Geological and geochemical studies of heavy oil reservoirs in China

Thickened heavy oils in China are genetically characteristic of continental fades. As to their physico-chemical properties, these oils are very high in viscosity and low in sulphur and trace element contents. In the group constituents, the concentrations of non-hydrocarbons and asphaltene are very high but those of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics are very low. The gas chromatograms of alkanes show that these heavy oils have high abundances of iso - alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons. In all the steroids and terpenoids, bicyclic sesquiterpenoids, tricyclic diterpenoids, re - arranged steranes and gammacerane are strongly biodegradation - resistent. The formation of heavy oil reservoirs is controlled mainly by late basin ascendance, biodegradation, flushing by meteoric water and oxidation in the oil - bearing formations. According to their formation mechanisms, heavy oil reservoirs can be classified as four categories: weathering and denudation, marginal oxidation, secondary migration and thickening of bottom water. Spatially, heavy thick oil reservoirs are distributed regularly: they usually show some paragenetic relationships with normal oil reservoirs. Heavy oil reservoirs often occur in structural highs or in overlying younger strata. Their burial depth is about 2000m. Horizontally, most of them are distributed on the margins of basins or depressions. Weng Weijin, Guo Jiaofeng and Li Huaqi also took part in this work.     

塔里木盆地北部奥陶系油气相态及其成因分析

塔里木盆地北部地区奥陶系是最重要的勘探层系,油气资源丰富;同时油气相态复杂多样,既有凝析气藏、正常油藏,也有稠油油藏、沥青等。通过对油气藏形成演化与保存过程的系统分析,结合油气地球化学和流体包裹体等分析数据,发现油气相态的多样性与油气多期次充注与次生蚀变作用有关。提出塔北隆起的东部奥陶系存在三期油气充注过程,分别发生在加里东运动晚期-海西早期、海西运动晚期、喜马拉雅运动晚期,原油主要来源于中、上奥陶统烃源岩,天然气主要来自与寒武系烃源岩有关的液态烃的裂解;塔北隆起的中西部奥陶系的油气充注主要发生在海西运动晚期。塔北奥陶系油藏形成以后,经历了三期明显的调整改造过程:海西早期构造抬升导致志留-泥盆系遭受剥蚀,东部源自寒武系油气的古油藏遭受破坏,形成沥青;三叠系沉积前的晚海西运动,使得奥陶系生源的油藏大范围遭受降解稠化;晚喜山期,来自于满加尔坳陷的天然气自东向西充注,致使隆起东部早期形成的油藏发生强烈的气侵改造,形成次生凝析气藏。而中西部奥陶系油藏在三叠系沉积前遭受降解稠化后,一直处于沉降深埋过程,油藏得到有效保存;由于成藏时间较早,轻质组分散失较多,气油比极低,油质较稠。研究认为,油气相态的多样性主要受晚海西期构造运动的抬升造成的生物降解作用和喜马拉雅晚期构造运动造成的天然气自东向西大规模充注对油藏进行气洗改造两大过程的控制。     

东营凹陷北部陡坡带稠油地球化学特征与成因

对东营凹陷北部陡坡带郑家—王庄地区稠油与相对稀油烃类组成进行了定性与定量分析。发现多数原油遭受不同程度的破坏 ,饱和烃、芳烃馏分呈有序缺失 ,于多数原油中检测到生物降解标志物 2 5 -降藿烷系列。地质与地球化学综合研究认为 ,以生物降解—氧化及相关的生化 /化学作用、以水洗—重力分异—轻质组分逸散为主的物理作用是郑家—王庄原油稠化的重要机理 ;东营凹陷北部“有限后退型”盆地边界发育的风化壳潜山、砂砾岩扇体储层孔渗条件好、油藏埋深浅、盖层条件差和不整合面等通道与外界的连通是郑家—王庄及邻区重质油形成的根本原因。提出生物标志物绝对定量可作为识别原油遭受次生改造作用程度、判断不同类型生物标志物抵抗降解能力大小的有效指标。利用生物标志物 ,发现郑家—王庄局部地区原油具有不同降解级别原油相混的混合现象 ,可能反映两次或多次充注。郑家—王庄及其邻区有望获得相对稀油新增储量。     

