近断层地震动作用下设计速度反应谱研究

近断层地震动是一种特点明显且破坏力巨大的地面运动,其速度反应谱与远场地震动的速度反应谱有显著不同。本文从美国太平洋地震工程研究中心（PEER）强震数据库选取具有特定震级、震源机制、土层剪切波速和断层距的30条近断层地震记录作为输入;运用状态空间法,利用MATLAB进行地震动作用下单自由度体系的运动方程计算得到体系的速度反应谱;通过标准化、求均值的方法研究速度反应谱的特征;按照速度反应谱峰值对应的周期对所选的30条地震记录进行分组,并用分段线性拟合方法建立了设计速度反应谱;通过不同组的设计速度反应谱与速度反应谱平均值的对比,验证本文提出的设计速度反应谱的合理性。研究结果表明,近断层地震动下的速度反应谱谱形包括四个阶段;结构的阻尼比对速度反应谱的谱形没有影响,但是会影响速度反应谱的谱峰值,结构阻尼比不同时,两两比较后的最大相对误差为16.68%。     

地震速度资料在北黄海盆地中的应用

概述了北黄海盆地的区域地质背景和速度分析的原理,通过对北黄海盆地速度谱的解释和计算,得到了层速度、平均速度、砂岩百分含量等信息,利用这些速度资料识别多次波、辨别坳陷区和隆起区,进行时深转换、构造分析以及岩性分析,为北黄海盆地地震资料解释、沉积相分析以及资源量计算提供可靠的依据。     

时变功率谱模型参数衰减规律研究

基于美国西部基岩强震加速度记录资料,采用多重滤波技术计算水平向和竖向地震加速度记录时程的时变功率谱值,并利用非线性最小二乘法拟合了对应于各条加速度记录时程的时变功率谱模型参数值.采用经验统计方法,分析了水平向和竖向加速度时变功率谱模型参数随震级、震中距及频率的变化规律,建立其衰减模型,并由多随机变量一致加权最小二乘法拟合得到了各衰减模型的系数值.通过与现有时变功率谱衰减规律的对比分析,证明了本文提出的衰减模型的合理性.     

地震走时CT波前追踪

把走时CT结果作为地震衍射CT(DCT)的背景场可以改善DCT之成像质量。本文由Radon变换、泛函分析变分原理和微分几何导出程函方程后,采取有限差分法求解,实行波前追踪。通过对反射地震勘探和VSP 结构的源——接收系统编程实际运算,表明该波前追踪程序输入简单,适合于多层介质模型,各网格点的走时能迅速确定。     

Capabilities of Large-scale Particle Image Velocimetry to characterize shallow free-surface flows

Irrespective of their spatial extent, free-surface shallow flows are challenging measurement environments for most instruments due to the relatively small depths and velocities typically associated with these flows. A promising candidate for enabling measurements in such conditions is Large-scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV). This technique uses a non-intrusive approach to measure two-dimensional surface velocity fields with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Although there are many publications documenting the successful use of LSPIV in various laboratory and field open-channel flow situations, its performance has not been equally substantiated for measurement in shallow flows. This paper aims at filling in this gap by demonstrating the capabilities of LSPIV to: (a) accurately evaluate complex flow patterns in shallow channel flows; and (b) estimate depth in shallow flows using exclusively LSPIV measurements. The demonstration is provided by LSPIV measurements in three shallow flow laboratory situations with flow depths ranging from 0.05 to 0.31 m. The obtained measurements illustrate the LSPIV flexibility and reliability in measuring velocities in shallow and low-velocity (near-zero) flows. Moreover, the technique is capable to evaluate and map velocity-derived quantities that are difficult to document with alternative measurement techniques (e.g. vorticity and shear stress distributions and mapping of large-scale structure in the body of water).     

华北地震和波速结构关系分类表格的数据AIC分析

用分类表格数据的AIC分析方法,定量化地分析了华北地区强地震的发生和层析成像所得的该区速度结构的关系．所得结果为:华北下地壳、上地幔顶部的P波低速区,上地壳和下地壳S波速度的水平梯度较高区与5~6级以上地震的发生有一定的联系．这一联系可能与该区新生代岩石层减薄、地幔物质上涌的地球动力学特征有关,地壳结构和热状态横向不均匀性强的部位尤其易于孕育较强的地震．      

卫星重力测量数据反演中国西部地壳水平运动速率

在固定的坐标系下,讨论了直立长方体水平运动与其外部的重力场变化之间的关系,建立了地壳水平运动与地球外部重力场变化的数学模型。根据此模型,并参考直立长方体大小以及地形等因素,用2003～2008年GRACE(Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment)卫星数据计算地球外部重力场变化,基于PSO算法(ParticleSwarm Optimization Algorithm)反演中国西部地区地壳水平运动速率。反演结果表明:中国西部地壳水平运动具有整体由南向北、且伴有向东运动的特征;地壳水平运动表现为不均匀,除昆明区域(地壳由北向南运动)外,在南北方向上地壳水平运动速率具有从南向北逐渐递减的趋势。青藏高原南北方向运动速率为10～35 mm/a,东西方向运动速率1～25 mm/a;塔里木盆地南北方向运动速率5～15 mm/a,东西方向运动速率4～7 mm/a。     

