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1.
 Late Quaternary humidity changes resulted in substantial modifications of the land surface characteristics in the Altiplano of the Atacama Desert, central Andes. Reconstructions of surface albedo, top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo, and short-wave net radiation in the Andes of northern Chile for 20, 14, 10, 7 and 0 ka suggest that surface and TOA albedo increased substantially during periods of relatively humid environmental conditions (i.e., with large palaeolakes, glaciers and dense vegetation). The decrease of summer shortwave net radiation and seasonality during the late-glacial/early Holocene humid phase (14 to 10 ka) due to Earth’s surface and atmospheric characteristics added to the effect of orbitally driven negative deviations of Southern Hemisphere austral summer insolation and minimum seasonality at 20 °S. Therefore, in situ radiative forcing is, in contrast to the Northern Hemisphere tropics, not a suitable explanation for enhanced convective precipitation and, ultimately, humid climatic conditions. Our results suggest that late Quaternary humidity changes on the Altiplano reflect a collective response to (1) environmental changes in the source area of the moisture (e.g., re-expansion of the rain forest and increased release of latent heat over Amazonia and the Chaco, warm sea surface temperatures in the E Pacific) and, (2) large-scale circulation patterns and wave structures in the upper troposphere (strength and position of the Bolivian High, divergent flow stimulating convection over the Altiplano), or that they even reflect a response to (3) interhemispherical teleconnections. Received: 6 October 1997 / Accepted: 20 May 1998  相似文献   

2.
厦门空气污染指数与地面气象要素的关系分析   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
利用相关统计法分析2006—2008年厦门市地面气象要素对空气污染指数变化的影响规律。结果表明:风速、气温、降水、相对湿度和水汽压对空气污染指数有显著负效应作用,气压起显著正效应作用;风向影响较为复杂, NNW-N-E-ESE风起正效应作用, SE-S-W风起负效应作用,厦门风向总体不利于空气质量提高,全年仅夏季盛行SE-S-W风。API指数与风向、气温、降水、气压、相对湿度和水汽压的季节变化规律有高相关性。API指数与气象要素中的水汽压关系最相关,其次是气压。  相似文献   

3.
Mean spectra of vertical wind velocity, temperature, and humidity and co-spectra of vertical turbulent heat and moisture fluxes are reported, normalized in terms of the similarity theory of Monin-Obukhov. The measurements were made in April 1967 at light-house Alte Weser at a height of 30 m above the German Bight. Ten spectra measured under conditions of moderate instability (z/L –0.08) have been used for the evaluation of a mean spectral curve. The humidity fluctuations have been determined from simultaneous turbulence measurements of temperature and radiorefractive-index, which were obtained by a microwave refractometer.Similar to the BOMEX measurements discussed by Phelps and Pond (1971) our results also show a dissimilarity between the fluctuations of temperature and humidity. Accordingly, in the range of lower and higher natural frequencies, significant differences were present between the co-spectra of the vertical heat and moisture fluxes, although the mean peak frequencies of both the fluxes nearly correspond to that of the mean vertical wind-velocity spectrum (f m 0.35).  相似文献   

4.
Much work has gone into deciphering the causes of the large scale glacial/interglacial variations in the climate system over the last 900 000 years. While variations on the 41 thousand year (ky) and 23 ky time scales seem to be linearly linked to the variations in the distribution of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, Milankovitch solar radiation variations, the causes of the dominant 100 ky cycle in the geologic record are still unknown. One of the aspects of this cycle that is not well understood is how large scale ice sheet growth is initiated. Here we describe the mechanisms by which large scale ice sheet growth may have been initiated by the changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation over the past 160 ky. This is done through the use of a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea ice model that includes a hydrologic cycle which computes precipitation, and a land surface energy balance which determines the net accumulation of snow and ice. Results indicate that the initiation of ice sheet growth is possible during times of extremely low summer solstice solar radiation as a result of a large decrease in ablation during the critical melt season.  相似文献   

