A reexamination of the Gum nebula

A detailed analysis of interstellar measurements in the direction of the Gum nebula is carried out. The ionized region is shown to have an angular radius of 18° and appears to be bounded by a shell of neutral gas. The mean electron temperature deduced from radio-frequency absorption measurements is found to be 8500K. These parameters suggest that the nebula is the normal and possibly evolved Hii region of Pup and ² Vel, rather than the fossil Strömgren sphere of the Vela supernova as suggested by Brandtet al. (1971).     

Detectiin of RS CVn-type systems by doublet 2800 Mgii

The problem of the detection or discovery of RS CVn-type close binary systems with the aid of the magnesium emission doublet 2800 Mgii is discussed. On the example of a star, HD 102077, the possibility of such an approach is shown. The determining factor is the magnitude of the measureless parameterR(Mgii), that is, the relative power of the magnesium doublet emission. For the normal Main-Sequence stars the magnesium emission has a purely chromospheric origin andR(Mgii) 1 (in units of 10^–5). However, in the case of close binary systems of RS CVn-typeR(Mgii) 100. Wit the help of IUE it is foundR(Mgii) 100 for the star HD 102077 and, therefore, it is identified with RS CVn-type objects in which the magnesium doublet emission is generated in the intercomponent medium by gaseous matter and is transferred from one component of the system to the other. The basic physical parameters of the intercomponent medium in the case of HD 102077 are obtained.     

The solar O i λ 7773 triplet

The reduction of observations of the O i 7773 triplet obtained at high spatial resolution (0.5) at two disk positions is described. Two sets of triplet profile data are presented at each disk position. One set represents data taken from 0.5 regions centered on the brightest granules, while the other set represents data taken from 0.5 regions centered on the cooler infalling intergranular material.     

Astronomy with a mid-infrared echelle spectrograph

Irshell, a mid-infrared echelle spectrograph developed through a collaboration between the University of Texas, the University of California Space Sciences Laboratory, and Hughes Aircraft, has been in regular use for astronomical observations for about five years. It is optimized for high spectral resolution (R10,000) observations of narrow spectral regions (/1/300) and compact sources (a few arcsec), and is sensitive in the 5–25 m region. A wide variety of astronomical objects have been studied. Observing techniques have been developed to achieve maximum sensitivity in those observations for which Irshell is best suited and to allow observations of wide spectral regions and extended objects. We discuss the observing techniques and show some of the data obtained.     

Generation of γ-bursts by old magnetic neutron stars

A model of -bursts is considered that treats the flares of neutron stars as a result of convectiveoscillation instability associated with the stars having strong internal magnetic fields ( 10¹³ to 10¹⁴ G). In the context of this model only sufficiently old (10⁴ to 10⁷ yr), drastically cooled-down neutron stars may be sources of -bursts. The paper shows that major characteristics of a -burster in the Supernova N 49 remnant (energy release during burst up to 10⁴⁴ erg, age 10⁴ yr, burst-to-burst interval (I to 3)×10⁶s; rotation period P=8 s) may be explained under the assumption that the mass of the neutron star is about 0.14M _· while its mean magnetic field strength is 1.5×10¹⁴ G abd 10¹³ G within the star and on its surface, respectively. The observational tests of the model discussed conclude the paper.     

The determination of physical parameters for circumstellar clouds

The possibility of the detection of circumstellar clouds around hot stars have been shown based on the analysis of observed equivalent widths of resonance line 2852 Mgi of interstellar origin. An attempt has been made to combine two methods, earlier suggested — Method of Doublet 2800 Mgii and Method of Depression — for the determination of the parameters of circumstellar clouds. The sequence of the determination of these parameters is illustrated on the application of this combined method for circumstellar clouds around five hot stars. The value of the mean absorption coefficientk ₀ for the system of resonance lines in the region of depression 2400 Å, is obtained. An application of the conception of spectral classification of circumstellar clouds has been realized.     

Low frequency flickering of TT arietis: Hard and soft X-ray emission region

Using archival ASCA observations of TT Arietis, X-ray energy spectra and power spectra of the intensity time series are presented for the first time. The energy spectra are well-fitted by a two continuum plasma emission model with temperatures 1 keV and 10 keV. A coherent feature at 0.643 mHz appeared in the power spectra during the observation.     

Production of a short-lived filament by a surge

A large surge was observed on September 17, 1971, part of which, after travelling 200 000 km through the corona, returned to the surface to form a filament. The filament lasted about 30 min, then rose up and returned to the source of the surge. We interpret this as the filling of a semi-stable magnetic trap.The energetics of radio, X-ray, and surge expulsion are estimated. The radio spectrum and flux correspond to a thermal source of area 4 (arcmin)², T 190 000 K, N _e ² V 7 × 10⁴⁸, which is optically deep at 8800 MHz.The soft X-ray source has T 12 × 10⁶ K, N _e ² V 3 × 10⁴⁸; and if an equal mass is expelled in the surge, the kinetic energy of the surge is similar to the thermal energy of the X-ray source.     

