基于大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)测定农田显热通量的不确定性分析

显热通量是反映地-气间能量交换强度的重要指标.随着涡度相关(EC)技术的快速发展,点尺度的显热通量测量已经变得比较容易和准确可靠,像元尺度(公里尺度)的显热通量的地面测量成为连接遥感反演和地面验证尺度扩展的一个重要环节.大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)是目前唯一一种可直接用于像元尺度上显热通量测量的仪器.为了研究该仪器在使用过程的问题,比较了用2种方法同时在禹城农田上观测的显热通量,重点分析了两者之间产生误差或不确定性的原因.初步研究表明:①无论白天还是夜间,用大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)测量像元尺度上的显热通量是可行的,与涡度相关方法得到的结果总体相关性比较好,日变化趋势非常一致.②LAS与EC对比观测表明:白天显热通量较小时,HLAS比HEC偏大,白天显热通量较大时,HLAS比HEC小;当显热通量由小变大时,其平均绝对误差越来越大,相对误差越来越小.③由于下垫面的非均匀性,风速风向变化将会改变通量贡献区(footprint),从而造成2种结果出现偏差.另外,波文比、零平面位移和地表粗糙度等的不确定性都可能影响LAS的观测结果.     

大孔径闪烁仪法测算低丘山地人工混交林显热通量的可行性分析

利用位于河南省济源市的华北低丘山地30年生栓皮栋-侧柏-刺槐人工混交林2009年主要生长季节(5-9月)湍流通量及空气结构参数等观测数据,确定迭代法为该下垫面条件下大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)测算显热通量的计算法,测算白天大气非稳定层结状况下的显热通量(HLAS).并采用通量印痕模型,对LAS法通量源区内由2台涡度相关系统观测得到的显热通量进行订正,得到源区内总显热通量值(HfEC).分析LAS法与涡度相关法的显热通量测算或测定值的相关性,结果表明:HLAS与HfEC的线性相关系数可达0.93.说明在分析通量印痕和通量源区的基础上,采用LAS法测算低丘山地人工混交林显热通量具有较好的可行性.     

大孔径闪烁仪观测数据在陆面模式验证中的应用初探

将大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)观测数据应用在陆面模式验证中对更好地认识和描述陆面过程在气候变化中的作用有着重要意义.以中国北方2个LAS观测站--密云和阿柔为例,分别设定一个公里尺度(1 km2)的研究区域,采用陆面模式SiB2,综合利用站点观测数据、实地调查数据及卫星遥感数据,对陆面过程进行了模拟,并利用LAS和涡动相关仪(EC)观测的显热通量对模拟结果进行了评估,结果表明:SiB2模式能够对阿柔和密云显热通量的总体情况、日变化情况及季节变化情况进行较好的模拟;利用LAS显热通量进行较大尺度模拟验证,能够在很大程度上避免EC能量不闭合及其观测尺度与模式模拟尺度不匹配在验证中所造成的偏差,验证效果更好.     

应用能量平衡方法对黄河上中游水文气象要素监测及校验

利用能量平衡方法建立能量与水平衡系统(EWBMS)对黄河上中游地区进行实时监测,并将其监测要素实际蒸散发、温度、净辐射、显热通量等与观测值比较,从而进一步说明EW'BMS的准确性和可靠性.     

基于多尺度遥感数据估算地表通量的方法及其验证分析

地表水热通量(显热通量、潜热通量)的遥感估算在全球气候变化、水资源、生态环境等研究领域具有重要的应用价值.MODIS数据的空间分辨率较低(热红外波段星下点为1 km),而地球表面的几何物理属性又具有高度非均匀性,因而在实际应用中面临较严重的尺度问题.探讨了多源卫星数据(中高分辨率Landsat TM与中低分辨率MODIS)相结合佑算像元通量的2种方法,分别利用高分辫率的地表分类及植被指数信息在混合像元内部进行亚像元处理,以提高非均匀地表混合像元的通量估算精度.研究数据来自于2008年黑河流域综合实验获取的遥感数据和辅助数据,验证数据来自于实验期间获取的不同下垫面的地表通量数据,包括涡度相关(EC)数据,以及大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)数据.计算结果表明,2种方法皆可在下垫面不均匀或者地表类型较复杂的情况下得到比较明显的纠正效果,纠正后的通量与观测更加接近.相比之下,利用植被指数分解温度的方法适用性更广,纠正效果更好.在地面验证中,对比分析了EC和LAS数据在TM尺度和MO-DIS尺度通量验证的适用性.LAS数据测量尺度与MODIS卫星像元尺度相匹配,可以直接验证MODIS通量计算结果,EC数据虽然可以直接验证TM计算的通量,但与MODIS数据对比,还需要进行尺度转换,即先用EC验证TM通量,然后将TM通量降尺度,与MODIS进行对比.最后对利用LAS验证通量的不确定性进行了分析,发现图像中LAS测点的几何定位误差以及LAS测量路径中像元的选取都对验证结果有一定影响.     