5.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology - This paper includes a study which applied homogeneity and trend tests on time series of monthly mean temperature and monthly total rainfall recorded in the...  相似文献   

6.
Measurements have been made with fast-response multi-channel temperature, humidity and refractive index sensors flown to 2000 m on a tethered balloon to investigate small-scale fluctuations important in radio-wave scattering, their relation to atmospheric parameters, and their spatial variation in both one and three dimensions. Data from the three types of sensors at one point were consistent for frequencies up to about 8 Hz. Power spectra of data at various heights were computed over 0.1 to 10 Hz and generally showed slopes (on a log-log plot) close to - 5/3 above 1 Hz but ranged from –1.5 to – 3.5 at lower frequencies; in this range (f < 1 Hz) slopes were close to – 5/3 for negative Richardson number (Ri), provided temperature gradients were steeper than –1.1 °C 100 m–1 and wind shears > 1.4 x 10–2 s–1 approx. Steeper slopes were generally associated with stable atmospheric conditions but no precise relation to the above parameters was found. Spectral density was a maximum for Ri –0.75.Cross-correlations of 0.5 were frequently observed between sensors 1 m apart in orthogonal directions; in the vertical, examples of negative correlation of vapour pressure were occasionally found over this spacing. Using four sensors spaced in line over 9 m, cross-spectrum phase calculations of drift speeds were found to be consistent with measured wind speeds. The ratio of identification distance (coherence=0.6) to scale size of irregularities ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 with no apparent relation to height or meteorological parameters.  相似文献   

7.
The regional features oflong-term variability ofsea surface temperature (SST) in the Black Sea are analyzed using the satellite data for 1982-2014. It is demonstrated that the maximum intraannual and interannual variability of SST is registered on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. The high level of interannual variability of SST and maximum linear trends are observed in the northeastern part of the sea. The qualitative connection is revealed between the long-term variability of SST and the variations in the intensity of the Black Sea Rim Current in the long-term seasonal cycle. An increase in the level of interannual variability of SST is observed in summer, when the Black Sea Rim Current weakens. The significant negative correlation is revealed between the interannual anomalies of SST and the NAO index. The highest correlation coefficients are obtained for the eastern part of the Black Sea and near the Crimean coast.  相似文献   

8.
该方法以T106L19(简称T106)数值预报产品为基础,根据天气动力学原理引入物理量的强度指数与面积指数的概念,并运用强度指数与面积指数导出综合指数与暴雨的量值关系,通过与T106的降水预报产品相集成,制作出常德市区域及分县(落点)24~96小时的暴雨定量预报.通过98、99年的应用,证明该技术对区域和落点暴雨预报有很强的预报能力.  相似文献   

9.
10.
We estimated wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) using measured meteorological data to understand the bioclimates of human living spaces during the summer season. Our research focused on commercial and residential areas of Okayama City, Japan (population ~700,000). The commercial spaces (CO) mainly consisted of multi-story office buildings, whereas the residential spaces (RE) consisted of one- or two-story residential buildings. On a fine day with southeast winds, the spatially averaged WBGT measured in the CO was higher than that in the RE. The difference was statistically significant and would have caused noticeable discomfort and a high risk of heat disorder for occupants of the CO over the long term. For instance, at 1900 Japan Standard Time (JST), the maximum difference in the WBGT between the CO and RE sites was 2.0°C (23.5°C for the CO and 21.5°C for the RE). From 1800 to 1900 JST, the wet-bulb temperature in the CO was still 1.5–2.0°C higher than that in the RE, even though both areas had the same dry-bulb temperature. This indicates that the CO retained greater amounts of water vapor for longer periods compared to the RE. The wet-bulb temperature in the CO increased rapidly at most observation points when the southeast sea breeze arrived. In contrast, in the RE, the wet-bulb temperature decreased until evening. This difference was caused by moist air transported from a river about 1 km upwind from the CO. The moist air forced an increase in the WBGT and elevated the risk of heat disorder in the CO. The spatially averaged globe temperature of the CO at 1500 JST was 6.2°C lower than that at the RE, causing the WBGT of the CO to decrease. The results suggest that the higher WBGT in the CO was caused by higher wet-bulb temperatures. On a day with southwest winds, the CO and RE showed no difference in WBGT because the river was not included in the upwind source area.  相似文献   

