西江和北江三角洲区的水沙特点及河道演变特征

通过对珠江三角洲区有关水文泥沙资料的分析, 初步揭示了西江和北江在流速与流量、水位、含沙量、断面宽深比之关系方面的差别。结合河道平面及断面形态和河道冲淤特性, 探讨了其河型特点及成因。认为研究区西江为典型的网状河流, 而北江仍处于网状河流的发育初期。该区网状河流多河道的形成遵循冲裂机制, 人工堤围加速了河道沉积、抑制了河漫滩地的淤积, 从而使河道及河漫滩地的加积表现为不均一性。     

上荆江马羊洲网状河沉积特征及其形成机理

长江枝城至城陵矶段称荆江,以藕池口为界分上荆江和下荆江。上荆江历史上表现为纵横交错的网状水系,至今仍具网状河(anastomosed)特征:其河道断面呈“W”型;江心洲滩发育,且以江心洲居多;河道最大曲率2.23,最小曲率1.23,河床坡降0.538;     

黄河下游不同河型河道的水沙效应及演变趋势分析

黄河下游沿程出现的辫状河流（游荡型河流）、弯曲河流（弯曲型河流）、顺直河流（顺直微弯型河流）的转化现象引人关注,并有不同方面的专门研究。本研究针对以往研究的不足,通过对不同河型段的水沙演变、断面形态对流量的响应、河道断面演变、河床沉积速率及能耗率特征等方面,系统分析了不同河型段河道的水沙效应。认为黄河下游沿程出现的三类河型是由河道比降小、河床质细、洪枯水交替、粗泥沙输入少及大堤限制等因素起主导作用。其中顺直河流的出现是人工大堤的胁迫性产物。随着近年来水沙的阶段性减小,顺直河流在大堤的挟持下得以维持;弯曲河段河道的侧向摆动依然、宽度略微变窄,河床加积速率最大,但不会导致整个下游河道比降发生明显变化;辫状河段能耗率相对较大,冲淤强烈,滩槽更替频繁,但随着流量的减小,其能耗率明显减小,其比邻弯曲河流段的河道会逐渐曲流化,表现为弯曲河段的适度上延,但延伸有限。各类治理措施中,以中上游修建水库和淤地坝是最有效的,可拦截大量粗泥沙,从而降低下游河床的加积速率,以延缓悬河的发展。当然,针对决口险情的大堤建设是必要的,但要与不同河型段的河道稳定性相适应。     

长江中游曲流河段河道的近代演化过程研究

曲流河是冲积平原河流中的重要河型之一,曲流河的河道演变对冲积平原的建设与演化起着非常重要的作用。地处江汉平原的长江中游藕池口至城陵矶段河道是最典型的曲流河段,其曲流河道的几何形态和变化过程较为复杂,对该段河道演化过程的研究在河流的开发利用及水利工程建设中具有很好的理论指导意义。本研究通过对历史资料和多期卫星遥感影像的解译与分析,表明长江中游藕池口至城陵矶河段的曲流河道演化在受自然和人类活动双重影响的情况下,该河段河道的演化仍然维持曲流河特征。受大洪水的切滩作用及松滋口、太平口和藕池口3个分流口对洞庭湖的分水分沙的影响,该段河道的演化过程较为复杂。自然裁弯取直和人工裁弯取直在一定程度上改变着河道演化的进程,但由裁弯取直及上游水利工程引起的纵坡降增加产生的冲淤变化将会维持河道的稳定,同时在该河段实施的护岸工程也会抑制河流的横向侵蚀,曲流河段河道演化进入自调整和自组织过程。     

河型转化机理及其数值模拟——Ⅱ.模型应用

采用平面二维河流数学模型,系统研究概化河道的河型转化过程及其控制因素,成功模拟得到了初始比降、流量、入口含沙量增大和河岸抗冲性减弱时,河流从弯道向分汊、游荡河型转化的过程。根据模拟得到的河道平面形态、横断面形态、河床纵剖面,沿程水面线及沿程输沙率的变化,分析了河床初始比降、入口含沙量、流量和河岸抗冲性等各种因素对河型转化的影响。结果表明,模型计算得到的河型转化过程,与经典的河型成因及河型转化理论给出的趋势较为一致。     

