Searching for Compromise Solution in the Planning and Managing of Releases into the Lower Pool of the Volgograd Hydropower System. 1. Strategic Planning

The article presents a new information technology for the analysis of problems and the support of decision making regarding the availability of water resources for the users of the water management complex of the Lower Volga and the entire Volga–Kama chain of HPPs. A procedure is proposed to search for compromise decisions in water resources management in the interests of various water users (hydropower engineering, transport, ecology, agriculture, fishery, etc.). Modern methods of multicriteria analysis and the theory of compromises a used. The issues considered in the study include the determination of the potentially possible levels of meeting the requirements of the water users mentioned above and the effect produced on these levels by possible changes in the Management Rules of the Volga–Kama Chain of Reservoirs.     

Fishery Water Releases to the Lower Pool of the Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Plant

Conditions of fish reproduction in the Volga–Caspian Basin depending on the hydrological regime in the Volga lower reaches, transformed by water withdrawals and regulatory impact of reservoirs are considered.     

太湖流域1999年特大洪水和对防洪规划的思考

１９９９年太湖流域梅雨期自６月７日入梅,历时４３ｄ,流域面平均梅雨总量６７０ｍｍ,是常年的３倍,致使流域发生了本世纪以来的特大洪水。项平均连续最大７ｄ,１５ｄ,３０ｄ,４５ｄ、６０ｄ,９０ｄ雨量均超过历史暴雨实测最大值,接近或超过了百年一遇。流域降雨空间分布南部大于北部,浙西区、湖区、杭嘉湖区和浦东、浦西区明显大于湖西区和武澄锡区。太湖最高水位达到５．０８ｍ,超达１９９１年最高历史水位０．２９ｍ。     

美国城市搜索与救援体系的组成及运作模式概述

美国城市搜索与救援体系是世界上最完善的体系之一，多年来在城市救灾和应对突发事件中发挥了重要作用，减轻了生命和财产的损失。文章概述了美国城市搜索与救援体系的组成、任务、运作原则和管理机构及支援机构。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探

长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊比较集中的地区。该地区绝大多数湖泊为浅水湖泊,所有的城郊湖泊都已经富营养化,其他湖泊的营养状况均为中营养－富营养,处于富营养化的发展中,这些湖泊富营养化的原因同流域上的人类活动有很大的关系。一方面,工业,农业和城市生活污水正源源不断地向湖泊中排放。另一方面,人类通过湖泊围垦、湖岸忖砌,水产养殖等破坏自然生态环境,减少营养盐输出途径。国际上对于浅水湖泊富营养化治理的经验表明,即使流域上的外源污染排放降到历史最低点,湖泊富营养化问题依然突出,其原因与浅水湖泊底泥所造成的内源污染有关。动力作用导致底泥悬浮,,影响底泥中营养盐的释放,也影响水下光照和初级生产力。控制浅水湖泊富营养化,除了进行外源性营养盐控制之外,还必须进行湖内内源营养盐的治理。治理内源营养盐的有效途径是恢复水生植被,控制底泥动力悬浮与营养盐释放。而要进行水生植被恢复,必须进行湖泊生态系统退化机制及生态修复的实验研究。     

长江中下游及邻区地震各向异性对区域构造演化的启示

大别山东缘和长江中下游地区是我国东部构造格局最复杂的地区之一.为深入理解和认识该区的构造演化过程和壳幔变形特征, 本文利用NW-SE向跨越长江中下游地区的密集宽频带流动地震台站数据, 开展了远震接收函数Pms各向异性研究, 并结合已有研究进一步分析了该区地壳与上地幔各向异性特征及其产生机制.结果表明: 长江中下游及邻区地壳各向异性呈明显的横向分区性, 华北克拉通东南部以近NWW向为主, 而长江中下游和华南东北部以NE向为主.在垂向上, 该区地壳与上地幔各向异性方向也存在明显差异, Pms各向异性快波方向与XKS(PKS, SKS, SKKS)快波偏振方向整体上存在30°~60°左右差异, 形成了该区壳幔各向异性的"立交桥"式分层结构.本研究认为印支期和燕山期的区域构造演化差异以及华北与华南块体的流变学强度不同是造成该区壳幔各向异性"立交桥"式分层结构的重要因素.华北地区Pms各向异性特征反映了华南与华北块体在印支期陆陆碰撞所形成的中下地壳变形痕迹, 华南东北部地区的Pms各向异性则主要受控于燕山期古太平洋板块俯冲造成的陆内挤压作用.燕山期古太平洋板块的北西向俯冲作用不仅导致了软流圈物质沿NW或近W向流动和橄榄岩矿物晶体的定向排列, 也在地壳和岩石圈尺度产生了陆内挤压作用并最终导致了目前观测到的中下地壳变形和各向异性特征.     

