石材之王—花岗石

类型 石材类型众多,以化学成份可划分为碳酸岩类和硅酸盐类;以商业分类可划分为大理石类、花岗石类、板石类和砂石类.其中大理石类包括大理岩、灰岩、白云岩、生物灰岩;花岗石类有花岗岩、流纹岩、闪长岩、安山岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、角闪岩、辉石岩、片麻岩、混合岩和火山碎屑岩等;板岩类含碳酸盐岩类板石、碳质硅质岩类板石、粘土岩类板石;砂石类包括海砂、河砂、砾(卵)石、角石(碎石、片石)、块石、石米和石粉等,亦可分为荒料类、板材类、工艺品类和砂石类.     

中国东南沿海银矿床地球化学分类及成矿规律

中国东南沿海浅成中低温热液银矿床是环太平洋构造-岩浆成矿带的重要组成部分。据区内银矿床及铅、锌、铜、金、钼、锡、锑、铁、锰、硫矿床共生、伴生组合关系、地球化学特征,将银矿床分为单一Ag类、Ag-Pb-Zn类、Ag-Au类、Ag-Cu(Mo)类、Ag-Sn类、Ag-Sb类、Ag-Fe(Mn、S)类。空间分布(自东向西)为:Ag-Cu(Mo)类、Ag-Pb-Zn类、单一Ag类、Ag-Fe(Mn、S)类、Ag-Sb类、Ag-Sn类、Ag-Au类、Ag-Cu类。     

贵州旅游地学资源初探

根据贵州特点,将贵州旅游源分为９大类：地学景观类,地学遗迹类,水文景观类,运动、疗养、休闲、度假类,天象景观类,生物景观类,人文景观类,民族风性类和土特产品类。为合理开发和保护贵州旅游资源,作者提出了一些建议。     

广州地区风化壳特征及其对城市建设的影响

文章划分了块状岩类、变质岩类、碎屑岩类、红色岩类、碳酸岩(石灰岩)类5类红色风化壳,宏观地叙述了各类红色风化壳的发育特征。介绍了各类风化壳的空间分布及其岩土性质,指出块状岩类风化壳、变质岩类风化壳、碎屑岩类风化壳一般分布于丘陵山体的斜坡上;红色岩类(红层)风化壳和碳酸盐岩类(石灰岩)的风化壳,一般埋藏于台地和平原的地面以下,以埋藏型风化壳为主。各类风化壳对城市建设环境的影响,并引发了边坡失稳、地面沉降、岩溶地面塌陷等灾害,分析了致灾因素。为城市规划建设、工程决策、灾害防治提供风化壳对城市建设环境影响的依据。     

从浙江天台白垩纪蛋化石复原恐龙类群

浙江天台盆地白垩纪地层中,已发现了甲龙类及慢龙类等恐龙骨骼化石及数以千计的蛋化石,其中许多为恐龙蛋化石。根据国内外相同类型的蛋化石中迄今已发现的恐龙胚胎化石研究成果,可大致确定其中一部分蛋化石分别是由鸭嘴龙类、巨龙类、慢龙类、盗蛋龙类、伤齿龙类和暴龙类等恐龙所产。并发现鸭嘴龙类、巨龙类和慢龙类的圆形蛋、副圆形蛋在数量上占绝大多数,盗蛋龙的长形蛋和伤齿龙的棱柱形蛋较少,暴龙类的巨型长形蛋最少,从而反映了他们各自在生态金字塔中的位置。     

滇西昌宁地区西盟岩群地球化学特征及原岩恢复

研究区西盟岩群分为a,b,c三段,主要的岩石类型包括片岩类、片麻岩类、变粒岩类、长英质糜棱岩类、大理岩类和花岗岩类。通过具代表性的29件样品进行主量元素、稀土元素和地球化学数据恢复原岩表明,黑云片岩类和石英片岩类的原岩总体应为副变质岩,可能由粉砂质粘土岩或泥岩变质而成;角闪黑云片岩的原岩可能是中基性火山岩;片麻岩类的原岩多数为长石砂岩,少数为中酸性岩浆岩;长英质糜棱岩类可能为中酸性的岩浆岩变质后再经韧性剪切变形改造而成。     

