An institutional perspective on local capacity for source water protection

Provision of safe drinking water is one of the global challenges of the 21st century. Effective water treatment is a key aspect of drinking water safety. However, just as important is ensuring that sources of drinking water such as rivers and aquifers are protected from contamination. In that context, source water protection is recognized as the first barrier in a multi-barrier approach to drinking water safety. Source water protection occurs at the local scale, and involves numerous local actors with varying capabilities. Consequently, institutional arrangements (IAs) for land use planning and water management are key determinants shaping local capacity for source water protection. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the extent to which existing IAs enhance or constrain the capacity of local governments to protect source waters. An evaluation framework, developed around four core elements drawing from functional and relational perspectives on capacity and capacity building, was applied to the Oldman River basin, Alberta. Results showed that local capacity for source water protection is constrained by existing IAs that do not encourage the generation of a locally relevant technical knowledge base and which assign legal authority for regulating intensive livestock operations to the provincial government. Formal mechanisms for integrating land use planning and water management, which could help overcome these functional constraints and provide opportunities for broad public involvement, have yet to be developed in Alberta. Meaningful participation can provide local governments with an ability to encourage source protection on private lands and enhance their leverage when confronting public land and livestock production issues. However, if local capacity is to be facilitated through IAs that encourage interaction among local governments, stakeholders and residents, then capacity building initiatives should also take into consideration how existing IAs help to maintain and to reproduce local power differentials.     

淄河下游污染区地下水污染特征及人畜供水条件分析

历史上淄河下游的人畜供水一直依赖地下水,但20世纪80年代以来区内淄河下游河道长期接纳上游污水,地表水和浅层地下水受到污染,浅层地下水已不适于人畜饮用。污染区沿淄河呈条带状展布,污染区边界距淄河约1.0~1.5 km,其中距淄河500 m以内的区域污染最为严重。中深层地下水水质良好,仅个别井点因井管损坏造成点状串层污染,可做为人畜用水水源。基本可满足2010年前区内人畜供水要求。人畜供水开采中深层地下水时,应根据地下水污染特征和中深层含水层水文地质特征,分区分层开采,实现地下水合理开发,防止中深层地下水串层污染,保护宝贵的地下水资源。     

The impacts of agricultural chemicals on ground water quality

The accelerated use of agricultural chemicals over the past 20 to 30 years has profitably increased production but has also had an adverse impact on ground water quality in many of the major agricultural areas of the world. The pollution of ground water, related to nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, from widespread, routine land application, as well as point sources has become a serious concern. Ground water contributions also impair surface water quality. Research, worldwide, has shown rates of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) increases in ground water typically between 0.1 to 1.9 mg/l per year for 10 to 20 years, concurrent with major increases in nitrogen fertilization. Many shallow ground water supplies now exceed the recommended NO₃-N drinking water standards. While many sources contribute nitrogen into the environment, synthetic fertilizers have become the major component. There are clear economic incentives to improve management; harvested crops often account for less than 50% of the purchased fertilizer inputs. Pesticides are appearing in ground water with unanticipated frequency, typically in 0.1 to 10.0 g/l concentrations. While these concentrations are well below acute toxic levels (for most pesticides), many are of concern for possible chronic effects. Such widespread pollution is of real concern because of the potential for long-term and widespread exposure to the public of toxic substances through drinking water. While there are many uncertainties, agriculture must move forward toward solutions through better management.     

中国区域缺水问题的发展趋势与解决对策

分析了建国以来我国两个缺水阶段的特点，即第一阶段是由农田灌溉面积快速发展引起的，第二阶段是供水能力增长缓慢造成的；然后根据我国工业发展速度、宜农荒地面积和农田灌溉面积的增长情况，分５个地区对我国２１世纪的水资源需求进行了预测，２１世纪我国的需水量将持续增长，至２０５０年达９５０×１０９ｍ３，但供水发展缓慢，因此我国２１世纪上半叶区域缺水问题严重。最后提出了解决我国区域缺水问题的四条对策，即开源、节流、加强污水处理与扩大资金投入     

油气田地区的地下水污染分析

在油气田地区 ,水质优良的地下水十分有限。而目前油气田地区的地下水污染问题十分突出。本文介绍双河、魏岗两油田地下水污染实例及其所造成水质恶化 ,饮用水源受到污染被逐步废弃 ,水源变得更为紧缺等危害。分析认为原油泄漏及污水回注是油气田地下水污染的主要原因 ,对此提出了污染治理措施、方法及技术思路。     

浅析松原市地下水水位动态及环境问题

随着松原市社会经济的发展,地下水开采量逐年增大,由此引发的环境地质问题逐渐加剧,如地下水水位下降、地下水降落漏斗、水质污染、土壤沙漠化、饮水型地方病问题等等.利用水位动态观测资料,对松原市地下水动态分析,总结了近几年地下水开发利用现状,并针对人类活动所引起的地下水环境问题,提出自己的建议.     