含油流体包裹体：地球化学分析与地质应用

利用含油流体包裹体可以获得与原油和源区常规分析同等质量的可靠地球化学数据。细致而又小心谨慎地对待各测试步骤(如样品清洗、背景空白等)是成功进行包裹体油气成分分析的基础。从技术上来说，每一分析步骤都具有挑战性，但如果我们能按步骤循序渐进，就不仅能够分析那些含有大量石油包裹体的样品(如当今或古油藏样品)，而且可以测试含极少量石油包裹体的样品(如迁移路径或极古老岩石样品)。包裹体中可被测试的碳氢化合物多种多样，包括低分子量的碳氢化合物、n-链烷、类异戊二烯、生物标志物、芳香族碳氢化合物等。流体包裹体内石油成分分析在地质上有广泛应用，比如可以更好地重建储集区石油重注史、确定盆地中以前未知的活性源岩。在储集区内由生物降解造成的石油再造和(或)水洗作用经常被抹去，流体包襄体分析则可以解释储集区复杂成油阶段，当然更可以去除钻孔泥浆添加剂或其他污染物的影响。此外，也可以获知地球早期生物圈碳氢化合物的组成及多样性，以及在勘探区或盆地进行二次迁移路径填图。     

山东东营凹陷八面河油田稠油成因分析

东营凹陷八面河地区原油物性呈规律性的变化,偏离生油中心的构造高部位主要分布稠油,靠近生油中心的构造低部位主要分布正常油。对原油族组成与化学成分的分析表明,八面河油田稠油具有低饱芳比、饱和烃含量低、链烷烃与低分子量萘、菲等轻质馏分严重缺失等轻度-中等降解油特征,邻区草桥油田稠油含较为完整的生物降解标志物--25-降藿烷系列,系严重降解油,反映该区稠油的形成与次生变化有关。同区具有相同或相似油气成因的沙子岭原油的成熟度（C₂₉甾烷ααα20S/(S+R)值为0.24~0.25）低于八面河的（C₂₉甾烷ααα20S/(S+R)值为0.31~0.44）,为典型未熟-低熟油。沙子岭的轻度或未降解油同样表现为正常油,反映八面河地区低温成烃与稠油无必然的联系,进一步验证八面河稠油主系次生成因。处于构造高部位的油藏由于埋深浅、保存条件差,导致水洗、生物降解等次生变化相对较强,最终形成稠油。     

轮南地区奥陶系原油特征及其控制因素

轮南地区油气相态分布非常复杂,奥陶系油气藏平面上具有西油东气的特点。西部轮古西油田、塔河油田和轮南1井区油族成熟度略低且有生物降解痕迹,主要以重油形式分布;东部地区油族成熟度略高,主要以轻质油、凝析油形式存在;中间地段桑塔木断垒带、中部平台区和轮南断垒带发生混合作用形成了中一高蜡油。各地区油气在垂向上变化很大,东部地区奥陶系和石炭系为凝析油气,三叠系又为正常油分布区;西部地区奥陶系为稠油,三叠系为正常油。轮南地区奥陶系在纵向上可能受控于岩溶和储层的发育程度,横向上受控于断裂作用。轮南地区油气成藏时间较早,不同物性的原油都是古油藏多期供油的结果。     

查干凹陷下白垩统稠油地球化学特征及成因分析

通过对稠油进行常规物性、碳同位素和有机地球化学分析,系统阐述了查干凹陷稠油地化特征及其形成的主控因素。查干凹陷存在原生和次生两类稠油,原生稠油非烃含量高于饱和烃含量,原油族组分富集轻碳同位素,C₂₉规则甾烷系列中以ααα构型为主,αββ构型甾烷含量低,没有重排甾烷。三环萜/五环萜值低,伽马蜡烷含量高,姥植比值低,其成烃母质沉积于高盐还原环境,多种地化参数表明原生稠油是巴音戈壁组烃源岩低熟演化阶段排烃的产物。次生稠油为油气运聚成藏之后,由于后期保存条件改变并经历次生改造作用形成的高密度、高黏度和低凝固点的原油。次生稠油埋深一般小于1200 m,主要为生物降解油,其中部分属于多期混源稠油。次生稠油正构烷烃损失严重,类异戊二烯烃不同程度遭受侵蚀,甾萜烷分布完整,表征原油达到中等降解程度。研究表明,原油稠化是多种稠化因素共同作用的结果,生物降解作用是研究区稠油形成的主要机制,查干凹陷后期的构造抬升为原油稠化提供了必要条件,活跃的水介质条件为浅层喜氧微生物活动提供了良好的氧化环境和营养物质。     

