Undermining the Integrated Maritime Policy

The European Union’s Integrated Maritime Policy is intended in part to co-ordinate sectoral policies, to achieve joined-up thinking and action and overcome the inconsistency between policy approaches that has led to the degradation of European seas. An integrated governance would be relatively straight-forward if the different interests and actors were operating on the basis of shared values, but they are not. While the fisheries sector, whether large or small-scale, is driven by a commercial imperative which tends towards the greatest extraction of the resource possible, environmentalists would champion the removal of all human impacts, other than redress activity, as the optimum state for the ecosystem. However, the greatest impediment to an integrated approach is the failure to subject the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy to the objectives of the Integrated Maritime Policy. Instead, all decisions concerning fisheries will continue to be made in accordance with the Fisheries Regulation which demands exploitation of the fragile resource. Attention needs to be given to how EU fisheries policy is to acquire values beyond that of commercial extraction for immediate economic benefit so that it may cohere with objectives of the Integrated Maritime Policy and aid the regeneration of the seas.     

Integrated Geophysical Studies in the East-Indian Geothermal Province

Integrated geophysical surveys using vertical electrical sounding (VES), very low frequency (VLF) EM, radiation counting, total magnetic field and self-potential (SP) measurements are carried out to characterize the geothermal area around a hot spring in the Nayagarh district, Orissa, India that lies in the East Indian geothermal province. The study was performed to delineate the fracture pattern, contaminated groundwater movement and possible heating source. VES interpretations suggest a three- to four-layer structure in the area. Resistivity survey near the hot spring suggests that weathered and fractured formations constitute the main aquifer system and extend to 60 m depth. Current flow measured at various electrode separations normalized by the applied voltage suggests that fractures extend to a greater depth. Detailed VLF study shows that fractures extend beyond 70 m depth. VLF anomaly has also very good correlation with the total magnetic field measured along the same profiles. Study results suggest that a gridded pattern of VLF survey could map the underground conductive fracture zones that can identify the movement of contaminated groundwater flow. Therefore, precautionary measures can be taken to check further contamination by delineating subsurface conducting structures. Self potential (SP) measured over the hot spring does not show a large anomaly in favor of the presence of a sulphide mineral body. A small positive (5–15mV) SP anomaly is measured which may be streaming potential due to subsurface fluid flow. A high radiation is measured about four kilometers from the hot spring, suggesting possible radiogenic heating. However, the exact nature of the heating source and its depth is not known in the area. Deep resistivity followed by a magneto-telluric survey could reveal the deeper structures.     

与集成的地球相连接

在 2 0世纪 70年代 ,宇航员发回了对地球科学具有深远影响的地球照片。以美丽图片所展示的地球 ,吸引着非专业人士和地球科学家 ,可以看作为一个单一的集成系统。那些图片揭示了这个星球的大气、海洋、生物和地质系统之间的关系——提高对这些过程的认识需要一种综合方法。来源于地球科学各个学科的综合技术和信息决定了我们如何能够成功地预测地球过程。地球科学家面临着利用数量不断增长的各类数据和对超出人类时间尺度变化的数据进行分析的挑战。对地球过程的理解可以为我们提供减轻我们的行为对地球所造成的影响的工具 ,以及通过优化利…     

综合物探方法在滑坡地质勘探中的应用研究

综合物探方法在滑坡等地质灾害的勘探中发挥着重要的技术作用。这里以河南省某地滑坡勘探为例,利用高密度电阻率法和地质雷达法等综合物探方法,分析两种物探方法的技术原理、联合解释,并结合地质钻探、地质调查等资料,查明该场地滑坡体的分布情况。结果表明,综合物探方法能有效地减少物探的多解性,提高成果解释精度,其综合物探解释成果与地质情况较为吻合,显示出综合物探方法在滑坡等地质灾害勘探中的重要作用。最后,对综合物探方法及综合解释进行了简要的总结和展望。      

地震信息传播平台综合服务分析

随着网络技术的飞速发展,已经形成了微博、微信等新兴的信息传播方式,因其传播快速和便捷的特点已成为传递信息的重要渠道。本文基于地震信息传播的特点和新兴媒介平台的优势,通过对地震信息资源的分析,提出了建立以地震监测、震害防御、应急救援为主体的地震信息发布构架。同时,借助大众新媒体传播及时快捷、立体多元、全面覆盖的信息平台,可为公众提供丰富多彩的地震信息服务。     

Integrated research methods in watershed science

We discuss the concepts, research methods, and infrastructure of watershed science. A watershed is a basic unit and possesses all of the complexities of the land surface system, thereby making it the best unit for practicing Earth system science. Watershed science is an Earth system science practiced on a watershed scale, and it has developed rapidly over the previous two decades. The goal of watershed science is to understand and predict the behavior of complex watershed systems and support the sustainable development of watersheds. However, watershed science confronts the difficulties of understanding complex systems, achieving scale transformation, and simulating the co-evolution of the human-nature system. These difficulties are fundamentally methodological challenges. Therefore, we discuss the research methods of watershed science, which include the self-organized complex system method, the upscaling method dominated by statistical mechanics, Darwinian approaches based on selection and evolutionary principles, hydro-economic and eco-economic methods that emphasize the human-nature system co-evolution, and meta-synthesis for addressing unstructured problems. These approaches together can create a bridge between holism and reductionism and work as a group of operational methods to combine hard and soft integrations and capture all aspects of both natural and human systems. These methods will contribute to the maturation of watershed science and to a methodology that can be used throughout land-surface systems science.     

