岩体表面节理变长与节理真实长度尺寸的概率关系

空间节理长度不能直接进行测量,只能通过岩石暴露面上节理迹线长度来量测,但是节理迹线是节理面与岩石交切的结果,迹长在多大程度上能代表节理真实长度得值得研究的。本文利用计算机模拟的方法分析了迹长与节理真实长度的的统计关系。     

基于钻孔摄像技术的岩体节理大小估算方法

目前,确定岩体节理大小通常是根据岩体暴露区域的节理迹长进行估算,往往因岩体暴露区域的局限性而影响估算结果。以钻孔内节理特性为研究对象,尝试进行岩体节理大小估算,首先通过钻孔摄像技术获取地质钻孔内节理的倾向和倾角信息,建立所研究深度范围内的节理平面方程,形成钻孔之间节理面的连通判断准则,从而确定节理面的迹线长度,同时构建出节理迹线均值函数,最后根据节理面迹长与大小之间的对应关系,估算出岩体节理的大小,从而形成一种利用钻孔内的节理特性来估算岩体节理大小的方法。将该方法应用于张家湾铁矿的地下采选联合工程,其估算结果准确可靠。     

节理迹线中点密度修正方法的探讨

节理迹线中点密度是描述岩体露头节理分布特征的重要指标.由于露头或测窗尺寸的限制、节理迹长的差异以及露头面和节理面夹角的变化,常规的迹线中点密度计算方法通常包含尺寸、截长和角度误差.本文首先介绍了截长、尺寸和角度误差的修正原理,继而将角度误差修正系数引入到关联点密度计算方法中,提出了凸面测窗条件下同时修正截长、尺寸和角度...     

节理岩体分形描述

研究了岩体节理产状、迹长、间距和节理数目对岩体节理网络分维的影响和节理几何参数的分维特征。结果表明,随节理发育方向、迹长、间距和节理数目的变化,岩体节理网络分维发生变化,节理间距和迹长的空间分布具有较好的分维特性,岩体节理网络分维可以作为岩体节理几何特征的定量描述指标。     

非贯通随机节理岩体的结构效应对地下洞室地震响应的影响

为研究非连通随机节理岩体的结构效应对地下洞室地震响应的影响,首先探讨了二维节理网络的生成原理,给出了结构效应影响的5个表征参数,即节理密度、节理倾角角度、节理倾角离散程度、节理迹长长度和节理迹长离散程度。以大岗山水电站主厂房洞室为背景工程,研究节理岩体结构效应对地下洞室地震响应的影响。结果表明,相同地震动水平下节理密度增加则洞室地震位移增加;节理角度在0°～80°范围内时,随节理倾角增加洞室的地震位移增加;节理离散程度较大时,随节理倾角离散程度减小洞室的地震位移减小,但当节理离散程度较小时则基本无影响;随节理迹长长度增加,洞室地震位移也增加;节理迹长的离散程度则对对洞室地震位移影响较小。结论可供节理岩体中地下洞室的抗震设计参考。     

节理泊松圆盘模型直径分布推断的解析方法

节理圆盘直径分布是节理网络模拟中的重要参数之一。在节理为Poisson圆盘的假设下,根据三维齐次Poisson点过程的数学特征,给出迹长分布概率密度函数的多项式形式和相应的约束条件;对Warburton提出的迹长分布概率密度函数和节理直径分布概率密度函数关系公式进行Santalo变换,推导了多项式形式的迹长分布所对应的直径分布概率密度函数的解析解,并采用Priest给出的解析解验证其正确性;根据概率密度函数的性质,给出了直径分布概率密度函数定义域的推断方法。编制节理网络模拟程序,采用Monte Carlo方法验证节理Poisson圆盘直径分布概率密度函数解析解的正确性和直径分布概率密度函数定义域推断方法的适用性。     

秦山三期核电工程反应堆地段节理裂隙模拟

以秦山三期核电工程反应堆地段作为研究对象 ,针对节理裂隙在岩体中的分布具有随机性的特点 ,运用随机方法对其分布规律进行了研究。根据实测的节理裂隙产状、间距及迹线长度 ,推断节理裂隙概率分布特征。同时充分考虑到节理裂隙分布的不均匀性和方向性等特点 ,采用非平稳态随机过程模拟节理裂隙间距 ,通过 Monte- Carlo方法得到等效的节理裂隙网络。根据统计和拟合的结果 ,对反应堆地段岩体的节理裂隙进行了评价。     