青海柴达木盆地南八仙油气田油源与成藏机理

柴达木盆地南八仙油气田不同油气藏间原油性质特征变化明显,油层在纵向井段上分布范围逾3000余m。通过地球化学实验并结合构造等地质条件分析,认为该区各种深、浅层油气藏中的原油具有煤成烃的基本地球化学特征,并且为同一来源,油源为临近地区较深部位中侏罗统煤系地层;该区深、浅层原油物性间的差异也反映在地球化学指标上,其成因或成藏机理是：深部早期油藏在断裂等地质作用下发生了明显的蒸发分馏作用,其分馏出的产物在浅部再次聚集成藏。     

Reservoir geochemistry of the Tazhong Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, China, Part II. Migration, accumulation and mixing of crude oils

Measurements of the absolute and relative concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils from different reservoir strata (Ordovician, Silurian and Carboniferous) in the Tazhong region of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China, showed that even though there are quite a number of factors affecting the distributional and compositional characteristics of neutral nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oils, the distributional and compositional characteristics of crude oils whose source conditions are approximate to one another are influenced mainly by the migration and fractionation effects in the process of formation of oil reservoirs. In addition, crude oils in the Tazhong region show obvious migration-fractionation effects in the vertical direction. Carboniferous crude oils are characterized by high migration parameters and low compound concentrations, just in contrast to Ordovician crude oils. This indicates that crude oils from shallow-level oil reservoirs were derived from those of deep-level oil reservoirs via faults, unconformable contact or carrier beds. Crude oils from the Tazhong region show some migration-fractionation effects in the lateral direction, but mixing of crude oils derived from different hydrocarbon source rocks in the process of formation of oil reservoirs made it more complicated the migration and accumulation of crude oils, as well as the formation of oil reservoirs.     

塔北隆起深层海相油藏中原油及族组分碳同位素组成的纵向分布特征及其地质意义

利用MAT252同位素质谱仪分析了塔里木盆地塔北隆起深层海相油藏中原油及族组分的碳同位素组成。研究表明该区深层海相油藏中原油的全油碳同位素组成主要受生源控制,受热力作用影响较小;而在继承生源的碳同位素组成的基础上,热力作用将对原油族组分的碳同位素组成及其逆转和分馏产生重要影响。总的趋势是随着油藏埋藏深度的增大和热力作用的加强,饱和烃组分的碳同位素组成逐渐变重,而沥青质组分的碳同位素组成不断变轻,族组分碳同位素逆转程度和分馏程度有所加强,并出现饱和烃﹥芳烃﹥非烃﹥沥青质的整体逆转现象。塔北隆起深层海相原油族组分的碳同位素组成的纵向变化特征,可以反映出热力作用对原油稳定性的影响。     

稠油成因研究综述

在阐述稠油地球化学特征基础上,对稠油的成因及其判识的最新研究进展进行了综述,稠油成因类型分原生型和次生型,其中,次生型稠油主要由生物降解、水洗和氧化作用分解、消耗或氧化原油中的烃类组分,使非烃和沥青质含量相对增加,致使原油密度和黏度增大,油质变稠.最后指出了目前稠油成因机制研究中存在的问题以及今后发展的方向.     

塔里木盆地塔中隆起志留系油气成藏及分布特点

塔里木盆地塔中隆起志留系油气成藏具有两源三期的成藏特点,"两源"是指油气来源于寒武系、中、上奥陶统两套烃源岩;"三期"是指从沥青到可动油的形成经历了加里东晚期、海西晚期、燕山—喜山期三个成藏期,沥青的形成是早期油气运移聚集过程中遭破坏的结果,目前所发现的可动油是以中、上奥陶统油气源为主的晚期成藏的结果。发育三种油气藏类型,即背斜构造、地层岩性以及火山岩遮挡型。塔中隆起志留系油气聚集受三大因素控制,一是隆起构造背景,围绕古隆起构成多种圈闭类型组合的复合油气聚集区;二是有效盖层,志留系中的油气显示十分活跃,包括沥青、稠油和正常油,沥青和稠油分布在红色泥岩段以下,而可动油集中分布在灰色泥岩段之下;三是优质储层,砂岩储层分布广泛,储层储集空间有次生-原生孔隙型、原生-次生孔隙型、微孔隙型三种类型,孔隙度3.3 %～17.4 %,渗透率(0.1 ～667.97)×10-3μm2。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组低渗透砂岩油藏成藏机理与成藏模式