11.
人体健康气象指数的设计及预报技术探讨   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
影响人类健康的疾病发生的直接致病因素可能并非气象要素,但这些控制疾病发生的因素却主要受制于气象要素,根据气象要素对疾病的影响规律可以设计出有利人类预防疾病、增进健康的气象指数.本文通过对大量的医疗和气象资料的统计分析,找出了一些疾病和气象要素的实际相关关系,得出疾病对气象要素的敏感度和依从性,并根据这些特性,探讨了人体健康气象指数的普遍性设计方法、分级原理和预报技术.文中还特别以急性上呼吸道感染为例作了详细介绍.  相似文献   

12.
蚕豆生长发育的温度指标分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王鹏云  曾艳  李万春  田燕  张秋声 《气象》2008,34(5):94-100
利用1971-2006年蚕豆单产统计资料,采用滑动平均的方法,计算每年蚕豆气象产量,并以此划分丰、平、歉气候年景.以2001-2006年田间观测数据和生产实际为基础,确定蚕豆平均生长发育期,分析蚕豆生长与日平均温度、日最高温度、日最低温度之间的关系.通过研究得出蚕豆从播种到成熟的最适温度上限、最适温度下限、最适温度上限极值、最适温度下限极值、受害温度、死亡温度,并以此为基础结合蚕豆生长期的其它气象因子,制定蚕豆生长季气象服务决策表,为规范化、数字化的气象服务业务流程奠定基础.  相似文献   

13.
Standard deviations of mesoscale, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual fluctuations of the air and water temperature are calculated from long-term measurements. The contributions of each type of fluctuation to the total temporal variability are estimated. The intraannual cycle of variability of monthly (long-term) means of mesoscale and synoptic fluctuations is considered.  相似文献   

14.
1引言方正县是水稻寒地旱育稀植高产栽培技术的发源地。但多年来一直强调4月15日左右开始育秧,5月15日左右开始插秧。由于每年气温高低回暖的早晚变化很大,用统一的时间来要求是不科学的。近几年来结合方正县的水稻生产和气象资料分析,从温度上初步确定了水稻适时育秧与插秧期的温度指标,并进行了科学的预报,对充分利用热量资源指导水稻高产起到了较好的作用。2初步分析根据资料分析和实例,确定日平均气温稳定通过5℃为育苗最适宜期。日平均气温稳定通过12℃为插秧最适宜期。用这两个指标对方正县35a资料进行统计分析结果如下:日平均气温稳…  相似文献   

15.
Summary At Berlin-Dahlem, monthly single station data on cloudiness, sunshine duration, mean, maximum and minimum temperature is statistically analyzed for the time period 1955–1993.It is found that sunshine duration varies inversely with cloud cover; cloud cover correlates negatively with temperature range. Cloud cover correlates negatively with temperature between March and September, and positively with temperature during the remaining months.Between 1955 und 1993, there are no significant changes in temperature range in any month but June and September, when a decline occurred.Sunshine declined significantly in March, June and September. Trends between 1955 and 1987 indicate a larger decline of sunshine and decline in temperature range than between 1955 and 1993.Locally, sulfate deposition, which may be taken as an indicator of the atmospheric sulfate load, decreased by more than a third between the mid-1950s and the late 1980s. Therefore, at Berlin, the observed increase of cloudiness (decrease of sunshine duration) between the 1950s and the late 1980s went parallel to the measured decrease of sulfate deposition.With 3 Figures  相似文献   

