对虾池悬浮颗粒附着细菌的研究

用5个实验围隔研究了对虾池悬浮颗粒上的附着细菌,结果表明:附着细菌数量波动在0.65×104～23.49×104个/cm3之间,平均为(4.57±3.64)×104个/cm3,占水体细菌总数的1.47%×1.41%(0.28%～8.73%).附着细菌数为1、2、3、4个的附菌颗粒占总附菌颗粒的比数分别为40%、27%、15%及11%,多于4个附着细菌的附菌颗粒数仅占总附菌颗粒数的7%;总悬浮颗粒中的附菌颗粒所占比例为52%;附着细菌数与水体总悬浮颗粒数关系最为密切,与水温及总细菌数也具有显著相关性,但与水层POC及DOC含量却未呈现显著的相关性.     

离心转速对渤海灰白冰脱盐作用的实验研究

通过实验室离心实验,研究了离心转速对渤海灰白冰脱盐、脱盐效果以及主要超标水质参数的影响.实验结果表明,在实验条件相同的情况下,离心转速的变化对灰白冰的脱盐、脱盐效果均有显著影响.离心转速达到2000r/min左右时,脱盐冰的全盐量基本降到标准要求.实验中,灰白冰的离心脱盐率保持在较高的水平,一般可达80%～90%以上,在3000～4000r/min离心转速时,渤海灰白冰脱盐率最大,可达到90 96%.离心转速的变化对灰白冰中主要超标物质的去除有不同程度的影响,其中硫酸盐含量变化幅度最大,下降了73.19%～96.52%;盐度也有较大程度的降低,但降低幅度小于硫酸盐,降幅在71.86%～93.55%之间.pH值没有发生恶化,保持在7.5左右.因此,离心转速是渤海灰白冰离心脱盐过程中的主要控制性因子之一.渤海灰白冰经过实验室离心脱盐后,全盐量等各项水质指标均可达到工农业生产和人们生活用水的指标要求.     

杭州湾——舟山渔场秋季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

1995年9月在杭州湾和长江口至舟山海区进行了浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测研究.结果表明,表层水浮游植物平均细胞丰度为(22.68±63.33)×104个/dm3;平均叶绿素a浓度为2.80±3.46μg/dm3,小于20μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对叶绿素a的贡献占71%;平均初级生产力(C)为692.5±1192.4mg/(m2·d),小于20μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对总生产力的贡献占68%.河口区悬浮物质浓度高,浮游植物光合作用受光的限制,各项生物参数与真光层深度紧密相关.生物锋区位于真光层深度10～20m、盐度26～32的长江冲淡水稀释区.同时探讨了浮游植物细胞活性(R)与光合作用同化数(AN)、叶绿素a与初级生产力、叶绿素a与海面光谱反射率的相互关系,为海洋水色遥感在初级生产力的应用研究提供科学依据     

渤海小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量

该文是渤海 1997年 6月、1998年 9月和 1999年 4月 3个航次小型底栖生物调查结果。结果表明 ,3个航次小型底栖生物的平均丰度分别为 :(2 30 0± 12 0 6 ) ind/ (10 cm2 )、(86 9± 5 10 ) ind/(10 cm2 )和 (6 32± 4 0 0 ) ind/ (10 cm2 )。平均生物量分别为 :(15 2 1± 6 34) μg(dwt) / (10 cm2 )、(72 5±35 4 )μg (dwt) / (10 cm2 )和 (5 17± 393)μg (dwt) / (10 cm2 )。共鉴定出 14个小型底栖生物类群 ,其中自由生活海洋线虫丰度占绝对优势 ,桡足类丰度居第 2位 ,这两个类群总和占小型底栖生物总丰度的 94 .8%～ 97.5 %。在生物量中所占比例列前 4位的类群依次为线虫、多毛类、桡足类、双壳类 ,加起来超过小型底栖生物总生物量的 80 %。小型底栖生物的 74 %分布于 2 cm以浅表层中。小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量在渤海海峡和渤海中东部较高 ,与环境因子的相关分析表明小型底栖生物的丰度与水深呈极显著的正相关 ,与沉积物的中值粒径呈显著的负相关     