中国现代网状河流沉积特征和沉积模式

中国境内的许多河流发育有网状河段,从长江、黑龙江、珠江等这样的大型河流到嫩江、赣江等中小型河流都有。依据这些网状河的地理和构造背景的不同,可以把它们划分为:平原网状河流、山谷网状河流、入湖三角洲平原网状河流和入海三角洲平原网状河流四大类型。作者通过实地挖掘探槽、密集采样,对嫩江齐齐哈尔平原网状河段、赣江入湖三角洲平原网状河段、珠江入海三角洲平原网状河段沉积特征进行了详细描述和研究,并建立了网状河的沉积模式,探讨了网状河的成因。认为网状河流体系的发育不受气候和地理位置的限制,低坡降是形成网状河的必要条件,相对稳定的网状河道不同于曲流河和辫状河,湿地环境是网状河流体系中最发育的地貌单元,堤岸植被繁茂、粘结性高是河道稳定的重要因素,与曲流河和辫状河相比,网状河出现的几率较低。     

湖北松滋关洲遗址沉积环境演化及长江河道变迁

关洲古文化遗址位于长江松滋段江心洲地表之下,是江汉平原地区迄今最早的新石器时期文化遗址,也是同时期规模最大的遗址,是长江中游史前文明化进程的重要佐证.江心洲何以引来古人类栖居,尚未得到很好的解释.为了探讨该古文化遗址与长江关洲段河道变迁历史及其沉积环境演化过程之间的关系,对关洲遗址典型剖面的沉积物样品进行了14C测年和粒度分析.结果表明:剖面沉积年代为约12 783 cal.a B.P.至近现代;剖面下部（11.65~6.70 m）沉积物粒度偏细,粒度曲线反映出水动力较弱、低能的河流漫滩沉积环境;中部（6.70~2.10 m）沉积物粒度粗细互层交替出现,粒度曲线反映水动力较强的边滩-漫滩交替沉积环境,属于河床堆积;上部（2.10~0 m）沉积物粒度偏细,粒度曲线反映水动力较弱、低能的河流漫滩沉积环境.基于以上分析,关洲遗址沉积演化及长江关洲段河道变迁可分为3个阶段:第一阶段（11.65~6.70 m）,约12 783 cal.a B.P.至明清,关洲与陆地相连,且城背溪文化期至明清之间古人类倚河而居,该阶段关洲位于长江主河道南侧的高河漫滩环境;第二阶段（6.70~2.10 m）,明清后期,为动荡的河道沉积环境,关洲处于河流凹岸,侵蚀作用加剧,长江主河道逐渐往南迁移,河道河床沉积出现,关洲逐渐演化成心滩;第三阶段（2.10~0 m）,近现代期间,关洲正式演变成江心洲,长江主河道迁移至关洲岛南侧.      

网状河流和分汊河流的河型归属讨论

河流的河道平面形态分类有多种方案 ,其中Rust的分类因为分出了网状河流而得到沉积学家的更多关注。中国地貌学界和水利学界则更关注钱宁的分类 ,其中包括分汊河流。目前 ,许多研究人员把网状河流和分汊河流当作同一类型的河流。文中从河型的定义、河道平面形态、地下沉积物特征、水动力、新河道形成机理和发育的地貌部位等方面对分汊河流和网状河流进行对比 ,根据对比结果认为它们是不同的河型。为了便于沉积学家、水利学家以及地貌学家之间相互交流各自有关河流的研究成果 ,需要提出一个更符合实际的冲积河流分类方案。     

两类多河道河流的形式模式及河道稳定性比较

在多河道河流中，网状河流作为有别于分汊河流和辫状河流的河型而提出已经引起人们的注意，但它与分汊河流的区别常常被忽略。为了阐明二者的根本差别，力求从多河道形成模式上对二者进行比较研究。通过对长江下游分汊河流及荆江风状河流特定河段形成历史及方式的探索，提出河道内的江心洲化模式和河漫滩上的河道化模式分别是分汊河流和网状河流形成的基本途径。由此而决定了网状河道具有分汊河流更高的稳定性。     