Scale Effects Related to Flow in Rough Fractures

— A numerical fracture flow simulation based on the lubrication approximation is used to investigate the influence of roughness on the flow inside a rough fracture, at low Reynolds number. Facing surfaces are described as self-affine topographies with identical roughness magnitude. Resolution of the Reynolds equation is achieved using two distinct numerical schemes, with consistency. Fracture closure is studied assuming perfect plastic contact between facing surfaces. Long-range correlations are shown to exist in the local aperture field due to the fracture geometry and subsequently in the local fluxes inside the fracture. Flow channeling is the result of these correlations in terms of spatial distribution of the flow, and is responsible for either flow-enhancing or flow-inhibiting behavior of the fracture. Matching between the two surfaces at scales larger than a mismatch scale is studied. The mismatch scale is the upper limit scale for the local apertures scale invariance. It appears to control flow channeling and the related dispersion of the possible behaviors over a large statistics of fractures with identical statistical features. Hydraulic anisotropy of a given fracture is investigated: the dependence of the fracture transmittivity on the pressure drop orientation is proved to be sinusoidal, with an amplitude that is controlled by the mismatch scale.     

强震记录中速度大脉冲模拟及其对反应谱的影响

在近断层地震中,具有速度大脉冲的强震动对建筑物的影响较大。为了描述速度大脉冲,Makris和Roussos提出了由简单连续函数构成的模型,该模型参数较少、形式简单,用来描述实际地震记录中的速度脉冲大多取得较好的效果,但还是有一些记录模拟的结果会出现“丢失”现象,存在一些缺陷。针对此问题,本文提出了2个改进的方法——组合法和镜像法,用来扩展Makris和Roussos模型的适用范围,使其具有更好的适应性。     

地球物理场流动观测数据管理系统建设

本文主要介绍了地球物理场流动观测数据管理系统的主要功能和关键技术。本系统主要功能包括流动地磁观测基础信息管理、数据入库、数据目录总览、数据浏览及备份、备份数据入库、数据库检查等。通过本系统的数据备份和备份数据入库功能,可按观测任务期次进行数据备份,并较好地解决了单位间的数据交换问题。数据目录让用户和管理者能够一目了然地了解库里的数据内容。数据库检查则可以定期对数据的正确性和一致性进行检查,以清除数据垃圾,保持数据库的健康性。     

施甸5.9级地震强震观测资料的时-频反应谱分析

通过对施甸5．9级地震在太平等观测点的强震记录进行时一频反应谱计算,给出了三个方向的时一频反应谱图,根据时一频反应谱的特点,结合场地条件,对这些场点的震害情况进行了分析,指出了在结构抗震方面应注意的环节,并对时一频反应谱的应用进行了探讨。     

Surface Wave Tomography of the Arctic from Rayleigh and Love Wave Group Velocity Dispersion Data

Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - The results of studying the deep structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle of the Arctic from surface wave data are presented. For this purpose,...     

利用祁连山主动源资料研究2016年门源6.4级地震前后波速变化

采用叠加、互相关、插值拟合等方法对祁连山气枪主动源台网数据进行处理,针对2016年1月21日青海门源6.4级地震前后气枪激发地震P波、S波震相的走时变化特征进行了分析,结果表明,地震前约6个月时,震中附近3个台站的相对走时出现下降变化（走时减少）,至震前约3个月时低值异常恢复正常,之后再次出现走时下降变化,地震即发生于走时变化恢复过程中。S波走时变化最大下降幅度达18ms,震后走时变化逐渐恢复正常,且3个台站变化趋势较为一致,其中,距震中最近的台站的S波走时变化最明显（ZDY38台）,较远台站的走时变化幅度较小,其变化特征与震源区位置有关。走时缩短意味着速度增加,可能与区域应力积累间存在一定的关系。     

Analysis of Flow and Sediment Transport Characteristics in Sand Beds

Analysis of flow velocities in stable beds is used to recognize the zones of eroding, transferring, and nontransferring velocities. The profiles of cross-sections in a pool and a rift are constructed using the author's formula.     

渭河盆地断裂活动速率的粒子群算法反演

渭河盆地是我国典型的断陷盆地,是中国大陆地裂缝活动、地面沉降活动最剧烈的地区之一.本文利用2004-2007年间的GPS数据,采用粒子群算法与位错理论模型相结合,对渭河盆地主要断裂的三维滑动速率进行了反演计算分析.结果表明:(1)断裂活动性质与地质测量方法获得的结果基本一致:除韩城—华县断裂以张裂为主外,渭河盆地主要断裂均以正倾滑为主,并具有走滑特征,呈张裂的运动趋势;(2)从滑动速率来看,秦岭北侧大断裂速率最大,可达4.5 mm/a.固关—宝鸡断裂活动最小,活动速率仅为1 mm/a左右;(3)在趋势上与现有的地质资料基本一致,以EW向断裂活动最强,NE方向较强,而NW方向较弱,并且分布上呈现南强北弱的特征.     