滇西昌宁地区西盟岩群地球化学特征及原岩恢复

研究区西盟岩群分为a,b,c三段,主要的岩石类型包括片岩类、片麻岩类、变粒岩类、长英质糜棱岩类、大理岩类和花岗岩类。通过具代表性的29件样品进行主量元素、稀土元素和地球化学数据恢复原岩表明,黑云片岩类和石英片岩类的原岩总体应为副变质岩,可能由粉砂质粘土岩或泥岩变质而成;角闪黑云片岩的原岩可能是中基性火山岩;片麻岩类的原岩多数为长石砂岩,少数为中酸性岩浆岩;长英质糜棱岩类可能为中酸性的岩浆岩变质后再经韧性剪切变形改造而成。     

地层岩性对重庆渝东南渝东北地区岩溶地下水的富集影响分析

重庆市渝东南渝东北碳酸盐岩地区岩溶发育程度以灰岩类最发育,白云岩类次之,泥质灰岩类发育最弱;灰岩中的岩溶大泉、暗河数量多于白云岩类,白云岩中的岩溶大泉和暗河数量远远大于泥质、硅质岩类;而钻井成井率大小为白云岩类>灰岩类>泥质、硅质类。在岩溶找水工作中,不同地区应因地制宜,选择不同的找水方式。     

海生四足类的集群绝灭

中生代海生爬行类分类已超过6个目中的30个科,例如包括鱼龙类、蛇颈龙类、海生湾鳄类(众所周知从三叠纪到白垩纪)、沧龙类(晚白垩世)及海龟鳖类(晚白垩世)。就海生爬行类而论,集群绝灭是在晚三叠世,并且很清楚地确认,在晚白垩世至少还有一个科,而在那里晚侏罗世的一个科没有得到公认。植龙类、盾齿龙类、幻龙类及其它一些种     

新疆北部晚古生代沉积盆地类型及其沉积特征

新疆北部晚古生代，构造岩浆活动十分强烈并发育复杂且变迁迅速的众多沉积盆地。沉积盆地可划分为７类（大陆边缘裂谷类、岩浆弧类、弧前盆地类、边缘海盆地类、弧后前陆盆地类、边缘前陆盆地类、海沟－洋盆类）１９型。沉积组合复杂多变，不同类型的沉积盆地各具特色。沉积盆地的演化经历了５次重大变革。新疆北部晚古生代沉积盆地随新疆北部板块的拉张－俯冲－碰撞而产生、发展、消亡。     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

中国煤中的九种金属元素

在煤的加工利用过程中,煤中金属元素进入大气、水体和土壤,以致污染环境,这是人们关心的事。本文将介绍镉、钴、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、铅、锌等九种元素在我国煤中的分布和赋存情况。     

Determination of major and trace elements in European bottled mineral water — Analytical methods

A total of 1785 European bottled water samples were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The bottled water samples were purchased in 2008 at supermarkets throughout 40 European countries. The samples were analyzed for 71 chemical parameters (As, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, Br⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, SiO₂, pH, and EC) by quadrupole inductively coupled emission spectroscopy (ICP-QMS, trace elements), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, major elements), ion chromatography (IC, anions), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS, Hg), titration (alkalinity), photometric methods (NH₄⁺), potentiometric methods (pH), and conductometric methods (specific electrical conductivity, EC). A very strict quality control procedure was followed by analysing blanks, international reference materials, an internal project standard, and duplicate analyses, as well as by analysing 23 elements by both ICP-QMS and ICP-AES. Analysis of marketed bottled water from springs, wells or boreholes, apart from the evaluation of its quality with respect to inorganic elements, it may provide a cheap alternative to obtain a first impression about groundwater chemistry at the European scale.     