根据河道形态和沉积物特征的河流新分类

目前河流分类方案较多,各有所长和不足,不同学科间的河型表述也有一定的差异,不便于相互沟通。在讨论了分别以侵蚀阶段、沉积物搬运方向、河道和河间地的相对沉积速率以及河道平面形态等为标准的代表性河流分类方案的不足之处后,提出一个新的河型分类,把冲积河流分为辫状河、曲流河、分汊河、网状河和直流河五类,以便于沉积学界、地貌学界和水利学界等能够在统一的河型分类的格架中相互借鉴各自的研究成果。     

Fluvial and lacustrine palaeoenvironments of the Miocene Siwalik Group, Khaur area, northern Pakistan

The Miocene Siwalik Group (upsection, the Chinji, Nagri, and Dhok Pathan Formations) in northern Pakistan records fluvial and lacustrine environments within the Himalayan foreland basin. Thick (5 m to tens of metres) sandstones are composed of channel bar and fill deposits of low-sinuousity (1·08–1·19), single-channel meandering and braided rivers which formed large, low-gradient sediment fans (or ‘megafans’). River flow was dominantly toward the south-east and likely perennial. Palaeohydraulic reconstructions indicate that Chinji and Dhok Pathan rivers were small relative to Nagri rivers. Bankfull channel depths of Chinji and Dhok Pathan rivers were generally ≤ 15 m, and up to 33 m for Nagri rivers. Widths of channel segments (including single channels of meandering rivers and individual channels around braid bars) were 320–710 m for Chinji rivers, 320–1050 m for Nagri rivers, and 270–340 m for Dhok Pathan rivers. Mean channel bed slopes were on the order of 0·000056–0·00011. Bankfull discharges of channel segments for Chinji and Dhok Pathan rivers were generally 700–800 m³s^?1, with full river discharges possibly up to 2400 m³s^?1. Bankfull discharges of channel segments for Nagri rivers were generally 1800–3500 m³s^?1, with discharges of some larger channel segments possibly on the order of 9000–32 000 m³s^?1. Full river discharges of some of the largest Nagri braided rivers may have been twice these values. Thin (decimetres to a few metres) sandstones represent deposits of levees, crevasse channels and splays, floodplain channels, and large sheet floods. Laminated mudstones represent floodplain and lacustrine deposits. Lakes were both perennial and short-lived, and likely less than 10 m deep with maximum fetches on the order of a few tens of kilometres. Trace fossils and body fossils within all facies indicate the former existence of terrestrial vertebrates, molluscs (bivalves and gastropods), arthropods (including insects), worms, aquatic fauna (e.g. fish, turtles, crocodiles), trees, bushes, grasses, and aquatic flora. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions are consistent with previous palaeoclimatic interpretations of monsoonal conditions.     

Upstream control of river anastomosis by sediment overloading,upper Columbia River,British Columbia,Canada

Anastomosing rivers, systems of multiple interconnected channels that enclose floodbasins, constitute a major category of rivers for which various sedimentary facies models have been developed. While the sedimentary products of anastomosing rivers are relatively well‐known, their genesis is still debated. A rapidly growing number of ancient alluvial successions being interpreted as of anastomosing river origin, including important hydrocarbon reservoirs, urge the development of robust models for the genesis of anastomosis, to facilitate better interpretation of ancient depositional settings and controls. The upper Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada, is the most‐studied anastomosing river and has played a key role in the development of an anastomosing river facies model. Two hypotheses for the origin of upper Columbia River anastomosis include the following: (i) downstream control by aggrading cross‐valley alluvial fans; and (ii) upstream control by excessive bedload input from tributaries. Both upstream and downstream control may force aggradation and avulsions in the upper Columbia River. In order to test both hypotheses, long‐term (millennia‐scale) floodplain sedimentation rates and avulsion frequencies are calculated using ¹⁴C‐dated deeply buried organic floodplain material from cross‐valley borehole transects. The results indicate a downstream decrease in floodplain sedimentation rate and avulsion frequency along the anastomosed reach, which is consistent with dominant upstream control by sediment overloading. The data here link recent avulsion activity to increased sediment supply during the Little Ice Age (ca 1100 to 1950 ad ). This link is supported by data showing that sediment supply to the upper Columbia study reach fluctuated in response to Holocene glacial advances and retreats in the hinterland. Upstream control of anastomosis has considerable implications for the reconstruction of the setting of interpreted ancient anastomosing systems. The present research underscores that anastomosing systems typically occur in relatively proximal settings with abundant sediment supplied to low‐gradient floodplains, a situation commonly found in intermontane and foreland basins.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000570