CT机射线质量控制系统及故障部件改进

本文叙述了ＣＴＸ线质量控制，对控制部件光束限位器、准值器、以及射线校正器等工作原理进行了系统的分析，并对各故障部件的控制进行改进讨论。     

基于移动平台的测震应急流动台现场监控系统的设计与实现

流动测震观测是在大地震发生以后开展的一项重要的地震应急响应工作,能够获得震区高质量的地震数据,而野外环境的复杂性对测震应急流动台的架设提出了较高的要求。本文通过对地震应急流动现场工作进行需求分析,设计并实现了一种基于IOS系统的测震应急流动台现场监控系统,能够让现场工作队员快速获取流动台数据和状态信息,有利于流动台的快速架设,提高了应急流动观测现场工作的效能。     

Geophysical studies of sturgeon spawning grounds in the Lower Volga and recommendations for their remediation

The results of geophysical studies in the Lower Volga allowed the authors to reveal areas suitable for sturgeon reproduction, determine the level of sturgeon natural reproduction in different zone of the river, evaluate the productivity of spawning grounds, and give recommendations for their remediation.     

常导MR机磁场控制系统及故障分析排除

本文叙述了磁场建立的控制过程,对磁场的监控和保护号进行了系统的分析,并对它常出现的故障进行了分析排除。     

Tasks and functions of a decision support system for water resources management in the Lower Volga

The Lower Volga is a Russian region, which has a unique natural resources and a territory which is the area of collision of the interests of different economic branches that use water resources. The economic development of the region requires effective water resources management in harmony with natural conditions and the operation of the Volga-Kama reservoir system. A reliable management tool is a computer decision support system for the Lower Volga. The problems to be solved with this system answer the current water problems of the region. Data on the programs under implementation and to be developed are given; water apportioning model is given; and the way of coordinated choice of management regime of the Volga-Kama reservoir system and water resources use in the Lower Volga is demonstrated.     

Geochemistry of black shale at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian in Tarim Basin and its significance for lithosphere evolution

At the bottom of the Lower Cambrian, there widely develops a suit of rock association com-posed of black shales interbedded with thin silicalite in the India, northern Pakistan, Iran, southern France, England, northern Oman, the former USSR, southern Kaza…     

Empirical model for variation of the continuum emission in the upper atmosphere. 2. Infrared components

The absolute integral intensity of the IR components of the continuum emission is calculated from the laboratory velocities of photochemical reactions between NO and nonexcited and excited O₃ molecules. The vertical intensity distribution of the continuous radiation spectrum of the upper atmosphere (continuum) in the IR area spans a range of heights of the middle atmosphere from 10 to 15 km. A comparison of the calculated values of the continuum intensity with the results of its spectrophotometric surface measurements in the near-IR spectrum allowed refinement of the coefficient of velocity of the NO-ozone reaction responsible for origination of the continuum emission in the IR spectrum range.     

