基于DEM的北部湾入海河流汇水区及子流域划分

文章基于DEM(SRTM Data,90m分辨率)数据模型,借助美国ESRI公司的ARC/INFO软件中的ArcHydro模型,采用溯源追踪的方法,基于陆海统筹的理念,对北部湾入海河流进行水文分析,根据汇流能力通过设定阈值提取河网,利用河网和流域出水口划分汇水区和子流域,在此基础上进行叠加分析,计算汇水区和各子流域的面积,并对精度进行检验与评定,为进一步开展基于流域单元的北部湾非点源入海污染总量估算与调控提供必要的基础数据。     

基于HBV和ANN模型的沂河流域暴雨洪涝临界雨量确定方法研究

以沂河流域临沂站以上区域作为研究对象,基于数字高程模型(DEM)及GIS技术提取流域并划分子流域,对流域内气象站的降水记录采用泰森多边形法建立研究时段内的逐日面雨量序列,构建人工神经网络(ANN)和HBV水文模型。利用模型寻求流域内面雨量与河流水文特征的定量关系,结合不同的特征水位推算研究流域内不同等级的致灾临界雨量。结果表明:1基于两种模型建立的降水-径流关系均能取得较好的模拟效果,在研究流域内具有很好的适用性;2HBV模型作为一种半分布式水文模型能够更好地反应出洪水过程的物理特征,故当ANN模型由于大洪峰样本不充分导致临界雨量值确定不准确时,HBV水文模型的计算值更宜作为风险预警指标;3对比分析两种模型的结果,确定出基于不同前期水位的一、二、三级风险致灾临界雨量分别为:257~310mm,152~247mm,100~203mm。精细化确定的临界阈值可以为开展灾害预警服务提供依据。     

海岸线自动提取方法研究

海岸线作为海洋与陆地区域的基准界线,实现其位置的自动提取具有重要意义。以无人机航摄影像构建的DOM、DEM产品为基础,结合影像拍摄的"历元"信息,实现瞬时水边线"四维"数据获取;引入"差分"思想,利用精密潮汐模型计算得出瞬时水边线与平均大潮高潮线的高差,综合二者数据最终得到海岸线在DEM模型中的高程值并自动提取。试验结果显示,该方法可以有效减弱模型自身的误差、避免潮汐模型和DEM模型基准不统一等问题,海岸线提取数据准确、完整且成果唯一,满足海洋测绘要求。     

基于FloodArea模型的暴雨洪涝灾害评估技术研究

以日照市五莲县中至河流域作为研究对象,基于数字高程模型(DEM)及GIS技术提取流域边界,对流域内气象站的降水数据采用泰森多边形法计算暴雨过程中的逐时面雨量,应用水动力模型FloodArea进行洪水模拟,并对模型输入参数进行校正,进而结合土地利用类型对灾害影响程度和范围进行分析评估,结果表明:(1)FloodArea模型在中至河流域具有较好的适用性。(2)将洪水模拟结果与承灾体分布相叠加可以直观地获取受灾害影响的暴露信息。(3)在2015年8月7日降水过程中,流域受洪水淹没深度0.3m以上的面积达到76km~2,其中耕地面积最大。日照市五莲县洪凝镇人口、GDP分布较为集中,受洪水影响最为严重。(4)受基础地理数据分辨率、经济统计信息精细化程度所限,目前基于ArcGIS平台计算得出的量化结果仍不够精确,有待进一步提高。     

基于全极化SAR的浙江衢山岛DEM信息提取

数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)是重要的地理信息,合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar, SAR)是提取数字高程模型的有效手段之一。本文以浙江衢山岛部分地区为研究区,利用2013年11月27日的Radarsat-2四极化精细工作模式极化SAR数据计算了研究区方位向两相邻分辨单元之间的极化方位角偏移量,从极化方位角偏移量提取了方位向坡度信息,得到了研究区地形的高程数据,并利用实测数据对提取的DEM信息进行了精度检验。结果表明,在海岸带及近海岛礁区域,单景全极化雷达DEM测量是可行的,计算结果的平均相对误差为20%,造成误差的主要原因是海面杂波造成的起算面的改变以及植被的树枝叶层造成方位角的变化导致的高程计算偏差。     

分布式水文模型和GIS及遥感集成研究

阐述了在分布式水文模型的研究中,地理信息系统在气象和地理要素空间内插、流域数字地形分析和水文模拟单元的划分和遥感科学在降水、土地利用和地表分类、叶面积指数、反照率和地表热通量以及地表一些间接水文参数反演等方面的应用,并提供了一个集成GIS和遥感的全分布式水文模型的建模框架.指出了应用中存在的DEM空间最佳分辨率选择、空间尺度和时间尺度、遥感反演精度和资料不确定性等问题,并对今后分布式水文模型研究做了展望.     