Shifting frames for local people and forests in a global heritage: the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization

Focusing on the case of the World Heritage Site and Wildlife Sanctuary Thung Yai Naresuan, the paper sketches the interdependences of international and national forest and conservation policies in Thailand since the middle of the 19th century. In the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization, these policies resulted in a coercing conservationism which focuses increasingly on the so-called ‘hill tribe’ ethnic minority groups. The shifting cultural and political framings of the area that became a national wildlife sanctuary and a ‘global heritage’ reflect external economic, political, and ideological interests. The people of the Karen ethnic minority group who live in the sanctuary are conceived of as a disruptive factor and never have had a chance to participate in these framings. After the designation of the area as a World Heritage Site, the remaining villages face increasing pressure from the Royal Forest Department which is trying to remove them with the help of the Military. Drawing on the different vested interests and the relativity of cultural conceptualizations, the paper questions the external framing, pointing to three major problems that are raised with regard to Thung Yai, but are symptomatic of modern conservationism at large: inconsistencies between normative claims and political practice; distortions of scale between conceptions designed at different levels of social space from the local to the global, and; the problem to reconcile conflicting cultural patterns and conceptualizations. The paper argues for a reframing of the conflict to conceive the Karen in Thung Yai as an integral part of the ‘global heritage’.     

Risk assessment of groundwater pollution using sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis

This paper illustrates how sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis can be useful tools in risk assessment of groundwater pollution. The approach is applied to a study area in Hungary with several known groundwater pollution sources and nearby drinking water production wells. The main concern is whether the contamination sources threaten the drinking water wells of the area. A groundwater flow and transport model is set up to answer this question. Due to limited data availability, the results of this model are associated with large uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis and a worst-case scenario analysis are applied to estimate this uncertainty and build confidence in the model results.     

Environmental characterization of a karst polje: an example from Izeh polje,southwest Iran

Groundwater contamination is a well-known phenomenon, which occurs on local and regional scales in Izeh polje. The aims of this paper are investigation of the impact of human activities on the polje ecosystem, determination of the vulnerability of ground water, and to solve environmental problems. Nitrate contamination of groundwater in the Izeh polje was predicted using a solute transport model. The nitrate concentration in groundwater in most parts of Izeh polje is greater than maximum concentration permissible for drinking water, i.e., 45 mg/l. The main source of nitrate in the eastern underground areas of Izeh city is the domestic sewage. Bacterial pollution of shallow ground water in Izeh polje is severe and widespread. About 45% of ground water samples in May and September 2001 have positive MPN coliforms. Infiltration of polluted surface waters and decrease of water table depth, have lead to bacterial pollution of 80% of ground water samples in January 2002. The northeast, south and southwest areas of Izeh polje have higher pollution potential rather than its middle parts. The aquifer vulnerability indices in the middle, eastern, and northern parts of the polje are moderately lower as a result of decreased sediment size of the aquifer. The pollution in the polje depends on the amount and presence of pollutants. If they do exist, the possibility of pollution is considerable due to the coarseness of materials and shallow depth of groundwater table.     

浅议学科交叉与地球系统科学

随着工业化进程的发展 ,重金属污染已给人类生活带来越来越大的危害。文中基于大连湾水下 11m深 6 1cm沉积柱状样品的地球化学元素测定 ,探讨大连湾近 10 0年来Cd ,Hg,Pb ,As ,Zn ,Cu重金属含量的逐年变化。分析底栖有孔虫多样性的时间分布 ,探讨底栖微体生物对环境污染的效应。分析结果表明 ,上述 6个重金属元素的污染度在近百年间 ,经历了从无污染或轻微污染到中度污染到重度污染的过程。至 1999年 11月 ,污染度增加的幅度分别为Cd 85 .5倍 ,Hg 6倍 ,Pb 7.5 4倍 ,As 3.82倍 ,Zn 7.82倍 ,Cu 3.4 6倍。有孔虫物种数量的年代分布 ,表现出与环境污染度变化的一致性。有孔虫的物种数在 195 0年达到高峰 (2 6个种 ) ,以后物种数和个体数不断减少 ,直至 1997年有孔虫消失。文章讨论了重金属污染对生命健康的影响 ,重金属污染已威胁到人群身体健康 ,应给予密切关注     