16.
利用1999—2017年石家庄国家基本气象观测站的降水实况资料,统计出暴雪天气过程,在分析其地面和高空影响系统的基础上,着重分析暴雪天气过程中温度场的变化特征。结果表明:暴雪天气过程的地面影响系统为冷高压和低压倒槽共存的形势,但高空系统存在差异;没有相态转变而以固态雪的形式出现的暴雪天气过程中,对流层中没有逆温层,整个对流层温度小于0 ℃,且700 hPa高度以下的中低空温度小于-5 ℃;有相态转变的暴雪天气过程中,925—700 hPa多存在逆温层,其存在有利于降水的维持和发展,850 hPa和925 hPa可视为特性层,850 hPa温度小于-4 ℃,925 hPa温度小于等于-2 ℃,0 ℃层的高度位于950 hPa以下,可作为预报雨或雨夹雪转雪的参考指标;地面气温大于0 ℃且小于1 ℃可视为过渡相态雨夹雪的地面气温临界值。  相似文献   

17.
To describe the spatial structure of hydrometeorological fields in the North Atlantic and in the Black Sea, the temperature indices (sea surface temperature gradients) representing the difference in sea surface temperature anomalies averaged throughout the water area and normalized by standard deviations are introduced. Temperature gradients between the Sargasso Sea and the tropics (STI), the Sargasso Sea and the subpolar cyclonic gyre (SNI), the Sargasso Sea and the Black Sea (SBI) are considered. The spatial structure of the sea surface temperature field anomalies in the North Atlantic and in the Black Sea at extreme values of STI and SBI is discussed. A sign-variable structure of air temperature and precipitation anomalies in the Black Sea area at extreme values of SBI is shown. Time scales of sign-variable variability of anomalies of hydrometeorological fields in the Black Sea area are estimated.  相似文献   

18.
19.
A method is introduced which allows the calculation of long-term climate trends within the framework of a coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model. The change in the seasonal cycle of incident solar radiation induced by varying orbital parameters has been accelerated by factors of 10 and 100 in order to allow transient simulations over the period from the mid-Holocene until today, covering the last 7,000 years. In contrast to conventional time-slice experiments, this approach is not restricted to equilibrium simulations and is capable to utilise all available data for validation. We find that opposing Holocene climate trends in tropics and extra-tropics are a robust feature in our experiments. Results from the transient simulations of the mid-Holocene climate at 6,000 years before present show considerable differences to atmosphere-alone model simulations, in particular at high latitudes, attributed to atmosphere-ocean-sea ice effects. The simulations were extended for the time period 1800–2000 AD, where, in contrast to the Holocene climate, increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere provide for the strongest driving mechanism. The experiments reveal that a Northern Hemisphere cooling trend over the Holocene is completely cancelled by the warming trend during the last century, which brings the recent global warming into a long-term context.  相似文献   

20.
In the northern Bay of Bengal, mechanisms of seasonal sea-level variation have not previously been examined, and the understanding of longer-term inter-annual sea-level variation is also not concrete. These parameters are addressed in this study utilizing available tide gauge and satellite altimetry data. The contribution of steric sea level to seasonal and longer-term inter-annual sea-level variations is quantified, and statistical analysis is performed to determine the correlations of various atmospheric and oceanic factors with sea level. This study suggests that the trend of sea-level rise in this bay (4 ± 1.33 mm/year) is higher than the global average (3.32 ± 0.46 mm/year) for the studied period 1993 to 2018. The rate of sea-level rise is higher along the coast than in the offshore area and the highest in the central part of the coast. Sea level shows a strong seasonal variation: sea level is the lowest in the winter but the highest in autumn. The contribution from the thermosteric sea level is higher to the observed sea level from winter to early summer, whereas contributions from the halosteric sea level and wind stress curl are higher during autumn. Long-term variations in sea level show strong positive correlations with thermosteric sea level, indicating that temperature is a major local controlling factor for sea-level change. In addition to local factors, long-term sea level also varies by remote forcing (equatorial zonal wind stress), which explains approximately 36 % of the sea-level variation in this bay. Sea level is low during the combined events of positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and El Niño, whereas the sea level is high during the combined events of negative IOD and La Niña. This study provides an improved understanding of seasonal and longer-term inter-annual variations of sea level and the necessary groundworks for a dedicated model study to further quantify all the components of the sea-level budget in the study areas.  相似文献   

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