纪念中国冰缘地貌研究的启动者——裴文中教授

裴文中教授是中国冰缘地貌研究的启动者,他在近半个世纪前发表的两篇论文紧跟国际科学研究发展形势,详细阐述了冰缘作用的特点、过程及其对解决中国东部第四纪古冰川问题的意义。裴老最主要的贡献在于他当时强调了在古冰缘研究中综合分析环境背景的重要性,而不是孤立地研究冰缘现象,这种在地学研究中必须遵循的原则,对于现在的科学研究工作者仍然有很大的启示。     

昆仑山世界地质公园冰川冰缘地貌的科学价值及其保护开发研究

昆仑山世界地质公园,是青藏高原上第一个申报成功的世界地质公园.青藏高原的崛起,造就了公园内的繁多的冰川冰缘地貌.论文从昆仑山地质公园的自然地理、地质景观分析入手,研究了公园重要冰川冰缘地貌地质遗迹景观特征和成因演化,进行了地质遗迹景观的国际对比分析与评价,充分展现了这些遗迹重要的科学价值.在此基础上,针对公园客观条件的...     

昆仑山世界地质公园冰川冰缘地貌的科学价值及其保护开发研究

昆仑山世界地质公园,是青藏高原上第一个申报成功的世界地质公园。青藏高原的崛起,造就了公园内的繁多的冰川冰缘地貌。论文从昆仑山地质公园的自然地理、地质景观分析入手,研究了公园重要冰川冰缘地貌地质遗迹景观特征和成因演化,进行了地质遗迹景观的国际对比分析与评价,充分展现了这些遗迹重要的科学价值。在此基础上,针对公园客观条件的局限性,对公园保护开发存在的问题进行了剖析,针对公园保护发展所存在的问题,提出了:强化科学研究,坚持先保护后开发的原则,制定保护法规,进行科普宣传,实行分级保护的建议。     

贺兰山西侧紫泥湖地区晚更新世以来冰缘地貌过程与环境变化

紫泥湖地区座落在贺兰山西边４５ｋｍ处，海拔高度约１２００ｍ，区域地形呈现向北“Ｖ”字形开口的箕状洼地，其上生长旱生植被群落，沿自南而北流的沟谷阶地下发育了冻融 褶皱、冰楔和砂楔等冰缘地貌类型和过程，研究结果表明区域年平均气温末次冰期早期（５５－３５ｋｂＢＰ）较氏１０．５－１２．５℃，末次冰期盛期（２０－１５ｋｂＢＰ）今低１２．５－１３．７     

冰缘风沙地貌与沉积研究进展

冰缘风沙地貌与沉积是在冰缘寒冷干旱气候环境中,伴有冰川或冻融作用影响,主要由风沙作用形成的荒漠地貌.现代冰缘荒漠主要分布于南、北半球的高纬度地区及中低纬度的高海拔地区,部分温带沙漠也有古冰缘荒漠沉积分布.冰缘沙丘的规模一般较小,沙丘沉积富含腐殖质及冰粒,并兼具冻融和积雪层理构造等,砂的化学及物理成熟度较低.冰缘风沙沉积往往与邻近的其它沉积相伴生,如黄土、冰川、湖泊、海洋甚至火山碎屑,因而可参与区域气候、环境,尤其是古环流的恢复与重建,也可为研究温带荒漠在冰期时的演化提供参考.目前在冰缘沙漠研究中已经取得了一些可喜的成绩,但在确定冰缘荒漠的原因过程方面还没有形成系统的理论,更多工作有待进行.青藏高原腹地的普若岗日冰缘沙丘与戈壁,是我国典型的冰缘荒漠地貌与沉积,研究其地貌与环境过程,对丰富我国沙漠学研究内容和了解晚第四纪高原腹地气候、环境变化具有重要意义.     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷冰碛地貌测量与演化研究

采用后差分GPS方法对珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布河谷中时期的冰碛地貌进行实地测量与研究,结合该河谷数值年代,得到时间序列上关于各期次冰碛地貌终碛垄的平面面积、表面面积、体积等参数:基龙寺终碛平面面积、表面面积以及体积分别为1.53×106m2、1.90×106m2和1.98×108m3;绒布寺终碛为1.03×106m2、1.24×106m2和0.82×108m3;绒布德新冰期终碛为1.72×106m2、2.0×106m2和1.98×108m3;小冰期终碛及现代表碛为2.43×106m2、2.60×106m2和1.69×108m3.对比分析认为:河谷地形差异是控制绒布河谷冰碛地貌表面形态的主要因素,冰碛地貌形成过程中冰川退缩方式以及形成以后所遭受的流水切割、搬运等外力作用是影响冰碛垄规模大小差异的基本原因.受局地小气候差异影响,同期次侧碛表现出形态特征的不对称性:新冰期东坡侧碛坡度值大于西坡侧碛,前者为30.7°～46°,后者为30.7°～37.9°,另外在东坡侧碛发育有冰碛土柱,西坡侧碛未见分布.     