珠江河口一维河网、三维河口湾水动力连接计算

对珠江河口一维河网和三维河口湾斜压模型的水动力连接计算进行了研究。通过一维河网求解公式递推出口门连接处水位、流量关系式,然后依据三维模型计算得到口门连接处流量值,根据口门连接处的水位及流量连接条件计算出口门连接处的水位值,以此水位作为边界条件分别计算一维河网和三维河口湾斜压模型,实现了一维和三维斜压模型的水动力连接计算。对模型的连接计算进行验证对比,结果基本令人满意。     

基于神经网络并考虑地形改正的GPS水准高程拟合

从考虑地形改正的基础出发,运用神经网络进行GPS水准高程拟合。从节约计算时间的角度提出了新的思路,认为不必深究于过密的DEM模型数据,DEM模型数据只是中间过程,能达到精度要求即可,如果过于强调其精度,相反还会带入DEM高程模型算法本身的系统误差。并提出了DEM模型的密度是否符合拟合要求的初步判定方法。还对神经网络的基本理论作了简单的概括和说明。     

岸外沙洲潮间带地形的增强型遥感构建方法

水边线法是潮间带地形遥感反演的重要方法。针对常规水边线方法在应用于地形多变的岸外沙洲潮间带数字高程模型（DEM）构建中出现的水边线交叉和缺乏表现潮沟微地形特征的问题,本文提出了一种增强型地形遥感构建方法:首先通过潮位排序,筛选出具有正确高程变化趋势、空间分离的水边线;然后对筛选过程中水边线位置相近的影像组按像元计算改进的归一化差值水体指数并进行均值序列合成,提取出合成海陆边界线,二者共同构建出初始的潮间带DEM;进一步利用低潮期的潮沟边界线和中线生成潮沟DEM,通过潮沟镶嵌处理,最终获得可表达滩面微地形起伏的潮滩DEM。该方法在江苏岸外辐射沙洲中部核心区域的模拟应用表明,对比4条验证剖面的平均结果,高程平均绝对误差为0.43 m,均方根误差为0.54 m,相关系数（r）为0.75,模拟高程与验证高程在剖面起伏形态变化方面具有良好的一致性,同时模拟DEM的空间破碎度小,能够反映更多的细节地形特征。该方法可为利用多源遥感数据构建考虑微地形变化的高精度潮间带地形DEM提供新的思路。     

利用卫星影像提取小比例尺海图信息的精度分析以及系统的开发

提出基于遥感的影像图和DEM影像图,进行海图地形和DEM等高线数据数字化提取并将提取结果导出到其他GIS系统中的新技术方法。该技术处理速度快,生成的影像图和提取地形数据具有精度高(可达到1 m)的特点。这项新的处理技术可达到提高实际测绘中的劳动效率,降低外业测量人员的野外工作强度,及时更新地理信息、简便地校验测量的质量精度和节省作业经费的目的。     

Effects of DEM Resolution on Modeling Coastal Flood Vulnerability

Abstract

This article examines whether Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolution affects the accuracy of predicted coastal inundation extent using LISFLOOD-FP, with application to a sandy coastline in New Jersey. DEMs with resolution ranging from 10 to 100 m were created using coastal elevation data from NOAA, using the North American Vertical Datum of 1988. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic flood model was developed in LISFLOOD-FP using each DEM, all of which were calibrated and validated against an observed 24-h tidal cycle and used to simulate a 1.5 m storm surge. While differences in predicted inundated area from all models were within 1.0%, model performance and computational time worsened and decreased with coarser DEM resolution, respectively. This implied that using a structured grid model for modeling coastal flood vulnerability is based on two trade-offs: high DEM resolution coupled with computational intensity, but higher precision in model predictions, and vice versa. Furthermore, water depth predictions from all DEMs were consistent. Using an integrated numerical modeling and GIS approach, a two-scale modeling strategy, where a coarse DEM is used to predict water levels for projection onto a fine DEM was found to be an effective, and computationally efficient approach for obtaining reliable estimates of coastal inundation extent.     