黑龙江绥芬河市北寒葱河河谷地下水水质保护及开发利用建议

为掌握绥芬河市北寒葱河河谷地下水的水质状况,向地方提供合理的水资源开发建议,本研究以地质、水文地质调查、水样采集等手段为基础,利用模糊综合评价法和层级阶梯法分别进行了研究区地下水水质和污染状况评价,应用物探测试、抽水试验等原位测试技术论证了区域地下水的富水性。以上工作基本查明了研究区地下水的水量和水质现状.认为研究区裂隙承压水一般为Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质,污染等级为未污染水,水质状况较好,污染程度较低,宜于饮用;中生代构造破碎带涌水量可达350m³·d^-1以上,建议地方政府应重点围绕构造破碎带开展物探找水,并开展地下水源地分区保护规划.     

美国宾汉姆百年矿山污染治理与可持续发展之路探索

美国宾汉姆斑岩铜矿是全球著名矿床,近百年的资源开发、矿石加工和冶炼等生产活动对当地环境和生态系统造成了严重破坏,污染治理成本高昂。此外,矿区还有大量其他矿业公司历史上遗留下的污染物,治污责任纠缠不清。然而依照国家法律、政府,以及企业的社会责任心与发展策略,该区环境污染得到了成功清理和复垦,企业重新走上一条可持续发展之路,产生了显著的环境、社会、监管和经济效益。介绍宾汉姆矿山治理迂回曲折的过程,试图能给中国现有同类矿山、国家相关管理部门带来有益启迪和借鉴。     

公元9世纪以来长江潮区界的迁移过程重建

海潮从长江口沿江上溯,可达内陆600km以上的潮区界,为世界大河所少见。中国古人就对这一现象有所感知,在一些文学著作与地方志中可找到长江潮区界及其变化的信息。在公元3世纪末、4世纪初,长江的潮波已越过柴桑(今江西九江);在公元9世纪早期,长江枯水期的潮区界已经退到九江的湓浦口;在13世纪最后的十几年,长江潮区界下移至皖赣交界的小孤山附近。从公元9世纪早期到13世纪晚期的470年间,潮区界下移了64 km,年均为0.136km/a。20世纪中叶以来的学者普遍认为,长江的潮区界又下移至安徽铜陵的大通镇。可见,长江干流在尚未被大型水利工程截断以前,长江潮区界持续向下游移动。在13世纪末至20世纪中叶的670年中,长江潮区界下移170km,年均为0.254km/a,速率几乎是前一时期的2倍。分析表明,潮区界下移速率和三角洲向海的淤长有关,还可能受气候变化的重要影响。对比发现,在长江干流大型水利工程开始蓄水的几年后、九江站流量约8440m³/s的特大枯水时期,潮汐引起的水位上涨影响可达九江附近、即1100多年前中唐时代的潮区界位置。     

Reconstruction of the Changjiang River tidal-limit movement since the ninth century AD

The tide can now propagate upstream for more than 600 km from the Changjiang River estuary to hinterland,which is rare in the world. In China,information and records reflecting tidal limit and its movement in the Changjiang River can be found from some ancient books,literary works and local chronicles. At the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th century AD, the tide limit of the Changjiang River reached the upstream of Chaisang(now named Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province). At the early 9th century,the tide limit in the dry season retreated to the Penpukou in Jiujiang. In the last ten years of the 13th century,the tidal limit moved back to the Xiaogushan Mountain near the border between Anhui Province and Jiangxi Province. By the middle of the 20th century,the modern researchers generally agreed that the tidal limit retreated to Datong in Anhui Province. Before the main stream of the Changjiang River was cut off by large-scale water conservancy projects,the tide limit had retreated seaward continuously. From the 3rd decade of the 9th century to the last decade of the 13th century,the tide limit moved downstream 64 km during the 470 years,with an average annual rate of 0.136km/a. During the 670 years from the end of the 13th century to the middle of the 20th century,the tide limit had moved downstream 170 km,with an average annual rate of 0.254 km/a,almost twice as much as that of the previous period. We suggest the climate change accounted for the different retreat rate of the tidal limit between the two periods discussed. In addition,a recent study found that during the extremely dry periods,when the discharge of Jiujiang station was about 8440 m³/s,the tidal limit reached near Jiujiang. In the years when the water conservancy project on the main stream of the Changjiang River began to store water,the tide limit actually returned to the previous position of the middle Tang Dynasty,i.e. 1100 years ago.     