高山冰缘植物游离氨基酸的含量分析

以乌鲁木齐河源区22种主要高山冰缘植物花期叶片为实验材料,分析了游离氨基酸含量.结果表明:多数高山冰缘植物积累大量游离中性氨基酸,总游离氨基酸以脯氨酸(Pro)、苏氨酸(Thr)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、丙氨酸(Ala)和谷氨酸(Glu)为主要成分.同一植被带不同植物积累游离氨基酸的种类和水平不同,如高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)的游离Pro含量占其总游离氨基酸含量的百分比均高出雪莲、黄花夏至草和黄头小甘菊13倍多,含量差异明显.3个植被带植物总游离氨基酸、Pro和中性氨基酸的平均含量,高山流石堆植被高于高山垫状植被和高山草甸植被,高山垫状植被总游离氨基酸和中性氨基酸含量高于高山草甸植被.高山冰缘植物积累不同种类和不同含量水平的游离氨基酸是对严酷环境的一种适应.     

青藏高原东北部冬给措纳湖湖区冰缘环境探讨

冬给措纳湖位于青藏高原多年冻土区东北部,湖区高寒沼泽、冰缘环境、冻土分布及其演化在全球气候变暖条件下,有其自身特点.为探讨冬给措纳湖湖区冻土分布及冰缘环境,2009年5月9—26日,对冬给措纳湖进行了考察,发现冻融草丘、冻胀丘遗迹、寒冻裂缝、热融洼地、古冻融褶皱等现代冰缘及古冰缘现象在湖区普遍存在.湖东、西岸的沼泽湿地中,热喀斯特发育明显,形成热融洼地和冻融草丘.湖北岸阶地及草场中存在零星和岛状冻土,经钎探表明,当时融化深度为0.3～0.8m,0.4m深度处冻土有胶结冰发育.湖东冲积平原的沼泽湿地中,冻融草丘和热融洼地存在;冻胀丘遗迹、寒冻裂缝在沼泽湿地边缘泥炭覆盖地存在.湖北岸二级阶地剖面发现古冻融褶皱.     

高山冰缘植物高山离子芥体外抗氧化活性研究

以高山冰缘十字花科植物高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)为研究对象, 分析比较了其水提物和醇提物中总黄酮含量以及它们的抗氧化能力.结果表明: 水提物和醇提物能够直接清除DPPH、 超氧阴离子、 羟自由基, 抑制脂质过氧化.与水提物相比, 醇提物总黄酮含量较高, 抗氧化活性更强.高山离子芥水提物和醇提物在体外具有明显的抗氧化活性, 而较高的总黄酮是其适应高山严酷环境的主要特性之一.研究结果对揭示极端环境下生长的植物抗性机理和资源的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据.     

Evolution of Alpine eclogites in the Eastern Alps: Implications for Alpine geodynamics

In the Eastern Alps Alpine eclogites are generally associated with rocks of continental lithosphere, while eclogites that are associated with oceanic assemblages are restricted to minor exposures. Such eclogites are exposed both in the Penninic unit of the Tauern Window and in the Austroalpine nappe complex. (1) In the central southern part of the Tauern Window (Eclogite Zone) eclogites and associated high pressure metasediments of a distal continental margin are intercalated between Penninic basement units. A mylonitic eclogitic foliation and stretching lineation are contemporaneous to the high pressure metamorphism and are related to the subduction of distal Penninic continental margin sequences. Continuous subduction of cool lithosphere resulted in blueschist facies overprint of the whole Penninic nappe pile. (2) Within the Middle-AustroAlpine Koralm/Saualm region most eclogites are eclogitic mylonites documenting plastic deformation of omphacite and garnet. The meso- and macroscale structures indicate an overall extensional regime possibly related to a large-scale SE-directed ductile low-angle normal shear zone. The eclogites are associated with migmatite-like structures and are intruded by pegmatites. This indicates decreasing pressure, but isothermal or even increasing temperature conditions during exhumation.These relationships argue for the subduction of Penninic continental lithosphere in the foot-wall of the Austroalpine unit at the time of exhumation of the Koralm/Saualm eclogites. Formation of the Austroalpine eclogites is explained by subduction of continental lithosphere, and subsequent, rapid exhumation in an upper plate tectonic position within an extensional regime.     