Fe–Al–organic Colloids Control of Trace Elements in Peat Soil Solutions: Results of Ultrafiltration and Dialysis

Size fractionation of ~40 major and trace elements (TE) in peat soil solutions from the Tverskaya region (Russia) has been studied using frontal filtration and ultrafiltration through a progressively decreasing pore size (5, 2.5, 0.22 μm, 100, 10, 5, and 1 kD) and in situ dialysis through 6–8 and 1 kD membranes with subsequent analysis by ICP-MS. In (ultra) filter-passed permeates and dialysates of soil solutions, Fe, Al, and organic carbon (OC) are well correlated, indicating the presence of mixed organo-mineral colloids. All major anions and silica are present in “dissolved” forms passed through 1 kD membrane. According to their behavior during filtration and dialysis and association with mineral or organic components, three groups of elements can be distinguished: (i) species that are weakly affected by size separation operations and largely (>50–80%) present in the form of dissolved inorganic species (Ca, Mg, Li, Na, K, Sr, Ba, Rb, Cs, As, Mn) with some proportion of small (1–10 kD) organic complexes (Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba), (ii) biologically essential elements (Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd) mainly present in the fraction smaller than 1 kD and known to form strong organic complexes with fulvic acids, and, (iii) elements strongly associated with aluminum, iron and OC in all ultrafiltrates and dialysates with 30–50% being concentrated in large (>10 kD) colloids (Ga, Y, REEs, Pb, Cd, V, Nb, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, U). For most trace metals, the proportion in the colloidal fraction correlates with their first hydrolysis constant. This implies a strong control of negatively charged oxygen donors present in inorganic/organic colloids on TE distribution between aqueous solution and colloid particles. It is suggested that these colloids are formed during plant uptake of Al, Fe, and TE from mineral matrix of deep soil horizons and their subsequent release in surface horizons after litter degradation and oxygenation on redox or acid/base fronts. Dissolved organic matter stabilizes Al/Fe colloids and thus enhances trace elements transport in soil solutions.     

岩溶地下河污染物运移特征及自净能力 ——以广西里湖地下河为例

以广西里湖地下河为研究对象,通过观测地下河系统中污染物的运移行为来研究其自净过程。于不同季节沿着地下河的径流方向进行一个水文年的调查取样。结果发现地下河主要受到NO₂-N、NH₄+-N、COD和As、Cd、Hg等重金属的污染。污染物从地表进入岩溶含水层,到达地下河出口时部分污染物浓度衰减明显,说明一些离子有明显的自净能力。因地下河的结构和部分管道半充水状态、明暗流交替等水文地质条件,地下河的自净机制主要是物理过程的稀释作用和化学过程的氧化还原反应。通过对比地下河主要离子的衰减量和衰减速率,发现衰减比例最高的为铵态氮,最低为保守元素氯离子。根据衰减速率,将水中的离子和微量元素分为4种衰减特征类型:TFe、Al和Zn一旦进入岩溶含水层后全部衰减;K、Na、Mg、F、Cl、HPO₄和TP在洞穴伏流段具有最高的衰减速率;来自生活和工业污染的NH₄-N、COD_Cr、BOD₅从上游至下游逐渐减少;Mn、 Ba和Hg从明流转为伏流时衰减速率最快,但在洞穴伏流内存在二次悬浮。     

生物标志物在海洋和湖泊古生态系统和生产力重建中的应用

海洋和湖泊具有重要的气候环境和生态调节功能。研究地质历史时期海洋和湖泊生态系统的生物群落的组成、结构和演变,将为解决当前面临的环境问题,评估可持续发展提供科学依据。生物标志物具有生物专属性,提供了使我们能够从分子水平上研究地质历史中各种生物演变的工具。本文初步总结了海洋和湖泊生态系统中的生物标志物(烷烃、酸类、醇类、酮类、酯类、甾类、藿类、萜类和甘油四醚类等)的特征和来源。陆生高等植物来源的生物标志物,以长链的烷烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇和木质素、萜类等较为常见;水生微藻来源的生物标志物有长链烯酮、烷基二醇和高度支链类异戊二烯类化合物(HBIs)等;微生物来源的生物标志物有细菌藿烷多元醇(BHPs)、异形胞糖脂和支链烷烃类等。今后结合生物标志物单体同位素分析和基因、蛋白质组学等现代分子生物学研究,加强不同生物标志物对应的生物种属的生态学研究,古今生态研究相结合,可以为某些生物标志物的分子来源研究提供新的可行途径。本文还综述了生物标志物指标在重建海洋和湖泊生态系统的组成、结构、生产力和营养状况方面的应用。未来的研究将偏向于从定性向定量化重建转变,在海洋研究中应用较成熟的指标将越来越多的被用于湖泊环境中。此外,多指标结合使用将提高重建古生态系统的可靠度。     