杭州湾——舟山渔场秋季浮游植物现存量和初级生产力

1995年 9月在杭州湾和长江口至舟山海区进行了浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测研究 .结果表明 ,表层水浮游植物平均细胞丰度为(2 2 6 8± 6 3 33)× 1 0 4个 /dm3;平均叶绿素a浓度为 2 80± 3 46 μg/dm3,小于 2 0μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对叶绿素a的贡献占 71 % ;平均初级生产力 (C)为6 92 5± 1 1 92 4mg/ (m2 ·d) ,小于 2 0 μm的微型和微微型浮游生物细胞对总生产力的贡献占 6 8% .河口区悬浮物质浓度高 ,浮游植物光合作用受光的限制 ,各项生物参数与真光层深度紧密相关 .生物锋区位于真光层深度 1 0～ 2 0m、盐度 2 6～ 32的长江冲淡水稀释区 .同时探讨了浮游植物细胞活性 (R)与光合作用同化数 (AN)、叶绿素a与初级生产力、叶绿素a与海面光谱反射率的相互关系 ,为海洋水色遥感在初级生产力的应用研究提供科学依据     

北部湾浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

1994年5月23B至6月4日现场观测了北部湾浮游植物细胞丰度、叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的分布.测区平均叶绿素a浓度为0.94±0.45/d3.平均初级生产力(C)为351±172mg/(m2·d),浮游植物细胞丰度为0.97×104-10050×104个/m3,鉴定浮游植物4门56属176种.地理环境和水文状况的差异使上述参数分布具有明显的区域性特征,近岸区高于湾中部,测区北部高干南部;温跃层以下水层叶绿素a浓度高于上层水,周6观测站平均叶绿素a浓度湾北部(0.47±0.15g/dm3)高于湾南部(0.15±0.02dm3).北部湾水域光合浮游生物以微型和微微型细胞(小于20m)占优势,其对总初级生产力的贡献(占91%)高于对总叶绿素a的贡献(占77%).     

南黄海鳀鱼产卵场小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量

20 0 0年 6月在南黄海鱼产卵场 18个站位的调查结果表明 ,小型底栖生物的平均丰度为 0 .81× 10 6ind· m-2 (± 0 .4 1× 10 6ind· m-2 ) ,平均生物量为 1.2 2 g dwt· m-2 ,小型底栖生物的丰度和生物量的水平分布图型大体相似 ,即高的数量值分布在等深线 5 0 m以浅的与海岸线平行的74 94、7994、85 94、11394等站。小型底栖生物数量与 10种环境因子的 Pearson相关分析表明 ,丰度与水深呈负相关 (r,- 0 .5 5 5 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,与 Chl- a呈正相关 (r,0 .4 86 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;生物量与水深、沉积物中的粘土含量 (% )和水含量 (% )均呈负相关 (r,0 .4 84～ 0 .5 0 0 ,P<0 .0 5 )。共鉴定出 18个小型生物类群 ,线虫是数量占优势的类群 ,平均丰度 0 .6 0× 10 6ind· m-2 (± 0 .36× 10 6ind· m-2 ) ,占总丰度的 73.8% ,其他的重要类群依次为底栖桡足类 (18.7% )、多毛类 (3.1% )、动吻类 (1.6 % )和介形类 (1.1% )。按生物量 ,优势类群依次为多毛类 (占 2 9% )、桡足类 (2 3% )和线虫 (2 0 % )     

对虾养殖围隔生态系细菌的生物量

对5个对虾养殖围隔生态系细菌生物量(以C计,下同)的研究结果表明,浮游细菌总生物量波动在0.09～0．83mg/dm3之间,平均0．37±0．21mg／dm3,占水层颗粒有机碳含量的11．94%;附着细菌生物量在(0．14～3．69)x10－2mg/dm3)之间,平均(0．77±0．58)x10-2mg/dm3,占浮游细菌总生物量的2.08%±1．95%。随着养殖时间的推移,浮游细菌总生物量、附着细菌生物量均有所上升。底泥细菌生物量为(44～132)x(10-6m/m),平均(86±23)x(10-6m/m),占底泥有机碳含量的1．55%。     

两种海洋单胞藻浓缩与保存效果的研究

研究了小球藻和球等鞭金藻分别用明矾和石灰水浓缩以及两种藻的浓缩液在常温(20 ±1℃)、低温(0—4℃)﹑冷冻(-30±1℃)三种温度条件下保存的结果,并对浓缩保存前后藻液的饵料效果进行了对比试验。 结果表明:(1)小球藻的浓缩以80±5ppm的明矾液及4%的石灰水效果最好;(2)球等鞭金藻的浓缩以100±10ppm的明矾液及6%的石灰水效果最好; (3)保存方法以加入保护剂甘油并置于-30℃ 冰箱中效果最好,小球藻和球等鞭金藻的存活率分别为95%和93%;(4)低温保存前后藻的脂肪酸分析结果表明高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)的含量变化不明显;(5)用浓缩保存藻投喂中国对虾和轮虫的效果与普通藻无显著差异。     