The Evolution of Alpine Ultramafic Rocks and Partial Melting of the Upper Mantle

Ultramafic rocks of Tibet and Xinjiang are the products of partial melting of the upper mantle. The evolution of their mineral composition is marked by two parallel evolutionary series: one is the progressive increase of the 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe~(2+) ratio of silicate minerals in order of lherzolite→harzburgite→dunite, i.e. the increase in magnesium; the other is the increase of the 100 Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio of accessory chrome spinel in the same order, i. e. the increase in Chromium. The above-mentioned evolutionary trends are contrary to that of magmatic differentiation. The evolution of fabrics of ultramafic rocks is characterized by progressive variation in order of protogranular texture→melted residual texture, symplectic texture and clastophyritic texture→equigranular mosaic texture and tabular mosaic texture. Experiments of partial melting of lherzolite have convincingly shown that the evolution of Alpine ultramafic rocks resulted from the partial melting of pyrolite. Various subtypes of them represent different degrees of partial melting. The vertical zoning marked by more basic rocks in the upper part and more acid rocks in the lower actually belongs to the fusion zoning of pyrolite.     

念青唐古拉山西布冰川区的冰碛层

念青唐古拉山西布冰川区冰碛物的研究表明,在700~500 ka B P以来的更新世期间经历了3次冰期,全新世期间经历了2次冰期和1次寒冷期,形成了可以与青藏高原及邻区相对比的冰碛物系列,指示了念青唐古拉山至少自中更新世以来一直处于冰冻圈中.冰碛物中砾石成分的规律性变化反映了念青唐古拉山第四纪期间处于强烈隆升状态,冰碛物是盆地同伸展断陷期的堆积物.根据冰碛物与念青唐古拉山南东麓正断层间的关系可以得出:中更新世以来构成念青唐古拉山南东麓正断层带的主要断层(F2)的平均垂直活动速率为0.5~1.25 mm/a,左旋走滑活动速率和相应的垂直活动速率基本上是1∶1的关系.     

The Evolution of Alpine Ultramafic Rocks and Partial Melting of the Upper Mantle1

Abstract Ultramafic rocks of Tibet and Xinjiang are the products of partial melting of the upper mantle. The evolution of their mineral composition is marked by two parallel evolutionary series: one is the progressive increase of the 100 Mg / (Mg+Fe²⁺) ratio of silicate minerals in order of lherzolite?harzburgite?dunite, i.e. the increase in magnesium; the other is the increase of the 100 Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio of accessory chrome spinel in the same order, i.e. the increase in Chromium. The above- mentioned evolutionary trends are contrary to that of magmatic differentiation. The evolution of fabrics of ultramafic rocks is characterized by progressive variation in order of protogranular texture? melted residual texture, symplectic texture and clastophyritic texture? equigranular mosaic texture and tabular mosaic texture. Experiments of partial melting of lherzolite have convincingly shown that the evolution of Alpine ultramafic rocks resulted from the partial melting of pyrolite. Various subtypes of them represent different degrees of partial melting. The vertical zoning marked by more basic rocks in the upper part and more acid rocks in the lower actually belongs to the fusion zoning of pyrolite.     

中国西部天山高山带冷生土壤及相关土壤的地貌发生学

The soil landscape relationship was investigated in the Upper Urumqi River Basin of the Tienshan Mountain Range, Xinjiang, China. Cryosols occurred in glaciated valleys and north-facing toeslopes at elevations above 3 000 m. Most cryosols developed in moraine are Aquiturbels. The microrelief is dominated by earth hummocks, thus the surface organic layers are either discontinuous or broken due to frost action. The Bg horizons are either gleyed or mottled and frost-churned organic matter is common in the lower Bg horizons. Stratified horizons and buried organic or A horizons are also common on gentle sloping or undulating moraines indicating the effects of gelifluction. Reticular structures formed in the lower active layers due to ice lens formation and freeze-thaw cycles. The active layer thickness ranges from 140～200 cm. The organic cryosols (Hemistels) occur in depressions and north-facing toeslopes with an active layer thickness ranging from 90～110 cm. Soils formed on south-facing slopes have a mollic epipedon 20～25 cm thick and a strong brown cambic horizon and are classified as Haplocryolls. The distribution of cryosols is smaller as compared with the extent of permafrost due to the depth requirement of permafrost in cryosol classification. However, the existence of permafrost at greater depth cannot be ignored in land use interpretations.     

冻融作用对土壤有机碳库及微生物的影响研究进展

冻融交替是作用于土壤的非生物应力,对土壤的理化和生物学性质均产生直接或间接影响.在气候变暖条件下,冻融作用对冻土区土壤碳库关键生物地球化学循环过程的影响已成为当前研究的热点.经过室内冻融模拟结合野外观测,大量研究结果表明不同冻融温度、速率、次数对土壤有机碳和微生物的影响不同.冻融作用能改变土壤理化性质,降低土壤团聚体稳...