Abundance, Sources and Speciation of Trace Elements in Humus-Rich Streams Affected by Acid Sulphate Soils

The behaviour of trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr,Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn) was studied in five humus-richstreams (dissolved organic carbon = 14–40 mg/L)impacted by acid sulphate soils developed in marinesulphide-bearing fine-grained sediments. During heavyrainfalls in autumn, on which the study focusses, themetals Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn are extensivelyleached from these acidic soils (pH = 2.5–4.5), whileAs, Cr, Fe and V are not leached more strongly fromthis soil type than from areas of till and peat. Aspeciation experiment, based on anion and cationexchange of the stream waters in the field, showedthat (1) the metals Al, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn aretransported in the streams mainly as inorganiccations, (2) Cu exists mainly in cationic form but isalso to a significant extent associated with dissolvedhumic substances, (3) Fe occurs mainly in the anionicfraction explained by organic coating on colloidal Feoxyhydoxides and (4) the hydrochemistry of As, Cr andV is complex as these elements may exist in severalunquantified anionic fractions and to a minor extentin cationic species/forms. Whereas the proportion ofacid sulphate soils in the catchments had a largeimpact on concentrations levels of several elements inthe stream waters, these soils did not have a largeaffect on the speciation of elements in water.     

川南玄武岩晶洞中的沥青与铜矿物球粒研究

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩晶洞中产出大量石英、水晶、沥青、葡萄石以及铜矿物,根据其产状和矿物组合分为石英沥青、水晶-沥青及水晶-葡萄石球粒三种类型晶洞。水晶-葡萄石晶洞中矿物组合具明显球粒形貌特点,球粒由中心柱状 水晶及垂直水晶柱面生长的葡萄石球粒内圈与铜矿物球粒外圈组成。铜矿物球粒具有明显圈层结构,由自然铜核、黑铜矿 幔、硅孔雀石与孔雀石壳组成。野外及镜下观察显示,铜矿物集合体形态受自然铜形状和产出控制,铜矿物球粒主要分布 于多个葡萄石球粒边缘的汇聚处,核部自然铜为球粒状;脉状铜矿物由一向伸长自然铜与黑铜矿、硅孔雀石等矿物组成, 分布于晶洞裂隙中。碳同位素与红外光谱研究表明晶洞中的沥青为生物成因,属石油沥青,有机质可能来自下二叠统 （P13）碳酸盐。晶洞中矿物为含有机质成矿溶液依次结晶而成,其顺序为：玉髓或石英→水晶、沥青与自然铜→自然铜与 葡萄石→黑铜矿→硅孔雀石→孔雀石→方解石。沥青的螺旋生长花纹特征、水晶中包裹体均一化温度以及水晶中沥青与自 然铜之间的关系显示,沥青是有机质（原油）受热裂解转变而成,其形成温度约为290~230℃,自然铜的结晶温度为230~ 160℃。     

青海纳日贡玛始新世-渐新世含矿斑岩体地球化学特征

纳日贡玛一带的始新世—渐新世斑岩体多以不规则小岩株形式产出,由二长花岗斑岩组成;岩石化学类型为亚碱性的富钾钙碱性系列,SiO2、Al2O3、K2O、Na2O、LREE,Sr、Rb、Ba、Th、Ce、Mo、Cu、Au、Ag含量高,CaO、TiO2、HREE、Y、Yb、Cr、Sc、Co、Ni亏损。稀土分馏明显,Eu异常不明显。斑岩源岩为壳源,有洋壳物质的混染;其形成模式为陆内俯冲导致软流圈上涌,并向下地壳注入诱发下地壳物质熔融产生岩浆。     

黄锡矿-似黄锡矿-硫锡铁铜矿组合及其结构特征

黄锡矿-似黄锡矿-硫锡铁铜矿产于湖南大义山花岗岩与石炭、二叠系灰岩接触处的富斑铜矿夕卡岩铜矿床中。硫锡铁铜矿在国内属首次发现。它们的化学成分、物理性质、光学性质和晶体结构与国外相同矿物相似。它们都有两种产状,构成多种结构。