低渗透油藏在国内外分布十分广泛,逐渐成为未来石油勘探开发的重要接替领域。与常规油藏不同,低渗透砂岩油藏具有以下特征：(1)含油饱和度低,与储层物性关系复杂;(2)油水关系复杂,无明显的油水界面;(3)大面积广泛分布,受构造高低控制不明显;(4)距离源岩越远,石油富集程度越差。陇东地区延长组低渗透砂岩油藏的成藏机理研究表明：低渗透砂岩储层排替压力较大,浮力很难驱动石油发生明显的运移,石油在优质烃源岩生烃作用产生的剩余压力驱动下,向上、向下连续充注进入邻近砂体,近源聚集,形成原生油藏;裂缝发育条件下,已聚集石油可在浮力驱动下沿裂缝进行垂向、侧向运移调整,远源成藏,形成次生油藏。综合石油成藏期次、裂缝特征及形成时间、储层孔隙演化史以及成藏动力演化等特征,建立了陇东地区延长组油藏的成藏模式：早期低熟油小规模充注模式、中期成熟油大规模充注成藏模式、晚期构造抬升调整成藏模式。其主要控制因素为源储大面积广泛接触奠定了低渗透砂岩储层石油富集的基础,优质烃源岩生排烃范围控制了原生油藏分布范围,裂缝发育特征控制了次生油藏分布部位。     

Geochemical characteristics of Ordovician crude oils in the northwest of the Tahe oil field,Tarim basin

Forty-six crude oil samples were selected from the Ordovician in the northwestern part of the Tahe oilfield for detailed molecular geochemical and isotopic analysis, including group compositions, carbonhydrogen isotopes and gas chroma-tograms of saturated hydrocarbons, as well as the characteristics of terpane, sterane and other biomarkers, indicating that crude oils are of the same origin from different districts in the Tahe oilfield and were derived from the same source kitchen (or oil source formation), i.e., mainly stemming from marine hydrocarbons. Detailed studies of oil physical properties of 25-honpane revealed that such oils have heavy or thick oil qualities due to biodegradation. Comprehensive assessment in terms of five maturity parameters shows that the oils from the Ordovician with Ro values varying from 0.80% to 1.59% are widely distributed in the northwest of the Tahe oilfield.     

The origin and accumulation model of crude oils from oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 in the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin

In the lower parts of oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 of the Yanchang Formation are oil-bearing layers newly found in oil exploration in the Ordos Basin.Based on GC,GC-MS analyses of saturated hydrocarbons from crude oils and source rocks,reservoir fluid inclusions and BasinMod,the origin of crude oils,accumulation period and accumulation models are discussed in combination with other petroleum geology data in this paper.The result shows that(1) there are two different types of crude oils in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Longdong and Jiyuan regions:crude oils of typeⅠ(Well D86,Well A44,Well A75,Well B227,Well X62 and Well Z150) are mainly de-rived from the Chang 7 source rocks(including mudstones and shales) and distributed in the Jiyuan and Longdong regions;those of typeⅡ(Well Z14 and Well Y427),are distributed in the Longdong region,which are derived from the Chang 9 source rocks.Crude oils from oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region are mainly derived from the Chang-9 source rocks;(2) there are two phases of hydrocarbon filling in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Jiyuan and Longdong regions and oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region:The first phase started at the early stage of J2z.The process of hydrocarbon filling was discontinuous in the Late Jurassic,because of the tectonic-thermal event in the Ordos Basin.The second phase was the main accumulation period,and hydrocarbons began to accumulate from the late stage of J2a to the middle-late of K1,mainly at the middle-late stage of K1;(3) there exist two types of accu-mulation models in oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 of the Yanchang Formation:source rocks of the reservoirs in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Jiyuan region and oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region,the mixed type of reservoirs on the lateral side of source rocks and source rocks of the reservoirs in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Long-dong region.     