Integrated Catchment Modelling

The recent drought in the UK has focused attention on the requirement for more effective groundwater management practices in order to reduce the interference of groundwater abstraction on river flows to acceptable levels. Quantification of the impacts and the assessment of alternative management strategies requires the use of mathematical models. An Integrated Catchment Management Model is described which permits the direct assessment of alternative groundwater management practices on river flows. The model utilises a modified version of the Stanford Watershed Model for groundwater recharge estimation and for the computation of the surface and interflow components of runoff. The river system is incorporated implicitly in an integrated finite difference groundwater model. Groundwater flow to or from the river system is computed as a function of river level, which in turn is related to stage discharge characteristics of discrete reaches of the river system. The model has now been applied to a number of important groundwater systems in southern and eastern England. The calibration and verification results achieved in application to the River Allen catchment are presented. The approach maximises the use of readily available hydrological and hydrogeological information, and gives the water resources planner a sound framework and support for decision making.     

Integrated GIS-based estimate of plankton and benthos biomasses in the Barents Sea

The quantitative characteristics and biomass distribution of plankton and benthos in the Southern Barents Sea are estimated by using geographic information system technologies. A database from a computer atlas of the Barents Sea is used to calculate the summary, total, and mean biomass. The quantitative parameters of plankton are estimated via creating a synthetic digital map, reflecting the joint distribution of phytoplankton, meso-and macrozooplankton in a raster format. The total and mean biomass of benthos is calculated via digitizing published cartographic data with subsequent processing of the digital cartogram. The obtained results are compared with estimates made earlier by other researchers. Generalizing characteristics, such as biomass production, P/B-coefficient, and ecological efficiency are calculated.     

Integrated stochastic modeling of pharmaceuticals in sewage networks

Pharmaceuticals and particularly antibiotics can harm sensitive aquatic species. Their occurrence in urban wastewater systems is the consequence of five successive processes: (i) ingestion of the substance, (ii) accumulation in the urine, (iii) excretion, (iv) degradation in the sewer system and (v) transport to the wastewater treatment plant (WTP). These processes were included in an integrated model that can be used to assess the dynamics of pharmaceuticals at a WTP inlet. First, information on sales data, posology, pharmacokinetics and toilet flushing frequency were combined to create a source model of pharmaceuticals entering a sewer system. This production function was then coupled with a transport/degradation model to simulate concentrations of pharmaceuticals at a WTP inlet. In an example application, the full model was applied to simulate the concentration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin on an hourly time scale. In this application, the model was calibrated and validated for a case study at a WTP in Lausanne, Switzerland. Validation of the integrated approach was successful despite the high variability evident in the model results. This modeling approach has potential use in pollution management and epidemiology related to wastewater.     

An Attempt of the Treatment of Underground Water in an Integrated Multifunctional Plant

By means of an integrated multifunctional experimental pilot plant there were tested several process variants for the treatment of carbonic-acid-aggressive and manganese-enriched model water. Deacidification and oxidation of iron- and manganese-constituents are effected by gas exchange with atmospheric oxygen. The hydrated-oxide particles formed are held back by two layers of foamed polyurethane and a sand bed lying uppermost. The process of neutralization and oxidation as well as flocculation is accelerated by the use of chalk, lime or soda. The effectiveness of the process technology investigated is illustrated by a table of results of small-scale experiments with model waters prepared from drinking water.     

The Results of Integrated Modeling of the Oceanic Gravimetric Effect

The implications of a broad range of factors for the intensity of the oceanic gravimetric effect has been estimated. These factors include dissipation, mass correction, the selection of the oceanic tidal model and Earth’s density model, and discarding the near-zone approximation, as well as allowance for the ellipticity of the Earth and the relative, Coriolis, and inertial accelerations. It has been shown that, with the presentday requirements to computational accuracy, the joint effect of these factors, rather than the separate contributions of each individual factor are of primary importance. The load Love numbers are calculated up to degree n = 50000.     

Integrated geophysical exploration in onshore frontier basins

Faced with the challenge of rapidly screening a huge expanse of frontier exploration acreage, often characterized by sparse vintage data, it is our experience that a combination of appropriate air- and ground-based geophysical techniques contributes positively to the exploration value chain. Airborne gravity gradiometry in conjunction with conventional gravity and magnetic data, as well as geological knowledge, add significant value to the screening process. This combination can subsequently assist in optimizing the location of the more time-consuming and expensive seismic programme. In addition, analysis and inversion of passive seismic data have also proven useful in providing depth to basement estimates, and results derived from all the techniques investigated have been consistent within several study areas. Following initial tests, where the data were independently analysed and cross-checked for consistency (including comparisons with active source seismic data and well data, when available), the company now routinely adopts the integration of these techniques in our frontier exploration acreage to support sedimentary basin delineation and mapping. This allows the optimal positioning and focussing of the higher spend and higher footprint programmes, such as active reflection seismic.     