Cyclone induced storm surge and flood forecasting in the northern Bay of Bengal

A cyclone induced storm surge and flood forecasting system that has been developed for the northern Bay of Bengal is presented. The developed system includes a cyclone forecasting model that uses statistical models for forecasting of the cyclone track and maximum wind speed, and an analytical cyclone model for generation of cyclone wind and pressure fields. A data assimilation system has been developed that allows updating of the cyclone parameters based on air pressure and wind speed observations from surface meteorological stations. The forecasted air pressure and wind fields are used as input in a 2D hydrodynamic model for forecasting storm surge levels and associated flooding. An efficient uncertainty prediction procedure based on Harr's point estimation method has been implemented as part of the forecasting system for prediction of the uncertainties of the forecasted storm surge levels and inundation areas caused by the uncertainties in the cyclone track and wind speed forecasts. The developed system is applied on a severe cyclone that hit Bangladesh in April 1991. The simulated storm surge and associated flooding are highly sensitive to the cyclone data. The cyclone data assimilation system provides a more accurate cyclone track when the cyclone approaches the coastline, which results in a significant improvement of the storm surge and flood predictions. Application of the uncertainty prediction procedure shows that the large uncertainties of the cyclone track and intensity forecasts result in large uncertainties of the forecasted storm surge levels and flood extend. The forecasting system shows very good forecasting capabilities up to 24 h before the actual landfall.     

南四湖清障工程行洪分析

根据1999年竣工的南四湖清障工程实施前后的水文观测资料,从湖区水面比降、洪水落平时间等要素的变化,进行了湖区行洪分析。通过分析发现:工程的实施,降低了卡口段的水位,减小了工程位置以下的湖区水面比降,缩短了湖区行洪时间,加快了洪水宣泄,使入湖河道洪水尽快下泄,提高了湖区行洪能力,分析成果对南四湖防洪调度以及进一步做好湖内清障工程,具有重要的参考价值。     

文安斜坡东营组沉积相研究

从岩心相,测井相,沉积展布几个方面对文安斜坡东营组的总体沉积特征进行了论述,并将研究区的沉积相类型定义为河流相。通过对研究区岩心相的详细分析,认为东营组主要发育有边滩微相、天然堤微相和泛滥平原微相。在岩心相分析的基础上发现了对沉积相响应较好的三类测井曲线,得出了研究区的测井相模式。根据对该区东营组沉积相的平面展布特征的研究表明,研究区以河流沉积和泛滥平原沉积为主,河道类型主要为曲流河至网状河,总体上呈由东向西方向展布,由早期的河道向下侵蚀作用为主到中晚期的河道侧向侵蚀作用为主,向湖盆方向河道变宽变浅直至消失,呈泛滥平原化,并在此基础上分析得出了泛滥平原化河流相的相模式。     

Topographic Mapping of Offshore Sandbank Tidal Flats Using the Waterline Detection Method: A Case Study on the Dongsha Sandbank of Jiangsu Radial Tidal Sand Ridges,China

The waterline detection method (WDM) based on satellite images is one of the most effective methods for constructing digital elevation models (DEMs) for tidal flats. The general practicability of the WDM has been demonstrated in previous studies for small areas. This article attempts to generate a DEM over a large offshore sandbank with a tidal flat area of more than 620 km² by integrating the conventional WDM with a hydraulic model and multitemporal satellite images. For illustration purposes, a case study was conducted at the Dongsha sandbank, one of the largest sandbanks among the radial tidal sand ridges of Jiangsu Province, China. In this study, 34 multitemporal satellite images acquired at different tidal phases in 2006 were analyzed to detect the waterlines. The water level at each satellite overpass moment was simulated by a south Yellow Sea hydraulic model, and discrete waterline points were combined with the corresponding water levels to produce a topographic map. Compared with the DEM produced during the same period by the airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, the DEM derived from WDM effectively contains the average height error within 47 cm, which is satisfactory. All of these findings may be useful for researchers and local authorities, as the findings could be used as a reference for sandbank evolution research or to support environmental management, coast protection, and storm forecasting.     