双壳类软体动物贝壳DNA高效提取及方法学评价

通过对虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)、牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)和侏儒蛤(Mulimia lateralis)4种双壳贝类进行壳DNA提取实验,本研究提出一种适用于双壳类软体动物贝壳DNA提取方法。首先用EDTA(15%)脱钙液对贝壳进行预处理去除表面的杂质,经PBS缓冲液(4×)清洗后放入37℃烘箱30 min,称取重量为1 g的壳放入液氮中冷却后使用中通量组织研磨仪研磨成粉末,分装到2 mL离心管中,加入裂解液后在56℃、200 r/min条件下裂解3 h后,常温下12 000 r/min离心10 min得到上清液,加入无水乙醇和醋酸钠沉淀DNA。经微量紫外分光光度计检测、琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析和全基因组重测序比对分析来评价提取到的基因组DNA质量,结果显示该方法可获得完整性好的高质量DNA。本研究提出的贝壳DNA提取方法操作简单、快速,且成本低,为双壳贝类的遗传分析提供了一种方法,本方法在贝类遗传学和分子育种研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Phylogeography of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) in the Indo‐West Pacific reappraised from mitochondrial molecular and oceanographic clues: transoceanic dispersal and coastal sequential colonization

The widespread mud crab, Scylla serrata, of the Indo‐West Pacific is an excellent model species to demonstrate how the colonization history of a species can be influenced by complex oceanographic conditions. Through the combination of ecological data (fossil records and paleo‐oceanographic conditions) and molecular data (coalescent simulations, network analysis, and nucleotide diversity tests), the phylogeographic history of S. serrata was re‐analyzed. Based on the analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I sequences, two major clades were identified for S. serrata, including a widespread clade (Clade I) with three disjunct geographic clusters (IA, IB and IC) and an endemic Northwest Australian clade (Clade II). Moreover, a significant phylogeographic structure corresponding to four subpopulations was revealed: Northwest Australia, West Indian Ocean, Red Sea‐South China Sea and West Pacific. A colonization history of a Northwest Australia origin for S. serrata followed by westward transmarine dispersal across the Indian Ocean for Clade I and sequential colonization from the West Indian Ocean to Red Sea‐South China Sea and West Pacific was corroborated. The Pleistocene fluctuations of paleo‐oceanographic conditions including surface circulations and physical topography in the Indo‐West Pacific might be responsible for the wide distribution, colonization history and genetic divergence of this species.     

Potassium channel in peripheral blood lymphocytes of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

In order to provide pertinent evidence of ion channel with immune response in the fish,whole cell patch-clamp technique was employed for potassium ion channel study in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) . Lymphocytes were isolated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation from peripheral blood samples,and electrophysiological characters of the channel were analyzed. In the recorded cells,activated voltage of the channels was-42.5 ± 3.7 mV and the average peak current was 313.12 ± 28.2 pA. The channel was identified as voltage dependent,the current was outward and it could be inhibited by 10 mmol/dm 3 TEA or 5 mmol/dm 3 4-AP,a specific potassium channel inhibitor,identifying the existence of potassium channel in peripheral lymphocytes of the turbot.     

长牡蛎可溶性黑色素的脱盐研究

该研究是继天然长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)黑色素的提取、可溶性长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)黑色素的制备之后,对牡蛎黑色素提纯方面的进一步拓展和延伸。运用半透化学材料分离的方法,选取纳滤透析膜为分离介质,对可溶性长牡蛎黑色素的制取产物中多余的盐类无机物进行分离剔除,进而得到纯度较高、品质优良的可溶性长牡蛎黑色素晶体,通过称质量和盐度测量,计算得出该方法对黑色素脱盐率达到98%,证明了该方法可以进行贝类黑色素的脱盐处理工作。     

Zooneuston and zooplankton abundance and diversity in relation to spatial and nycthemeral variations in the Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea

