20世纪的中国地图制图学

20世纪特别是20世纪下半叶,中国地图制图取得了突飞猛进的发展。在制图学理论上,实现了从古典制图学理论经近代制图学到现代制图学的跨跃。     

计算机辅助专题地图制图——杭州市区数字化地图的编制

杭州是浙江省的政治、经济、文化中心，是世界闻名的旅游城市，是中国重点风景旅游城市和历史文化名城。随着经济的发展，特别是旅游业的发展，对有关杭州各种信息的地图的种类及数量的需求越来越大，成图周期要求越来越短。一般按常规作业方法，每新编一张杭州市区图，总是利用前面出版的地图作为底图，增加现势资料重新编绘而成。     

从数字化测绘到信息化测绘的测绘学科新进展

测绘学科已完成由传统模拟测绘向数字化测绘的转变过程,现在正在向信息化测绘新阶段转化与跨越。本文综述了测绘学科及其下的五个子学科(大地测量学、摄影测量与遥感学、地图制图与地理信息工程学、工程测量学和海洋测绘学)在向信息化测绘跨越过程中的科学与技术的新进展。     

基于阅读实验方法的认知地图形成研究

地图空间认知理论是地图学的基础理论,其基本命题是\"地图是人类空间认知工具\",核心概念是认知地图.对认知地图的形成进行了全面的总结,给出了地图空间认知的过程框架,进行了基于纸质地图、电子地图、遥感影像和虚拟地理环境阅读的认知实验.论文认为基于阅读行为的认知地图形成过程是从整体到局部的,这和基于亲历的过程是不同的;在基于阅读行为建立对环境的空间认知过程中,大比例尺和小比例尺是存在差异的;基于阅读的认知草图基本上属于\"空间型\"草图,以区位导向为主;四种不同的认知手段所造成的空间认知结果也是不同的.     

国界信息组织与处理研究

在制作边境地区地理图集时,国界信息组织与处理是极其重要的环节.本文研究了国界信息的特点及获取方式,进而研究了国界信息的分类、编码、组织与管理,提出了利用空间相关分析技术和基于规划库的空间推理机制,应用于国界线自动审查,实现了国界信息的可视化检查、统计、分析与更新等功能和手段.     

海洋底质专题数字图的生成技术与方法

本文研究海洋底质专题数字图的设计原则以及如何利用海洋底质调查表格数据生成海洋底质专题数字图。分析了海洋底质表格数据的存储内容与结构,确定了海洋底质专题数字图的数据模型。经过对数据模型的转换以及专题制图要素的处理,建立了海洋底质专题数字图成图系统。最后以实例阐述了利用成图系统生成海洋底质数字专题图的技术与方法,实现了海洋底质信息数据应用的可视化。     

基于KML的三维专题图表示方法

近几年来,虚拟地理环境系统得到广泛应用.专题图制作在制图学上有着悠久的历史.但是在虚拟地理环境浏览系统中(如Google Earth)对专题要素的表达没有得到足够的重视.文中研究如何利用KML制作专题符号,并在三维虚拟地理环境浏览系统中利用基于KML的专题符号实现定点符号法、分区图表法、质别底色法等专题图表示方法.通过实验说明KML在专题图的制作中具有巨大潜力,但同时也有一些重点问题需要解决.     

环境监测专题产品自动生产系统设计

专题产品是卫星遥感环境监测结果的重要呈现形式。采用多线程技术并行处理多源卫星数据,利用XML文件存储专题配置等相关信息,以格式和数据分离的方式制作专题图报模板,设计了专题产品自动生产系统,生产了专题图和专题报两种形式的专题产品,以满足用户需求。     

非物质文化系列专题制图方法探讨

针对传统制图方法在动态制图、数据更新和地图服务等方面的不足,该文提出了一套较为系统的非物质文化专题制图设计模式:引入建库与制图一体化思想,通过建立完整的非物质文化数据库,实现了数据入库、存储与管理的一体化控制;建库数据动态派生制图数据,不仅避免了数据冗余,而且达到了一库两用的目的;基于数据库设计,运用GIS地图表达功能,实现了非物质文化专题信息可视化,并总结了可视化过程中空间尺度变换时各类地图要素的选择或约束方法。最后通过实例证明了本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于C#的简码法数字化测图技术在测量中的应用