连云港埒子口海域潮动力特征及其变化

为研究连云港埒子口海域潮流动力特征及其对周边海岸工程的响应,以及为治理埒子口闸下淤积问题提供参考,建立了基于有限体积法离散二维浅水方程的数值模型。采用实测水文资料对模型率定和验证,应用模型分析埒子口潮流动力特征和建设徐圩港防波堤和灌河口导堤后埒子口海域潮流动力的变化。模拟结果表明,建设工程后潮流动力变化较大,埒子口海域涨急流和落急流方向改变,涨、落潮平均流速均减小,距离工程区域越近,流速变化越大。埒子口海域潮流动力减弱将会加重上游挡潮闸的闸下淤积问题,致使埒子口排水不畅,进而增加沂北地区的洪涝风险,所以,相关部门应及时采取措施,保证埒子口排涝畅通。     

河道的防洪预警模拟及其三维地形可视化

运用数字高程模型(DEM)数据格式中的三角网格模型,以OpenGL提供的光照、材质、纹理映射和反走样等技术实现河道地形的三维可视化;利用VC 及OpenGL中的平移、旋转和缩放等功能,实现河道流场三维显示的效果。在读取相关洪水数据的情况下,实现了流场可视化及河道堤坝防洪预警等相关查询功能,为防洪决策提供了相关的参考。     

GM(1,1)模型研究及其在水质预测中的应用

对GM ( 1, 1 ) 模型原始数列进行对数变换,减缓了数据变化的趋势,并通过matlab编程实现模型计算,简化了模型计算.将模型应用于胶州湾前湾海域水质预测,结果表明,模型对于单调数列的预测精度较高,预测结果与实测值吻合较好.     

Neural network for wave forecasting among multi-stations

Unlike in the open sea, the use of wind information for forecasting waves may encounter more ambiguous uncertainties in the coastal or harbor area due to the influence of complicated geometric configurations. Thus this paper attempts to forecast the waves based on learning the characteristics of observed waves, rather than the use of the wind information. This is reported in this paper by the application of the artificial neural network (ANN), in which the back-propagation algorithm is employed in the learning process for obtaining the desired results. This model evaluated the interconnection weights among multi-stations based on the previous short-term data, from which a time series of waves at a station can be generated for forecasting or data supplement based on using the neighbor stations data. Field data are used for testing the applicability of the ANN model. The results show that the ANN model performs well for both wave forecasting and data supplement when using a short-term observed wave data.     

Topographical Mapping of a Bare Tidal Flat Outside a Mangrove Area based on the Waterline Method and an Iterative Hydrodynamic Model: A Case Study of Yingluo Bay,South China

A change in the elevation of bare tidal flats outside a mangrove area is an indispensable factor for the sustainable development of mangroves. Waterline extraction, as an effective and economical tool used in reconstructing the terrain of an intertidal zone, has been widely applied to open-coast tidal flats by constructing a digital elevation model (DEM). However, mangrove wetlands are usually located in wave-sheltered sites, such as estuaries and bays that have narrow tidal channels flanked by tidal flats. Changes in water level are affected by the dry-wet processes of complex landforms caused by tides. This article takes as a study case the area of Yingluo Bay, which covers the core region of the Zhanjiang and Shankou National Mangrove National Nature Reserve in southwestern China. Waterline extraction based on seventeen multisource and multispectral satellite images obtained from December 2014 to April 2015, combining the finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) hydrodynamic model in an iterative process, was used to generate a topographical map of the bare tidal flat outside the mangrove area in Yingluo Bay. The quality of the iterative DEMs was evaluated via six transects of a ground-based survey using Real - time kinematic (RKT) GPS in May 2015. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the DEM decreased with an increase in the number of iterations. In this study, the DEM in the third iteration was used as the final output because the difference from the previous iterative DEM satisfied an inversion-stopping criterion. The MAE and RMSE of the final DEM with the measured data were 0.072 and 0.09?m, respectively, without considering small tidal creeks. The method used in this study can be an effective and highly precise approach for detecting and reconstructing the historical terrain of a bare tidal flat outside a mangrove area. This work also has great importance regarding intertidal resource management and the sustainable development of mangroves facing the vulnerable coastal ecological environment.