Caii K line asymmetries in two well-observed solar flares of October 18, 1990

Two-dimensional evolutions of two flares of October 18, 1990 have been well observed in the Caii K line with a CCD camera at Norikura station of National Astronomical Observatory in Japan. There are two common characteristics for the flares: 3 - 5 min before the impulsive phase, the heating already begins at the footpoints of the flares, but no asymmetry in line emission has been detected. After the onset of the impulsive phase, Caii K line emission at the footpoints shows strong red asymmetry, with the maximum asymmetry occurring at the same time as the peak of the radio bursts. The maximum downward velocity is about 30 50 km s^–1. For flare 1, blue and red asymmetries were observed in two sides of the footpoint area. They developed and attained a maximum nearly at the same time and the inferred Doppler velocities are comparable (30 40 km s^–1). This implies that two mass jets started from a small region and ejected along a loop but in opposite directions with roughly equivalent momentum. A possible mechanism has been discussed.     

Lα, Lβ (of Hi), k and h (of Mgii), K and H (of Ca ii) observations in a quiescent prominence with the OSO-8 LPSP instrument

A sequence of images taken at different positions in the resonance lines of Ca ii, Mg ii, and H i was obtained over a quiescent prominence with the LPSP instrument on OSO-8. Ca ii K (and H) profiles are reconstructed at different locations in the prominence with a (10 × 5) arc sec² resolution. Significant variations of FWHM and line shifts are found: FWHM range from 0.14 Å to 0.5 Å; blue shifts reach about 14 km s^-1. The ratio of K to H absolute intensities shows a large spread around the average value of 1.2. The same ratio for the Mg ii lines in the whole prominence is higher (1.7), a fact already noticed at the edge of an active prominence (Vial et al., 1979). The ionization degree, as measured by the L/Ca K ratio, shows noticeable variations within the prominence. The L intensity is about 0.3 times the intensity measured in the quiet Sun, and the L/L ratio is less than one half the disk value. These results indicate important variations of the thermal conditions inside the prominence.DASOP, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.     

Thermodynamical and dynamical evolution of a self-gravitating object and the influence of ionization

We use a simple equation of state, in which the adiabatic index depends on opacity and ionization and we integrate the dynamical and thermodynamical equations for the gravitational collapse of a typical solar composition protocloud, up to the virialization of the energies. Following the evolution of the thermal energy and ionization fraction, violent bounces are obtained at the sudden hardening of the equation of state, when the material becomes ionized.We also suggest a mechanism to explain the onset of protostellar winds.We introduce radiation losses in the model, and integrate again the modified equations, studying the evolution of a 1.1M protocloud. The object's effective temperature stays in a confined small zone of the IR region throughout its fast (40 yr) evolution and its luminosity oscillates and decreases from 5000L to 500L . The radius starts from 35 AU and shrinks down to 140R , before a physical instability gives birth to a strong shock wave with consequent mass loss.     

Lifetimes of some excited states in the rare earths: La ii,Ce ii,Pr ii,Nd ii,Sm ii,Yb i,Yb ii,and Lu ii

Radiative lifetimes for excited states in La ii, Ce ii, Pr ii, Nd ii, Sm ii, Yb i, Yb ii, and Lu ii have been determined by means of the beam-foil technique or the zero-field level-crossing method. The lifetimes for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Yb are shorter than those computed by summing the transition probabilities of Corliss and Bozman by a factor of up to ~5. The large discrepancies between the abundance of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm in the solar photosphere and in meteorites are eliminated or greatly reduced if the abundance determinations of the solar photosphere are based upon the gf values of Corliss and Bozman, corrected for by the present lifetimes.     

Redshifts of the brightest X-ray QSO's

The plot of the X-ray luminosity (in 0.5–4.5 KeV band and for Friedmann universe withq ₀=+1) of the brightest X-ray QSO at each redshift against redshift shows that the X-ray luminosity increases more or less monotonically with redshift uptoz3. This result has been attributed to the selection effect known as the volume effect. When this selection effect is taken into account in the optical, radio and X-ray windows of the electromagnetic spectrum, a sample of the brightest X-ray QSO's is obtained which shows a small dispersion in X-ray luminosity: logL ₁=46.15±0.25. The redshift-X-ray flux density plot for this sample gives slopes of both regression lines which agree, at a confidence level of 95% or greater, with the slopes expected theoretically if the redshifts of the QSO's are cosmological in nature.     

Hα and radio observations of LSI+61o303

Quasi simultaneous H and radio observations of LSI+61^o303 during August-September 1993 are presented. The radio data show that during the studied epoch the outburst has peaked at radio phase 0.6, at level100 mJy. No significant variations in the H profile at phases 0.5 to 0.65 have been detected. A remarkable increase of the EW and FWHM of the H blue peak is observed at radio phase 0.23. Possible reasons are considered.     