Zooplankton and zooneuston observations were made at seven stations(four from the Gulf of Aqaba and three from the northern Red Sea), during September and October 2016. The main objective of this study was to assess the variability of nycthemeral fauna in relation to the sampling methods using two different types of nets namely,WP2 net and Neuston net along the two study sites, i.e., the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea. Zooplankton was sampled vertically using a standard WP2 net from a depth of 200 m to the surface, whereas zooneuston was made using a standard Neuston net from a depth of 0–10 cm of the water surface. Total zooplankton density was maximum during night time((617.83 ± 201.84) ind./m~3) at the Gulf of Aqaba and total zooneuston was maximum during night at the northern Red Sea((60.94±29.48) ind./m~3), respectively. The most abundant taxa were Copepoda, Gastropoda, Bivalva, Chaetognatha, Tunicata and Ostracoda. The abundance was almost 50% higher at night time at both the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea. Overall, 30 taxa covering 10 phyla and 27 taxa covering 8 phyla were recorded in the Gulf of Aqaba and the northern Red Sea.     

南海区桁杆虾拖网40 mm方目分离网片选择性的初步研究

为了研究桁杆虾拖网40 mm方目分离网片对渔获物的分隔效果和选择性,作者采用"套网法"于2015年8月在南海北部近海渔场进行了试验。计算分离网片对主要渔获物的尾数分隔率和质量分隔率,使用Logistic曲线作为选择性模型,运用极大似然估算法估算选择性参数。结果表明:虾拖网的目标种类为刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)和周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri),优势副渔获为丽叶鲹(Caranx(Atule)kalla);刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾的尾数分隔率和质量分隔率均大于90%;尾数分隔率和质量分隔率均大于80%的种类有:杂食豆齿鳗(Pisoodonophis boro)、黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)、高体若鲹(Carangoides equula)和卵鳎(Solea ovata Richardson);丽叶鲹和脊突猛虾姑(Harpiosquilla raphidea)的尾数分隔率和质量分隔率均大于60%;周氏新对虾、脊突猛虾姑、丽叶鲹和黄斑蓝子鱼对分离网片的接触率分别为0.51、0.69、0.41和0.39,其50%选择体长(L50)分别为57.96±2.07、69.62±2.13、68.19±0.49和73.12 mm±1.26 mm。研究结果可为提高南海桁杆虾拖网的选择性积累数据,为缓解其对渔业资源补充群体的不良影响提供参考。     

Halokinetics and other features of GLORIA long-range sidescan sonar data from the Red Sea

The Red Sea is an unusual example of a rift basin that transitioned from its evaporitic stage to fully open-ocean conditions at the end of the Miocene (∼5.3 Ma), much more recently than older Mesozoic margins around the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. The patterns of halokinetic deformation occurring in the Red Sea are potentially of interest for understanding more generally how evaporite deposits deform during this early stage. Relevant to this issue, a line of reconnaissance sidescan sonar data (GLORIA) collected along the Red Sea in 1979 is re-evaluated here. We first interpret the data with the aid of newly compiled bathymetry from multibeam sonars in the central and southern Red Sea. Features in the acoustic backscatter data are associated with ridges, valleys and rounded flow fronts produced by halokinetic deformation. Some areas of higher acoustic backscattering from the evaporites are suggested to relate to roughness produced by deformation of the evaporite surface. Within the volcanic (oceanic) axial valleys, areas of differing high and low backscattering suggest varied sediment cover and/or carbonate encrustations. With the benefit of the above experience, we then interpreted data from the northern Red Sea, where there are fewer multibeam data available. Rounded fronts of halokinetic deformation are present in the Zabargad Fracture Zone, a broad, shallow valley crossing the Red Sea obliquely. The presence of halokinetic deformation here is evidence that subsidence has occurred along the fracture zone. Elsewhere in the northern Red Sea, the GLORIA data reveal folds in the evaporite surface, suggesting local areas of convergence, like those implied by multibeam data from inter-trough zones further south. Some linear features are observed, many of which are likely to be ridges overlying salt walls. Interestingly, several such features are oriented along an accommodation zone that is oriented parallel to the plate spreading direction. Several rounded, corrugated features are interpreted as possible evaporite flow fronts. Overall, the impression from the data is of a strongly mobile seabed in the Red Sea because of halokinetic deformation, involving both vertical and horizontal movements. However, salt walls appear more common than in the central and southern axial Red Sea, where horizontal movements instead tend to dominate.     