随着计算机技术与测绘科学技术的发展,传统的模拟测图方法已被高度自动化的数字化测图技术所替代。通过大量实践探索,提出一种在测量中实用、经济、高效的测图方法一一简码法,并通过C#语言编程将野外测点简码转化成CASS成图系统默认的编程实现野外数据的转换,并实现内业自动成图。文中利用该方法对昆明理工大学校园进行了数字化测图验证。结果表明：该方法相对其他测图方法外业数据采集速度更快,内业工作量及测量成本大大减少,且该方法能方便地与GIS系统进行数据交换以及更好地服务于测绘行业,提高工作效率。     

An open source,server-side framework for analytical web mapping and its application to health

In this paper, we detail the design and the implementation of an open source, server-side web mapping framework for the analysis of health data. The framework forms part of a larger project, the goal of which is to provide an analytical web geographical information system (GIS) that enables health experts to analyse spatial aspects of health data. The aim of the framework is to provide a method for the dynamic and flexible spatial visualisation of health data to facilitate data exploration and analysis. Consequently, a dynamic thematic web mapping technique, an extension to the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) web map service standard, was developed. The technique combines a data query, processing technique and styling methodology on the fly to generate a thematic map. The resulting thematic map represents a virtual map layer that enables a user to rapidly visually summarise properties of a data-set. A test web interface was developed to assess the efficacy of the web mapping technique. As the dynamic web mapping method builds on existing OGC web mapping standards, it can be readily integrated with the existing lightweight slippy map web clients and virtual globes.     

改进的数字测图方法

分析了当前面向点的数据采集方法的优缺点,结合测绘技术提出了既适合外业施工特点又满足对象要求的数字测图方法,并探讨了面向点的数字地图向SPATIAL数据转化的算法设计.     

Technical progress of China's national remote sensing mapping:from mapping western China to national dynamic mapping

Remote sensing mapping is an important research direction in the development of geographic surveying and mapping.In order to successfully implement the project of Mapping Western China(MWC),a technical mapping system has been established.In this project,many problems have been solved through technological innovation,such as block adjustment with scarce control points,large-scale aerial/satellite image mapping,and intelligent interpretation of multi-source images.Several softwares were developed,e.g.PixelGrid for aerial/satellite image mapping in a large area,FeatureStation for the integration of multi-source data in the complex terrain areas,and an airborne multi-band and multi-polarization interferometric data acquisition system for SAR mapping.For the first time,full coverage of 1∶50,000 topographic data of China's land territory has been produced,which means the geospatial framework of digital China is basically completed.With the implementation of other key national plans and projects(i.e.national geographic conditions monitoring and national remote sensing map-ping),the focus has changed from MWC to national dynamic mapping.Accordingly,a dynamic mapping system is established.The data acquisition capability has developed from a single source to multiple sources and multiple modalities.The mapping capability has developed into dynamic mapping,and the capability for database update shows the characteristics of colla-boration.The national geographic condition monitoring creates a multi-scale index system for statistical analysis for various needs.A multi-level and multi-dimensional technical system for statistical computing and decision-making service is developed for the transformation from dynamic monitoring to information service.In this paper,we give a brief introduction about the recent development of remote sensing mapping in China with respect to data acquisition,map production,and information service.The purpose of this paper is to motivate the establishment of theory and method for remote sensing mapping,technical and equipment in the smart mapping era,to improve the capability of perceiving,analyzing,mining,and applying geographic data,and to promote the intelligent development of geographic survey-ing and mapping.     

Populating digital earth: improving access to Chinese remote sensing data for terrestrial applications

Global change has a significant impact on the lives of humankind. Earth observation can help to better understand our earth and cope with global change. With the availability of more reliable environmental data sets, digital earth is becoming a popular way to monitor the Earth and provide information to researchers and decision makers on environment protection, disaster mitigation, and social benefits. Therefore, accessing data with lowering costs is essential for digital earth. Nevertheless, there are big challenges in ensuring the feasibility of access to Chinese remote sensing data. This paper outlines some of the main challenges in realizing data sharing, provides an analysis of the core reasons leading to these challenges, and proposes recommendations to overcome the challenges. Amongst the main challenges are differences in data policy to gain access to satellite data, diverse data formats, and delivery mechanisms. The major challenge for the decision makers is to define a more open policy and for the scientist the challenge is to implement these polices for the benefit of all. This paper proposes that governments should adopt policies encouraging more open distribution and access to their data, in order to generate an improved digital earth with increased benefits to human society.