含单节理裂隙岩体的单轴压缩试验及数值模拟

为了研究预制裂隙的厚度和宽度对节理岩体的力学特性的影响,对人工制作的单节理裂隙岩体进行了单轴压缩试验和数值模拟,研究了节理面的倾角β、节理面的厚度d、节理面的长度l对单轴抗压强度的影响。研究结果表明:(1)当节理面长度和厚度相同时,随着β随着由0°增加到90°时,试件的单轴抗压强度呈逐渐增加的趋势;当节理面的倾角β和厚度相同时,随着节理面长度的增加,试件的单轴抗压强度呈逐渐减小的趋势。(2)当节理面的倾角β和长度相同时,随着节理面厚度的增加,试件的单轴抗压强度呈逐渐减小的趋势。     

输电线路节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔力模型试验研究

针对输电线路注浆锚杆基础特点,根据相似理论设计了节理化岩体注浆锚杆基础抗拔模型试验,模型设计中考虑了岩石弹性模量、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长、节理倾角、锚杆埋深5个因素的变化,选择5因素4水平的正交试验方法进行了模型试验研究。结果表明,岩石弹性模量对注浆锚杆基础抗拔力的影响最大,其次为锚杆埋深、节理倾角、浆体弹性模量、节理迹长。试验过程中以剪切破坏和开裂破坏为主,并以此分析了注浆锚杆的传力机制,得出浆体与锚杆和岩体之间的黏结强度是控制试验结果的主要因素,影响着锚杆的极限抗拔力和破坏状态,在施工过程中应注意质量控制。     

剪应力作用下Ⅱ型平行节理扩展模式的分叉研究

利用伪力法考虑了剪应力作用下Ⅱ型平行节理之间的相互作用,提出利用节理的长度和间距之比, ,来确定平行裂纹发生分叉的条件。从理论上研究了2条,3条和任意多条平行节理在剪应力作用下的分叉。对于2条平行节理,当节理的长度和间距之比 大于0.816 497 5时,节理的扩展模式要发生分叉;对于3条平行节理,当节理的长度和间距之比 大于0.717 572 8时,节理的扩展模式要发生分叉;对于无穷多条平行节理,当节理的长度和间距之比 大于0.636 638 5时,节理的扩展模式要发生分叉。计算了2条到150条平行节理的分叉问题,结果表明节理数越大,节理发生分叉时节理的长度和间距之比越小。     

基于分形几何理论的DFN模型构建方法研究

以重庆梁-忠（梁平县-忠县）高速公路礼让隧道为工程研究背景,通过测线法调查现场节理,获得了节理产状分布概率密度函数,并从分形几何学的角度分析了节理间距及迹长的分形分布规律,推导出能反映节理间距及迹长分布状态的分形维数D及分形分布概率密度函数。在该基础上采用Matlab软件以及Monte-Carlo随机分析方法,产生节理参数随机数,结合3DEC中最新模块离散裂隙网络(DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型并验证了模型的有效性,结果表明,分形分布比负指数分布包含更多的间距、迹长分布信息,更接近于实际分布;分形维数D反映了节理间距、迹长在其变化范围内的分布特征,分形维数的大小取决于小间距、小迹长部分数量在总节理数量中的比例,为节理裂隙岩体网络模型构建提供了一种新方法。     

Stereological and Other Methods Applied to Rock Joint Size Estimation—Does Crofton''s Theorem Apply?

A number of authors concerned with the analysis of rock jointing have used the idea that the joint areal or diametral distribution can be linked to the trace length distribution through a theorem attributed to Crofton. This brief paper seeks to demonstrate why Crofton's theorem need not be used to link moments of the trace length distribution captured by scan line or areal mapping to the moments of the diametral distribution of joints represented as disks and that it is incorrect to do so. The valid relationships for areal or scan line mapping between all the moments of the trace length distribution and those of the joint size distribution for joints modeled as disks are recalled and compared with those that might be applied were Crofton's theorem assumed to apply. For areal mapping, the relationship is fortuitously correct but incorrect for scan line mapping.     

Maximum likelihood estimation of joint size from trace length measurements

Summary Usually, rock joints are observed in outcrops and excavation walls only as traces. Under some assumptions about the shapes of the joints and the nature of their size distributions, the underlying joint size distribution can be estimated from trace length measurements. However, the interpretation of trace length distributions from line mapping data should be approached with caution. The data are always length-biased and furthermore, the semi-trace length, the trace length, and the underlying joint size may have different distributional forms. Semi-trace length distributions are monotonic decreasing functions not sensitive to changes in the real trace length distributions. Experimental full trace length distributions are shown to have lognormal distributions and to be insensitive to major changes in the underlying joint size distributions. Under the assumptions of joint convexity and circularity a parametric model for the three-dimensional distribution of joint sizes is developed. A maximum likelihood estimation of the distribution of joint diameters, which best reflects the observed joint trace data, and corrects simultaneously for joint censoring, truncation and size bias, is developed. The theory is illustrated with numerical examples using data collected from five field sites.     