SERTS-97 Measurements Of Relative Wavelength Shifts In Coronal Emission Lines Across A Solar Active Region

We used slit spectra from the 18 November 1997 flight of Goddard Space Flight Center's Solar EUV Rocket Telescope and Spectrograph (SERTS-97) to measure relative wavelength shifts of coronal emission lines as a function of position across NOAA active region 8108. The shifts are measured relative to reference wavelengths derived from spectra of the region's nearby quiet surroundings (not necessarily at rest) because laboratory rest wavelengths for the coronal EUV lines have not been measured to sufficient accuracy for this work. An additional benefit to this approach is that any systematic uncertainties in the wavelength measurements are eliminated from the relative shifts by subtraction. We find statistically significant wavelength shifts between the spatially resolved active region slit spectra and the reference spectrum. For He ii 303.78 Å the maximum measured relative red shift corresponds to a Doppler velocity +13 km s^–1, and the maximum relative blue shift corresponds to a Doppler velocity –3 km s^–1. For Si x 347.40 Å, Si xi 303.32 Å, Fe xiv 334.17 Å, and Fe xvi 335.40 Å the corresponding maximum relative Doppler velocities are +19 and –14, +23 and –7, +10 and –10, and +13 and –5 km s^–1, respectively. The active region appears to be divided into two different flow areas; hot coronal lines are predominantly red-shifted in the northern half and either blue-shifted or nearly un-shifted in the southern half. This may be evidence that material flows up from the southern part of the region, and down into the northern part. Qualitatively similar relative wavelength shifts and flow patterns are obtained with SOHO/CDS spectra.     

Stellar atmospheric parameters and the IR Caii triplet

The IR Caii triplet at 8498, 8542, 8662 Å, relatively easy to observe and measure and free from atmospheric absorption bands, is a powerful tool for the study of the stellar populations in galaxies, provided that we can understand its behaviour with the stellar parameters: effective temperature, surface gravity and metal content. We present here the results of CCD spectroscopic observations for a sample of 86 stars covering a wide range in luminosity, effective temperature and metallicity (from subdwarfs to supergiants and –2.70[F3/H]0.43), in order to establish the dependence of the IR Caii triplet on stellar atmosphere parameters. We do not confirm previous results giving the main dependence on surface gravity. We find instead a bi-parametric dependence on metallicity and surface gravity, and no dependence on effective temperature.     

Structure and evolution of solar radio bursts at 26.4 MHz

Two dimensional source brightness distributions at 26.4 MHz for solar bursts of spectral type II, III, IV, and V are derived from observations with a multiple-baseline, time-sharing interferometer system. It was designed explicitly to study the large angle (40 halo) component of low frequency solar bursts first reported by Weiss and Sheridan (1962). Thirty-two bursts occurring in the interval of June–August, 1975, were fit with a circular gaussian core and an elliptical gaussian halo component. Half-power halo diameters (E-W×N-S) averaged 30×28 for type III bursts and 42×27, 28×37, 30×25 for type V, II and IV bursts respectively. Typical core sizes fell in the range of 10±4 giving 31 halo to core size ratio. All burst types were found to have some large angle structure: the specific intensity was 10% compared to the core but the total power in each component was comparable. Two processes for producing the core-halo structure of type III bursts are compared: scattering and refraction of a point source and refraction from many sources over an extended region. It is concluded that the core can be explained by either model but the halo is more consistent with emission from an extended source region of 40° in longitude.     

Optically thick accretion onto black holes

Spherically symmetric, steady-state, optically thick accretion onto a nonrotating black hole with the mass of is studied. The gas accreting onto the black hole is assumed to be a fully ionized hydrogen plasma withn ₀=10⁸ cm^–3 andT ₀=10⁴ K far from the black hole, and a new approximate expression for the Eddington factor is introduced. The luminosity is estimated to beL=1.875×10³³ erg s^–1, which primarily arises from the optical surface (1) ofT10⁴ K. The accretion flow is characterized by 1 and (v/c)10. In the optically thin region, the flow remains isothermal, and the increase of temperature occurs at 1. The radiative equilibrium is strictly realized at (v/c)10.     

Simultaneous H and K Ca ii,h and k Mg ii,Lα and Lβ H i profiles of the April 15, 1978 solar flare observed with the OSO-8/L.P.S.P. experiment

Solar flare observations have been performed with the multichannel L.P.S.P. experiment on board OSO-8 NASA Satellite. Simultaneous H and K Caii, h and k Mgii, L and L Hi profiles have been recorded on the plage just before the flare, during the flare onset and relaxation phases. The different behaviour of line profiles and intensities during the flare is evidenced and indicates a downward propagation with relaxation times increasing from the upper part to the lower part of the chromosphere related to line formation processes. Using the H observed profile, an upper limit of 8 × 10¹³ cm^-3 is derived for the electron density.     

Temporal evolution of the chromospheric electron density in the flare of January 5, 1992

The analysis of the dynamic evolution of the chromospheric electron density during solar flares is fundamental for the testing of solar flare models. For this purpose we developed a digital imaging spectrograph for the observation of higher Balmer lines below 400 nm with a time resolution of 1 s and an algorithm for the determination of the electron density from the observed line profiles. On January 5, 1992 a M1/1N flare was observed in H, H and Caii H and the temporal evolution of the electron density was determined. The chromospheric electron density rises several times from less than 3 × 10¹⁹ to 1 × 10²⁰ m^–3 during the hard X-ray peaks.