黑河流域观测通量的空间代表性研究

地表湍流通量包括显热通量和潜热通量,它的准确测定对天气气候预报、农业节水和水资源管理等意义重大。目前应用较为广泛的通量测量技术有涡动相关仪(EC)和大孔径闪烁仪(LAS),前者是单点观测,观测范围通常只有几百米;后者近年来得到长足的发展,可以观测从几百米到十几公里尺度上的区域湍流通量。建立了EC和LAS通量解析足迹模型,详细介绍了足迹模型的理论依据和建立方法,并对二者模型的异同进行了阐释。在黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验中,以高寒与干旱区伴生的黑河流域为试验区,包括寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验,使用足迹模型分别分析了临泽草地站、阿柔冻融观测站的EC、LAS观测通量的源区,结合风向变化规律,对二者通量观测差异进行分析解释;分析了盈科灌区绿洲站、大野口关滩森林站的EC观测数据,以及阿柔冻融观测站的EC、LAS观测数据,选择具有代表性的月份,进行观测站点的空间代表性分析。结果表明:对通量观测站点进行空间代表性分析是十分必要的,可得到观测站点通量源区的时空变化特征,同时足迹模型在通量观测数据的分析中有很大的实用价值,可为今后通量观测数据的应用提供参考。     

东南极Lambert冰川-Amery冰架系统平衡通量分布的计算

通过对Lambert冰川盆地(LGB)考察路线上约1 700 km长的LGB剖面和距冰架末端约50 km、长150 km的A剖面, 分别利用GPS冰流速值及雷达测厚值进行冰通量的计算得出:每年流过LGB剖面的冰通量为43.95 Gta-1, 而通过A剖面的冰通量仅为26. 42 Gt*a-1, Amery冰架底部净融化量为7.8 Gt*a-1. 整个Lambert冰川-Amery冰架系统(LAS)地区的表面净物质平衡总量约为90 Gt*a-1; LGB地区的表面净物质平衡总量为46 Gt*a-1. 通过分析得出, 整个LAS地区及LGB地区均处于物质正平衡状态, 而LAS流域的上游区域S'则处于物质负平衡状态.     

陇中黄土高原LAS在非均匀下垫面的观测优势及其在区域陆面模式验证中的初步应用

目前通用的通量观测技术涡动相关仪（EC）在区域陆面模式验证中存在能量不闭合和空间代表性有限的问题,寻求改进EC观测热通量的新技术是提高陆面模式验证效果的关键环节,大孔径闪烁仪（LAS）的出现有效改善了这一现状。基于黄土高原定西站2010年1月和6月的同步综合观测资料以及目前比较有代表性的陆面过程模式CLM的模拟数据,分析研究了LAS对EC观测地表能量不平衡问题的改进以及LAS对EC在区域陆面模式验证中的提高,结果表明：LAS可有效解决EC观测存在的地表能量不平衡问题,提高EC的地表能量闭合度,在非均匀下垫面LAS观测优势突出;利用LAS观测的感热通量进行区域陆面模式的验证,能够很大程度地避免EC能量不闭合和空间尺度不匹配在验证中造成的偏差,LAS观测更适合于大尺度模拟的验证,验证效果更好。     

大孔径闪烁仪和涡动相关仪观测显热通量之间的尺度关系

利用北京昌平小汤山2002年、2004年涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪的观测数据,借助解析足迹模型计算的源区,分析均匀、非均匀下垫面上涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪观测显热通量之间的差异和关系.结果表明:地表的均匀与非均匀性质,直接影响涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪观测的显热通量的差异大小.在分析均匀、非均匀地表上2种仪器源区重叠面积及重叠区域内足迹值大小与观测通量值之间的关系后,构建一个非均匀地表上2台涡动相关仪与1台闪烁仪观测通量之间的尺度关系式.     

海河流域不同下垫面上大孔径闪烁仪观测显热通量的时空特征分析

基于海河流域密云站、馆陶站和大兴站2008-2009年大孔径闪烁仪的观测数据,结合涡动相关仪和自动气象站的同步观测,经过数据筛选、质量评价、数据处理及插补等步骤,得到了3个站点不同时间尺度的显热通量和蒸散量.首先分析了3个站点1月、4月、7月、10月不稳定状态下大孔径闪烁仪通量观测的空间代表性及源区内不同下垫面的通量贡献率,并结合下垫面作物生长状况比较分析了3个站点不同季节大孔径闪烁仪观测显热通量与净辐射的月平均日变化趋势,不同下垫面上两者变化趋势一致,且馆陶站的显热通量在各月中都为最低,1月、7月密云站的显热通量与大兴站较为接近.同时3个站点2008-2009年9:00～15:00显热通量日平均值的季节变化趋势表明,相对于密云站单峰状的季节变化,源区内下垫面的植被类型和植被生长状况导致馆陶站和大兴站的显热通量都表现出明显的三峰变化.最后,以馆陶站大孔径闪烁仪和涡动相关仪观测的30 min显热通量数据为例,结合涡动相关仪的能量闭合率,大孔径闪烁仪和涡动相关仪通量足迹源区的重叠程度和非重叠部分的地面非均一性,对不同尺度显热通量观测的差异原因进行了讨论.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.