Stereological and Other Methods Applied to Rock Joint Size Estimation—Does Crofton's Theorem Apply?

A number of authors concerned with the analysis of rock jointing have used the idea that the joint areal or diametral distribution can be linked to the trace length distribution through a theorem attributed to Crofton. This brief paper seeks to demonstrate why Crofton's theorem need not be used to link moments of the trace length distribution captured by scan line or areal mapping to the moments of the diametral distribution of joints represented as disks and that it is incorrect to do so. The valid relationships for areal or scan line mapping between all the moments of the trace length distribution and those of the joint size distribution for joints modeled as disks are recalled and compared with those that might be applied were Crofton's theorem assumed to apply. For areal mapping, the relationship is fortuitously correct but incorrect for scan line mapping.     

The Planar Shape of Rock Joints

Knowing the planar shape of discontinuities is important when characterizing discontinuities in a rock mass. However, the real discontinuity shape is rarely known, since the rock mass is usually inaccessible in three dimensions. Information on discontinuity shape is limited and often open to more than one interpretation. This paper discusses the planar shape of rock joints, the most common discontinuities in rock. First, a brief literature review about the shape of joints is presented, including some information on joint-surface morphology, inferences from observed trace lengths on different sampling planes, information based on experimental studies, and joint shapes assumed by different researchers. This review shows that joints not affected by adjacent geological structures such as bedding boundaries or pre-existing fractures tend to be elliptical (or approximately circular but rarely). Joints affected by or intersecting such geological structures tend to be rectangular. Then, using the general stereological relationship between trace length distributions and joint size distributions developed by Zhang et al. (Geotechnique 52(6):419–433, 2002) for elliptical joints, the effect of sampling plane orientation on trace lengths is investigated. This study explains why the average trace lengths of non-equidimensional (elliptical or similar polygonal) joints on two sampling planes can be about equal and thus the conclusion that rock joints are equidimensional (circular) drawn from the fact that the average trace lengths on two sampling planes are approximately equal can be wrong. Finally, methods for characterizing the shape and size of joints (elliptical or rectangular) from trace length data are recommended, and the appropriateness of using elliptical joint shapes to represent polygonal, especially rectangular, joints is discussed.     

基于三维裂隙网络的裂隙岩体表征单元体研究

岩体表征单元体（REV）的研究一直是岩土工程中的重要问题。裂隙岩体REV是其内部复杂结构在尺寸效应上的体现,归因于岩体内裂隙系统的随机性。在三维网络模型的基础上通过计算体积节理数建立了确定岩体REV的方法。这种方法考虑了岩体内裂隙的三维空间密度的特征,采用体积节理数这一参数的收敛状况确定岩体REV的大小。建立了实际岩体的模拟裂隙系统,用一定大小的立方体来分割裂隙系统,统计不同立方体内的体积节理数,并将均值作为最终裂隙岩体的参数。将此参数作为裂隙岩体的属性,通过判别其收敛状况获得了岩体REV的尺寸。考虑了岩体不连续面的特征,建立了REV的分析模型,得出工程岩体的REV的尺寸是裂隙平均迹长的4倍的结论。     

岩石结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应的推拉试验研究

粗糙度系数是结构面抗剪强度的主要影响因素,然而由于结构面表面形态的复杂性,粗糙度系数尺寸效应研究并未获得较大进展。总结了结构面粗糙度系数的3种获取手段：标准剖面对比法、理论公式法、试验反分析法。在此基础上分析了3种方法在研究粗糙度系数尺寸效应方面存在的问题和困难。为了研究结构面粗糙度系数与试样尺寸的相关度,对中砂、硅粉、水泥、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行了研究,获得了与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作了8组共176对具有不同尺寸和表面起伏粗糙程度的结构面,并利用改进的高精度岩石结构面推拉仪对结构面粗糙度系数进行了推拉试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：模型结构面粗糙度系数的统计均值随试样尺寸的增加而降低,但特定结构面粗糙度系数的尺寸效应规律需要根据结构面的具体表面形貌进行测试;Barton理论公式计算的结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应变化规律与推拉试验测试规律总体上一致,但试验值与理论值有差异,且结构面试样尺寸越小,二者的差异就越大;具有特定表面形貌的模型结构面粗糙度系数也有差异,工程大尺寸岩体结构面粗糙度系数需要根据表面形貌和分布特征进行综合判定。