南海前新生代残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究

为了对南海海域的前新生代残留盆地分布有个整体而全面的认识,本文开展了南海残留盆地宏观分布的综合地球物理研究.通过岩石物性分析,综合重、磁、震等地球物理方法,利用正演与反演方法,分区计算并求取了南海的重力基底和磁性基底埋深,得到了中生界及前中生界残余厚度,给出了整个南海前新生代残留盆地的宏观格架与残余厚度分布特征并讨论了...     

对SQIP方法数据处理部分的尝试性改进的研究

从地震学定量综合预测方法(SQIP)的预报思路出发,对SQIP方法的具体数据处理作了探索性改进,针对西北地区东部中强震进行综合预测检验.结果表明改进后的方法具有一定地震预测能力和实用性,预测结果符合渐近式的预报思路.     

论《太湖流域综合治理规划》的得失

太湖流域综合治理规划工程建设即将全部完成,在1999年洪水时,防洪效益达92亿元,相当于工程全部投资。规划的成功之处在于有良好的防洪意识,平衡了地方效益;并有供水、通航和改善环境效益。然而,由于对某些工程参数论证不足,加上运用不能适应流域各地的过高要求,目前有进一步完善的必要。     

Integrated Electrolytic Treatment and Adsorption for the Removal of Melanoidins

This work investigates electrolytic treatment and activated carbon adsorption for the removal of melanoidins, the recalcitrant coloring component in fermentation industry wastewaters. A 10% solution of synthetic melanoidins was electrolytically reduced and simultaneously oxidized in an electrolytic cell, thereby altering its reactivity. Adsorption studies using granular activated carbon were conducted using both control and electrolyzed streams. The filterability, surface tension and capillary suction time of the samples were also determined. The reduced melanoidins stream exhibited both a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 79% and a high color removal of 77% upon activated carbon adsorption. In comparison with the oxidized fraction, the reduced samples displayed enhanced filtration flux as well as decreased capillary suction time, thus indicating better filterability. Furthermore, a decline in surface tension was also observed confirming the decreased hydrophobicity of the reduced melanoidins.     

祁连山西段测震指标异常综合应用

通过对1980年以来至今14个指标的全时间扫描,并使用祁连山西段地区Ms5．0地震进行对应。结果表明,选取A值、AC值、A（b）值、b值、Mf值和地震活动度S值进行同步异常分析,能显著提高祁连山西段地区的有震报震率,但有漏报。对目前地区异常集中区进行时间扫描,结果显示,祁连山西段地区出现同步异常,认为2012年或稍长时期有发生Ms≥5．0中强震的可能。     

山溪性城市河流水环境综合整治体系研究

分析了山溪性城市河流水环境特征及其存在的问题,提出了水安全、水环境、水景观、水文化和水经济五位一体的综合整治模式,并阐明了其综合整治的具体内容.最后以丽水市内河水环境建设工程为例,详细介绍了山溪性城市河流的防洪排涝、供水、生态用水及水质安全的保障系统、水环境保护方案、水景观和水文化建设体系及水经济开发方案,为山溪性城市水环境的综合整治提供了借鉴.     

青藏高原东北缘马衔山断裂带构造属性的综合研究

左旋走滑的马衔山断裂带位于青藏高原东北缘陇中盆地内部,呈北西-南东向伸展.宽约8~10 km,长约115 km.马衔山断裂带表面虽然局部已被黄土覆盖,但并不代表它的活动性不强.1125年的兰州M_S7.0地震就发生在马衔山断裂带北缘的西侧.前人对马衔山断裂带的研究基本上多依靠于地表地质和地球化学数据分析进行一般性讨论,而缺少对马衔山断裂带深部构造伸展的清晰认识.本文中,我们主要依靠一条横跨马衔山断裂带的深地震反射剖面数据资料进行地壳尺度的构造解释.在此基础之上,对研究区所获得的重力数据进行相应的处理分析.最后辅助于马衔山断裂带两侧野外地表形变的观察和前人研究所获得的地球化学数据分析,我们的研究认为马衔山断裂带为一不同块体间的边界断裂带.它可能形成于早古生代祁连造山带东缘北部马里亚纳式岛弧和南部日本式岛弧的相互拼贴作用.该边界断裂带在随后的青藏高原东北缘物质逃逸过程中被激活,并且目前仍处于构造活动活跃期.     

Determining the Positions of Seismically Active Faults in Platform Regions Based on the Integrated Profile Observations

By the examples of the Roslavl’skii, Grafskii, and Platava–Varvarinskii faults, the possibility is demonstrated of mapping the geological objects by the measurement algorithm that includes successively measuring the spectra of microseisms at the points of the measurement network by movable instruments and statistical accumulation of the ratios of the power spectra of the amplitudes. Based on this technique, the positions of these seismically active faults are determined by the integrated profile observations of the parameters of microseismic and radon fields. The refined positions of the faults can be used in estimating the seismic impacts on the critical objects in the vicinity of these faults.