近40年来太湖汛情的变化与防洪对策

本文建立了一个大气,水耦合数值模型来研究琵琶湖的环流机制,模拟计算结果表明：１）在湖面上存在一个正的风涡度场以及白天的正散度场,晚上的负散度场,在温度分层的季节里,这一特殊的琵琶湖流流域大气边界层可以产生并维持北湖一稳定,强度较弱的气旋式环流。２）当考虑大气边界层的不均匀风场的影响时,湖中形成的环流比均匀风场驱动形成的环流比均匀风场驱动形成的环流更加稳定且维持时间更长．３）局地风场可以在湖中驱动形     

The petrochemistry of ophiolite gabbroic complexes. A key for the classification of ophiolites into low-Ti and high-Ti types

Ophiolites have been divided into two groups: high-Ti and low-Ti types. These can be discriminated by studying the fractionation trends of both gabbroic complexes (this work) and lavas and dykes [16], particularly in the TiO₂/M.I. diagram. The first type typically shows MORB-like magmas whereas in the second the magma types have a spectrum of composition from mid-ocean ridge basalts to island arc tholeiites and boninite-like magmas often occur.High-Ti ophiolites are petrologically and geochemically similar to major oceanic and ensialic back-arc basin crusts as well as oceanic crust generated during the intermediate and late-stage opening of intraoceanic back-arc basins.Parental magmas and fractionation processes of low-Ti ophiolites fit with an hypothesis of their formation in the early stage of opening of intraoceanic back-arc basins.     

Search for the Relationship between the Velocity of a Coronal Mass Ejection and the Decay Rate of the Magnetic Field in the Region of Mass Emission Generation

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - In this paper, we search for the relationship between the Vlin linear projection velocity and the Vss velocity in the 3D space of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) recorded...     

Weathering of granite in Antarctica: I. Light penetration into rock and implications for rock weathering and endolithic communities

Where rocks are composed of translucent minerals, light penetrates the rock and, in so doing, impacts on the thermal conditions. Where minerals are not translucent all the heat transformation must be at the rock surface, and steep thermal gradients can occur. Where light does penetrate, a component of the incoming radiation is transformed to heat at differing depths within the rock, thereby decreasing the thermal gradient. Equally, light transmissive minerals facilitate endolithic communities, which can also play a role in rock weathering. The attribute of light transmission within rock and the impact this has on the resulting thermal conditions has not been considered within rock weathering studies. An attempt was made to monitor the amount of light penetrating the outer 2 mm of coarse granite under Antarctic summer conditions and to evaluate the thermal impact of this. It was found that the amount of light penetration at this site exceeded modeled or postulated values from biological studies and that it could significantly impact the thermal conditions within the outer shell of the rock. Although the resulting data highlighted a number of flaws in the experimental procedure, sufficient information was generated to provide the first assessment of the range of thermal responses due to light transmissive minerals in rock. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Paleomagnetism of the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian carbonates of New York State: evidence for secondary magnetizations residing in magnetite

Paleomagnetic directions for the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian carbonates of the Helderberg escarpment (New York State) differ from expected Late Silurian and Early Devonian directions for cratonic North America. The mean direction (D = 165°, I = −10°; paleopole at 50°N 129°E) is similar to Late Carboniferous and Early Permian results. Negative fold tests, and a lack of reversals, suggest that the magnetization is secondary. However, low coercivities, low blocking temperatures, the thermomagnetic curves (T_C near 570°C) and the acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetizations all suggest that the remanence is carried by magnetite. If a detrital origin of these magnetites is assumed, the secondary nature of the remanence would argue for thermal resetting as a result of deep burial of the rocks. However, no evidence for such thermal resetting is seen in the alteration of conodonts. More likely perhaps is a chemical or thermochemical origin of the remanence; this would require the magnetites to be authigenic.     

Numerical simulation of non-isothermal multiphase multicomponent processes in porous media.: 2. Applications for the injection of steam and air

In part 1 [Class et al., this issue], we presented a numerical simulator for non-isothermal multiphase systems. A module of this simulator that considers the phases water, an organic non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL), and the gas phase is used here for two applications. The aim of the numerical simulations is to show and to interpret the behavior of the non-isothermal multiphase processes. The first example deals with an experiment in which an air-dry, NAPL-contaminated column is remediated by a steam injection. The typical front behavior is investigated and the coupled physical processes are identified by a comparison with experimental temperature data. The second application is a two-dimensional case study, where the influence of different strategies for the remediation by injection of steam and/or air in a heterogeneous, NAPL-contaminated sand can be shown.