两种密度三溴甲烷分离重矿物效果的对比分析

采用国内目前常用的两种密度三溴甲烷重液(重液1,密度为2.87 g/cm3;重液2,密度为2.80 g/cm3),分别对黄河、长江、珠江等河流以及东海、南海等海区沉积物中的0.063~0.25 mm粒级进行了重矿物分离及对比实验。结果表明,重矿物分离过程中,两种重液的密度均发生了一定程度的变化,其中重液2的密度变化较大且呈整体增加趋势,而重液1密度则较为稳定。比较而言,重液2分离出的重矿物质量分数较重液1的稳定,尤其处理白云石质量分数较高(如长江)的沉积物时,重液2较重液1分离出的重矿物质量分数明显偏高。由于能有效区分方解石和白云石,重液2在分离东海、长江沉积物中的重矿物效果要好于重液1。为使分离出来的重矿物质量分数保持稳定,每次提取完重矿物的剩余重液2需重新配平至密度为2.80 g/cm3。对两种重液分离出来的重矿物质量分数进行了回归分析,结果显示两者有一定的相关性,并可建立一元线性回归方程将两种结果进行粗略转换。由于在重矿物分离过程中,损失的碎屑矿物很低(一般在个样总质量的1%以内),其对重矿物质量分数的影响可忽略不计。     

Water masses in the Gulf of Aden

Hydrographic data collected from Gulf of Aden since 1920 have been compiled to identify and refine the definitions of water masses in the Gulf of Aden (GA) and to describe their spatio-temporal variability. Four water masses have been identified based on their θ-S characteristics. The Red Sea Water (RSW) that flows from the Red Sea is the most prominent water in the GA; this occupies about 37% of the total volume of Gulf of Aden. The Gulf of Aden Surface Water (∼3%) forms as a mixture of local water and the water from western Arabian Sea during winter and Red Sea surface water during summer. The intermediate water, identified as Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water (GAIW), occupies about 9% of the total volume of GA; a characteristic salinity minimum is associated with it at σ_θ=26.50 kg m⁻³. The northward spread of sub-tropical subsurface water from the south appears to be the major source of GAIW. The bottom water, named Gulf of Aden Bottom Water, showed the least variability. It was formed due to the mixing of Red Sea Water and water of southern origin. Mixing triangles have been used to analyze the composition of water in the GA.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of sea level in the Red Sea, 1958–2001

The present study investigated the variability of monthly mean sea level data and discussed its relation with climatic events in the Red Sea during 1958–2001. The data were obtained from Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), for three different locations (north, central and south) in the Red Sea. Spatial and temporal variability as well as trends and periodicity of sea level time series records in the three locations was investigated using One-way ANOVA test, weighted running mean filter and autocorrelation spectral analysis. Results revealed that mean sea level in the northern Red Sea was permanently lower than its central and southern parts. Moreover, the mean sea level during winter and spring in the three locations was significantly higher than summer and autumn seasons. Increasing and decreasing of sea level trends with respect to time were also observed. Inter-decadal variations in sea level including a fairly regular quasi 2.5–2.7 year oscillation in all seasons were detected, although its amplitude varied among different cycles. Studying the cyclicity in the hydroclimatic record can resolve some of the complexities of the hydroclimate system. The sign of Quasi Biennial Oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation and sunspots events may have an important influence in sea level variations of the Red Sea.     

Red Sea Intermediate Water in the source regions of the Agulhas Current

Red Sea Intermediate Water (RSIW) has been shown to move down the Agulhas Current as distinct lenses. It has been assumed that this intermittency is the result of variable input. To clarify and quantify the nature of RSIW contributions from the source regions of the Agulhas Current observations at 15 hydrographic sections were examined using a multi-parameter analysis. In the northern Mozambique Channel RSIW is found to be layer-like, but with patches of distinctly different contributions. In the southern part of the channel the layer-like distribution disappears with RSIW mostly confined within anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies exhibiting varying maximum contributions ranging from 15–20% to 25–30% purity. Net transports across the channel ranged from ?0.45 to ?0.7 Sv. At the southern tip of Madagascar RSIW contributions exhibited similar purity variability ranging from 10–15% to 15–20%. The net southward transport of RSIW in the East Madagascar Current displayed an even greater variability due to changes in the flux of the undercurrent ranging from negligible to ?0.3 Sv. Indications therefore were that the transport of RSIW to the Agulhas Current occurs in both cyclones and anti-cyclones through the Mozambique Channel whilst from the East Madagascar Current it is mostly confined to anti-cyclones. This variability in the inflow was also reflected in the northern part of the Agulhas Current proper. The maximum contributions of RSIW range here from 10–15% to 20–25% purity and net transports from ?0.75 to ?1.39 Sv off Durban. As it was east of Madagascar RSIW was mostly confined to the slope.