

本文回顾了微囊藻毒素(MC,一种最常见而重要的蓝藻毒素)对人类健康影响相关的研究,迄今为止的一些重要历史事件包括:(1)1990年,科学家首次发现,MC进入肝细胞后,能强烈地抑制蛋白磷酸酶(PP1、PP2A)的活性,这是MC致毒的最重要的分子基础;(2)1996年,在巴西发生了肾透析用水被MC(-LR、-YR和-AR)污染导致52人死亡的严重事件;(3)中国南方原发性肝癌的高发病率被认为与饮水中的MC污染有关;(4)1998年,世界卫生组织提出了饮用水中MC-LR含量的临时指导值为1μg/L;(5)从巢湖的专业渔民血液中检测出MCs,并发现长期的低剂量慢性暴露引起了一定程度的肝损伤,微囊藻毒素对人类健康的影响证据确凿,不容忽视,尤其是在富营养化越演越烈、有毒蓝藻水华肆虐的今天.     

Influence of Solar-Geophysical Factors on the State of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The stratospheric polar vortex is one of the most important connecting links between solar activity and circulation of the lower atmosphere at extratropical latitudes....     

An investigation of the spatial variability of the grain size composition of floodplain sediments

River floodplains have been widely recognized as important sinks for storing suspended sediment and associated contaminants transported by river systems. The grain size composition of floodplain deposits exerts an important influence on contaminant concentrations, and commonly exhibits significant spatial variability in response to the dynamic nature of overbank flow and sediment transport. Information on the spatial variability of the grain size composition of overbank deposits is therefore essential for developing an improved understanding of the processes controlling sediment transport on floodplains, and for investigating the fate of sediment-associated contaminants. Such information is also important for validating existing floodplain sedimentation models. This paper reports the results of a study aimed at investigating the spatial variability of the grain size composition of floodplain sediments at different spatial scales, through analysis of surface sediment samples representative of contemporary floodplain deposits collected from frequently inundated floodplain sites on five British lowland rivers. Significant lateral and downstream variations in the grain size composition of the sediment deposits have been identified in the study reaches. An attempt has been made to relate the observed spatial distribution of the grain size composition of the overbank deposits to the local floodplain geometry and topography. The importance of the particle size characteristics of the suspended sediment transported by the rivers in influencing the spatial variability of the grain size composition of the overbank sediments deposited on these floodplains is also considered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川芦山7.0地震和汶川8.0地震震源区地壳岩石圈变形特征分析

地壳和岩石圈变形特征研究对于深入了解中强地震的深部孕震环境具有重要科学意义.本文联合P和S波远震接收函数偏移成像结果,对发生过芦山7.0地震和汶川8.0地震的龙门山断裂带及附近区域地壳和岩石圈结构进行分析.结果揭示出在青藏高原向四川盆地过渡的龙门山断裂带,Moho面和岩石圈底界面(LAB)呈现出强烈变形,特别是芦山地震和汶川地震震源区下方地壳出现了错断、下凹,岩石圈也呈现下凹变形特征.这种地壳及岩石圈变形所代表的高应力的积累可能是汶川和芦山地震发生的重要深部地球动力学背景.