中国海洋底栖生物学发展回顾与展望

海洋底栖生物是海洋生态系统中的重要组成部分,在底层生态系统的能量流动和物质循环过程中发挥着重要作用。我国海洋底栖生物学起步较晚,经过数十年的发展,已取得许多研究进展和成果,但目前学科发展仍存在很多不足。总体而言,我国海洋底栖生物研究力量相对薄弱和分散,仍为相对弱势的一个学科,亟需一个交流与合作的平台来整合业内的研究力量和资源,促进我国底栖生物学的研究与发展。本文综合分析了大型底栖生物、小型底栖生物和微型底栖生物研究的现状和发展趋势,并就未来发展提出了建议。     

海洋微型底栖生物调查方法与操作规程

海洋微型底栖生物包括底栖细菌、底栖微藻及底栖原生动物等单细胞原核和真核生物,是底栖微食物网中能量传递的基础和关键环节,在海洋生物地球化学循环过程中起着重要作用.然而我国现有的<海洋调查规范>国家标准中有关底栖生物的研究仅涉及利用网筛分选的大型和小型底栖动物,缺少微型底栖生物调查的方法与规程,严重制约了对海洋整体食物网能...     

中国海洋底栖生物学发展回顾与展望*

海洋底栖生物是海洋生态系统中的重要组成部分,在底层生态系统的能量流动和物质循环过程发挥着重要作用。我国的海洋底栖生物学经过数十年的发展,取得的许多研究进展和成果,但学科目前发展仍存在很多不足。总体而言,研究力量相对薄弱和分散,仍为相对弱势的一个学科,需成立专门的底栖生物学组织机构(分会),构建一个学科交流与合作的平台,整合业内的研究力量和资源,促进我国底栖生物学的研究与发展。本文分析了学科的现状和发展趋势,阐述了海洋底栖生物学分会在学科发展中的作用,并就未来发展提出了建议。     

前言

正底栖生物是生活在海洋和内陆水体底表或沉积物中的各种生物的总称,是水生生态系统中生物种类最多的一个生态类群,在能量流动和物质循环过程中发挥着重要作用。底栖生物学研究涵盖底栖生物的分类学、生态学、生理学、生物多样性监测和保护等多个领域,旨在探寻底栖生物生命活动规律,为科学利用提供支撑。     

小型底栖生物在海洋生态监测中的应用

本文简要介绍了小型底栖生物及其作为生态监测生物的优点,综述了近期国内、外小型底栖生物在海洋生态监测中的应用研究,认为小型底栖生物是海洋环境变化的良好指示生物类群.     

2016年夏季舟山近岸海域底栖生物调查与研究

底栖生物是海洋环境质量的重要指标。2016年夏季对舟山近岸海域37个站位的底栖生物进行调查,此次调查共鉴定出底栖生物45种,平均栖息密度为41 ind/m2,平均生物量为3.92 g/m2,底栖生物的栖息密度和生物量基本上由西向东逐渐升高。底栖生物的种类、密度、生物量、多样性指数与水深及水质中的盐度、pH、悬浮物、总磷、总氮呈弱或中等程度相关,与沉积物中重金属（铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、总汞）、砷、有机碳呈弱或中等程度的相关性,尤其与镉含量的相关性最为明显。由ABC曲线分析可知,该调查海域底栖生物受到一定程度的扰动。与2005年该海域调查结果比较表明,该海域底栖生物的多样性指数平均值较2005年略有降低,平均生物量较2005年降低,但平均密度较2005年升高。此次调查出现无底栖生物站位所占的比例较2005年上升。研究表明,2016年舟山海域海洋环境质量状况劣于2005年,应加强海洋环境监测与治理。     

底栖生物生物量周年变化动态模型

大型底栖动物生态的研究主要集中在底栖动物的种类组成、分布、有机物含量和多样性指数等方面(刘瑞玉等，1992；余日清，1995；李荣冠等，1995)。大型底栖动物有些种类具有重要经济价值，如虾蟹类；有些种类是经济类动物的主要饵料，如多毛类的沙蚕；有些种类是环境的指示生物，如小头虫等。因此，研究底栖生物生物量与环境因子之间的定量关系，以及底栖生物生物量变化的数学模型的建立，对海洋水产增养殖和海洋环境学具有重要意义。     

苔藓动物形态概述

苔藓动物俗称苔藓虫,简称苔虫,是营群体生活的一类群体生物(colony organisms)。苔藓虫绝大部分生活在海水中,是海洋底栖生物的重要组成之一。生活在潮间带和潮下带的一些苔藓虫在污损生物(fouling organisms)群落演替中具有一定的作用。有的种类参与小型底栖生物(meiobenthons)的群     

海洋沉积物/颗粒物在生源要素循环中的作用及生态学功能

海洋沉积物/颗粒物是生源要素循环过程中的关键源与汇,沉积物/颗粒物一方面是海水生源要素的主要归宿,生源要素从溶解态经复杂的生物-化学过程转变为颗粒态,颗粒物质再沉降形成沉积物,另一方面,海洋沉积物/颗粒物经过微生物-浮游动物-底栖生物作用分解形成溶解态的生源要素,并释放到海水中再次被浮游植物利用,进入下一轮循环,所以,海洋沉积物/颗粒物具有异常重要的生态学功能。浮游植物是海水溶解态生源要素的利用者和海源颗粒态生源要素的初始形成者,浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物或其他有机颗粒物可释放出溶解态生源要素或形成更大的颗粒物,颗粒物沉降后形成的沉积物又通过底栖生物摄食-扰动-破碎等过程将颗粒生源要素释放进入水体参与再循环。生态系统不同类群的生物在颗粒生源要素的释放-沉降中所起的作用不同而又相互关联,其中浮游动物-底栖生物的摄食与代谢、微生物参与的分解过程起着非常重要的作用。所以,海洋沉积物/颗粒物生态学功能研究作为支撑海洋环境和资源的持续利用的科学基础,已成为海洋科学的前沿领域,必将获得跨越发展。     

厦门港湾及福建南部海域虾蟹类的生态特点

海洋虾蟹类是重要的捕捞对象和优良的养殖品种。许多虾类和小型蟹类又是中下层鱼类的天然饵料,在渔业生物学中占有重要地位。某些发声种类(如鼓虾)在海洋声学研究上颇受重视。因此,调查虾蟹类的种类、数量分布及变动规律,对渔业生产、资源开发利用和水声研究等都具有一定意义。三十多年来,我国在海产虾蟹类调查和研究方面取得了显著成绩,已发表了不少很有价值的专著和研究报告,为虾蟹类研究积累了资料。本文根据1980年11月(秋)、1981年2月(冬)、5月(春)和8月(夏)厦门港湾54个底栖生物定量采泥站和13个定性拖网站(图1)的季度月资料,结合1961月5月至1964年2月福建中、南部海域底栖生物调查资料,分析了厦门港湾及福建南部海域虾蟹类的生态特点,着重探讨了几个主要经济种类的生态习性。底栖生物定量调查使用0.1米~2曙光HNM型采泥器,定性调查使用网口宽1.5米的三角拖网。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.