Study of the Change in Wave Velocity Ratio before and after Two Strong Earthquakes Using Airgun Source Data

Using the signals excited by the large-volume airgun source at the Binchuan transmitting seismic station from January to June, 2016, arrival-time data was acquired at four stations near the epicenter of the Eryuan M_S4.5 and M_S4.0 earthquakes on February 8, 2016, as well as the epicenter of the Yunlong M_S5.0 and Eryuan M_S4.6 earthquakes on May 18, 2016 through the waveform cross-correlation technique. The wave velocity ratio of the four stations was calculated using the single-station method. At the same time, the b-value and the focal mechanism consistency parameters of the study area were also calculated. The results show that:(1) the wave velocity ratio of each station experienced a process of decline-recovery-fast rise before the two strong earthquakes, and a significant quasi-synchronous rapid rise occurred within 3-12 days before the earthquake; (2) the timing of the rapid rise of the wave velocity ratio of the four stations before the Yunlong M_S5.0 and Eryuan M_S4.6 earthquakes were related to the epicentral distance. The station which observed the earliest increase in rapid rise is the farthest one from the epicenter, and the station where the rapid rise appeared in the latest is closest to the epicenter; (3) the form of change of the wave velocity ratio before the earthquake was different between stations located at different directions in the epicenter area; (4) the b-value and the focal mechanism consistency parameter which is commonly used to characterize the stress level both showed a downward trend before the two strong earthquakes, and were consistent with the change in the wave velocity ratio. According to the preliminary analysis, the wave velocity ratio obtained by using airgun source can better reflect the change in the stress state of the underground medium.     

基于移动通信大数据的地震灾区人口快速处理系统研究

破坏性地震发生后,及时准确掌握被困人数和具体位置是救援的关键。传统地震应急基础数据库的人口数据是某个时期以行政单元或者公里格网为基础的统计数据,缺乏时效性和空间分布特征,难以据此准确评估地震灾区被困人员的分布情况。该研究根据移动通信定位技术中的被动Cell-ID定位法原理,获取研究区手机定位数据,系统以Microsoft Visual Studio 2012为开发平台,运用C#语言和ArcEngine开发组件来构建,对获取的手机定位数据进行处理,评估灾区被困人口的分布情况,制作专题图,为震后的应急救援提供参考依据。     

Global Event Location with Full and Sparse Data Sets Using Three-dimensional Models of Mantle P-wave Velocity

—?In order to improve on the accuracy of event locations at teleseismic distances it is necessary to adequately correct for lateral variations in structure along the ray paths, either through deterministic model-based corrections, empirical path/station corrections, or a combination of both approaches. In this paper we investigate the ability of current three-dimensional models of mantle P-wave velocity to accurately locate teleseismic events. We test four recently published models; two are parameterized in terms of relatively long-wavelength spherical harmonic functions up to degree 12, and two are parameterized in terms of blocks of constant velocity which have a dimension of a few hundreds of km. These models, together with detailed crustal corrections, are used to locate a set of 112 global test events, consisting of both earthquakes and explosions with P-wave travel-time data compiled by the Internation al Seismological Centre (ISC). The results indicate that the supposedly higher resolution block models do not improve the accuracy of teleseismic event locations over the longer wavelength spherical harmonic models. For some source locations the block models do not predict the range of observed travel-time residuals as well as the longer wavelength models. The accuracy of the locations largely varies randomly with geographic position although events in central Asia are particularly well located. We also tested the effect of reduced data sets on the locations. Multiple location iterations using 30 P-wave travel times indicate that teleseismic events may be located within an area of 1000?km² of the true location 66% of the time with only the model-based corrections, and increasing to 75% if calibration information is available. If as few as 8 phases are available then this is possible only 50% of the time. Further refinement in models and/or procedure, such as the addition of P _n phases, azimuth data, and consideration of P-wave anisotropy may provide further improvement in the teleseismic location of small events.     

Studies of Water Velocity in the Capillary Fringe: The Point Velocity Probe

The point velocity probe (PVP) is a device that can measure groundwater velocity at the centimeter scale, and unlike devices that measure velocity within well screens, the PVP operates while in direct contact with the porous medium. Because of this feature, it was postulated that the PVP could be effective in measuring velocity within the capillary fringe. This hypothesis was tested using a laboratory flow-through cell filled with a medium-fine sand from Canadian Forces Base Borden. The cell was constructed to simulate conditions such that the PVP was positioned from 2.5 cm below the water table to 79 cm above the water table. As the water table was lowered, the PVP gave highly consistent values of velocity over the range equivalent to 2.5 cm below the water table to 44 cm above the water table, the approximate extent of the capillary fringe. The average measured velocity was 11.3 cm/d ± 11.6%, somewhat higher than that calculated based on the measured discharge through the cell (7.5 cm/d ± 5.5%). With a further decline in the water table there was a progressive decrease in the measured velocity values, consistent with the declining hydraulic conductivity as the sand material drained. Readings could not be made beyond about 57 cm, where the water content was approximately 75% of saturation. These experiments showed that the PVP is capable of measuring groundwater velocity within the saturated zone above the water table and possibly into the unsaturated zone. Currently, this is the only instrument available with this capability.