Mid-Cretaceous strata within the Tintina Trench.3 km west of the community of Ross River, contain evidence of deposition in two distinct,alternating,fluvial settings.Coal-bearing,mud-dominated strata are commonly associated with high-constructive sandy channel systems,with extensive overbank. levee and splay deposits.Channels are between 3 and 30 m wide and 0.4-7 m thick.They show repetitive development of side and in-channel bar-forms,as well as up-channel widening of the rivers by selective erosion of associated overbank and levee deposits.Levees extended for several hundred metres away from the channels.In this setting low-angle inclined stratification and epsilon cross stratification may reflect lateral migration of crevasse channels or small streams.The paucity of exposure prevents recognition of the channels as products of multiple channel anastomosed systems or single channel high-constructive systems. Gravel-dominated strata,inter-bedded with,and overlying coal-bearing units,are interpreted as deposits of wandering gravel-bed rivers,with sinuosity approaching 1.4.In most exposures they appear to be dominated by massive and thin planar-bedded granule to small pebble conglomerates,which would traditionally be interpreted as sheet-flood or longitudinal bar deposits of a high-gradient braided stream or alluvial fan.Architectural analysis of exposures in an open-pit shows that the predominance of flat bedding is an artefact of the geometry of the roadside exposures.In the pit the conglomerates are dominated by large scale cross stratification on a scale of 1-5.5 m.These appear to have developed as downstream and lateral accretion elements on side-bars and on in-channel bars in water depths of 2-12 m.Stacking of strata on domed 3rd order surfaces suggests development of longitudinal in-channel bar complexes similar to those observed in parts of the modern Rhone River system.Mudstone preserved in some of the channels reflects intervals of channel abandonment or avulsion.Minimum channel width is from 70 to 450 m.     

砂质辫状河储层构型表征及其对剩余油的控制--以渤海海域P油田为例

砂质辫状河内部不同级次的构型模式,特别是心滩坝及其内部夹层的构型特征尤为重要,直接控制了油田开发中后期剩余油富集与分布。采取现代地质调查与地下地质解剖相结合的思路,以渤海海域P油田为例,分别从辫流带、心滩坝及心滩坝内部夹层三个级次,探讨了砂质辫状河构型特征及其对剩余油分布规律的影响。结果表明砂质辫状河道具有三种充填样式,且以砂质充填为主,心滩坝与辫状河道呈"宽坝窄河道"的分布样式;坝内落淤层具有穹窿式和水平式两种分布样式。此外,从5级至3级构型单元逐步细分,通过三种识别标志划分单一辫流带,平均宽厚比约178;心滩坝辫状河道宽度与心滩坝宽度比约为1:3.8,心滩坝宽度与长度比约为1:2.2;心滩坝内部单期落淤层近水平分布,多期之间互相平行,一般2~4个。不同级次储层构型要素对剩余油分布的控制存在差异性。对于辫流带级次,层间隔层直接控制剩余油分布;心滩坝级次泥质半充填河道底部砂体连通,侧翼上部水淹程度较低,剩余油富集;受落淤层和物性界面的影响,心滩坝内部剩余油主要呈"分段式"富集在落淤层下方垂积体的顶部和水驱较弱的边部。该成果在油田老区综合调整方案和新区开发方案设计上得到了应用,也在调整井部署,尤其是水平井挖潜剩余油等方面,提供了地质依据。     

现代冲积河流的河型空间转化模式探讨

论述了现代冲积河流系统中常见河型的自然分布及转化特征,归纳了河型从上游向下游发生空间转化的 5种主要模式。这些河型转化模式发生的相对频率是不同的,其中从辫状河流向曲流河流转化的发生频率最大。文中通过具体实例总结了这些转化模式分别发生时的主要影响因素。