The water quality of Lake Taihu and its protection

Lake Taihu, the third largest fresh water lake of China, with a surface area of 2338 km², is located in the Changjiang River Delta, the most advanced economic zone in China. It is a typical saucer-like shallow lake in its depth and shape. During the last decade, the rapid economic development of local agriculture and industry both in the urban and rural areas of the Taihu region has made great advances. Great quantities of pollutants have been discharged into the lake, its nutrient content has increased continuously, and phytoplankton blooms have occurred in some areas. Water quality protection in Lake Taihu is very important because of its close relation with economic development and people's daily life. It is urgent to have comprehensive pollution control in Lake Taihu. Based on water quality monitoring data in Lake Taihu from 1986 to 1993, the dynamic variations of water quality and eutrophication trends have been analyzed, showing obvious spatial and temporal variations. The main water quality factors were compared with the standards for drinking water and indicate considerable change with the seasons. Basic strategies to protect water quality and prevent eutrophication are discussed.     

Think global act local? Negotiating sustainable development under postcommunist transformation

These essays are offered as a contribution to the ongoing scholarly discourse concerned with environmental problems in East Central Europe (ECE). In this volume we concentrate on the local through papers that indicate the nature of environmental challenges and ways in which progress is being made not merely by legislation but by negotiating sustainability in a range of local situations. Written by social scientists, largely geographers and anthropologists, from Western Europe as well as ECE and North America these essays provide ethnographically-detailed case studies of local environmental transformations in eight different countries. The emphasis on locality studies unites all the authors who, in different ways, develop the central idea that the macrosociological oversimplifications of the 1980s and 1990s can only be countered, and indeed corrected, through careful consideration of the diversity of local realities. All the case studies are concerned with the environmental dimensions of postcommunist transformations, whether that be through pollution abatement, restructuring over rights to natural resources such as forests or the implementation of ecotourism as a local redevelopment strategy. Sustainable development is therefore a leitmotif of this collection and most of the papers offer empirically-grounded critique of the concept insofar as it has permeated debates about local development in the postcommunist world. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄河下游(河南段)浅层地下水质量评价

黄河下游冲积平原区地下水的开发利用，以开采浅层地下水为主，其质量问题日益成为人们关心的焦点。本文在对大量水样资料分析的基础上，从污染评价、饮用水评价、农业灌溉用水评价、工业锅炉用水评价及综合评价等五个方面对黄河下游（河南段）地下水质量进行了评价。     

宜宾江安桐梓镇土地整理区耕地土壤重金属含量及评价

土壤重金属污染问题已成为环境问题中备受关注的一个焦点,而重金属污染严重的土壤会影响到农作物产量的质量和安全性,进而对人类自身健康造成一定危害。这里以地质地球化学调查填图为基础,以土壤采样分析成果为依据,以地球化学研究方法为手段,查明了桐梓镇土地整理区耕地土壤重金属元素含量特征和分布现状,为当地无公害食品等农业生产基地优选,农业种植结构调整等方面,提供了翔实的地球化学方面的基础资料。     

Shallow groundwater in a middle mountain catchment of Nepal: quantity and quality issues

The use of shallow groundwater in middle mountain catchments of Nepal is a recent development. It was only in early 1998 that a number of dug wells had been constructed in the Jhikhu Khola catchment. But their numbers are rapidly increasing. While it seems to be a good way of accessing additional water resources both for domestic (current) and agricultural purposes (future), it is very important that the groundwater resources are not overexploited. Current dug wells are used to abstract groundwater, which is seasonally being recharged by the abundant monsoon rainfall. The water levels responded rapidly to the rainfall and differed according to the location of the well. The water quality parameters indicated that the water of most of the wells was not suitable for drinking purposes without prior treatment. Microbiological contamination is of particular concern, in addition to the high nitrate and phosphate levels. Some wells show elevated turbidity levels, indicating that there is an interaction between the muddy surface water and the water in the well.     

汉江水华问题研究

概述了汉江20世纪90年代发生的三次水华现象的特征,并从水质条件、气温、水文情势三个方面分析了诱发水华的成因机理.针对水质污染控制和汉江水量调配对水华所带来的影响,探讨水华预防措施.其结论为:尽快治理汉江富营养化污染是解决水华问题的关键;考虑到兴建三峡工程和南水北调中线工程将对汉江环境带来不利影响,要采取一定的配套措施将工程的损失减少到最小.