Dynamic Field Division of Hydrocarbon Migration,Accumulation and Hydrocarbon Enrichment Rules in Sedimentary Basins

Hydrocarbon distribution rules in the deep and shallow parts of sedimentary basins are considerably different, particularly in the following four aspects. First, the critical porosity for hydrocarbon migration is much lower in the deep parts of basins: at a depth of 7000 m, hydrocarbons can accumulate only in rocks with porosity less than 5%. However, in the shallow parts of basins (i.e., depths of around 1000 m), hydrocarbon can accumulate in rocks only when porosity is over 20%. Second, hydrocarbon reservoirs tend to exhibit negative pressures after hydrocarbon accumulation at depth, with a pressure coefficient less than 0.7. However, hydrocarbon reservoirs at shallow depths tend to exhibit high pressure after hydrocarbon accumulation. Third, deep reservoirs tend to exhibit characteristics of oil (–gas)–water inversion, indicating that the oil (gas) accumulated under the water. However, the oil (gas) tends to accumulate over water in shallow reservoirs. Fourth, continuous unconventional tight hydrocarbon reservoirs are distributed widely in deep reservoirs, where the buoyancy force is not the primary dynamic force and the caprock is not involved during the process of hydrocarbon accumulation. Conversely, the majority of hydrocarbons in shallow regions accumulate in traps with complex structures. The results of this study indicate that two dynamic boundary conditions are primarily responsible for the above phenomena: a lower limit to the buoyancy force and the lower limit of hydrocarbon accumulation overall, corresponding to about 10%–12% porosity and irreducible water saturation of 100%, respectively.     

Geochemistry,origin and correlation of crude oils in Lower Cretaceous sedimentary sequences of the southern Mesopotamian Basin,southern Iraq

Thirty one crude oil samples from Lower Cretaceous reservoirs in southern Iraq were analyzed using bulk property and molecular methods to determine their maturity and biomarker characteristics, as well as to obtain information on their respective source rocks. All the oils are unaltered, non-biodegraded, have high sulfur content and API gravity is in the range for light to heavy oil (19–40° API). They are characterized by low Pr/Ph values, even/odd predominance and front-end biased n-alkane distributions. Based on these parameters the oils were generated and expelled from a marine carbonate source rock bearing Type II-S kerogen. Compositional similarities of hopane and sterane biomarkers with those from potential source rocks allowed identification of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy and Yamama carbonate succession as the effective source beds. A similar composition of normal and isoprenoid hydrocarbons among the oils suggests an origin from a common source rock. However, biomarker maturity ratios indicate a wide range of maturity. This appears to result from the type of burial history of the source rock, characterized by a slow passage through the liquid window interval during an extended period of geologic time.     

食用油品质的检测技术进展

食用植物油的质量与安全问题在国内已经长期存在,缺乏有效的检测手段是该现象得以普遍存在的重要原因。本文介绍了劣质食用油的理化指标,包括水分含量、比重、折光率、皂化值、酸值、羰基值、过氧化值、碘值重金属、脂肪酸相对不饱和度、胆固醇、残留检测、氧化产物检测等,分析了现有的常用检测技术的优缺点,包括薄层色谱技术、光谱法、水分含量法、快速检测法、色谱法、电导率法、低磁场核磁共振鉴定法、真菌霉素法和基因鉴定法。这些检测方法缺乏广泛的适用性,或特征指标专一性不强,或检测灵敏度不高,或检测准确性不高,仅能在一定范围内适用特定类型的劣质食用油的检测判定。文章提出了现代质谱技术因能够方便快捷地提供被分析样品的大量结构信息,灵敏度高、检测限低,是检测食用油品质的重要技术,而便携式质谱仪的产生将在食用油脂的快速检测中发挥作用。     

稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期剩余油分布特征及提高采收率方式研究

针对中国浅层及中深层稠油油藏,利用数值模拟研究方法,研究了不同稠油油藏的蒸汽驱开发规律和蒸汽驱中后期的剩余油分布特征,明确了稠油油藏蒸汽驱中后期的提高采收率方式。研究结果表明:浅层稠油油藏与中深层稠油油藏蒸汽驱的开发规律基本一致。驱替阶段生产效果好、产量高且稳定、油汽比高、含水率低;蒸汽突破后的开发阶段也是蒸汽驱开发的重要阶段,但是该阶段油汽比明显低于驱替阶段,表明该阶段蒸汽热效率明显降低。不同稠油油藏的剩余油分布特征类似,均表现出明显的垂向动用差异特征,即油层上部动用程度高,剩余油饱和度低,油层下部动用程度低,剩余油饱和度高,下部油层是剩余油挖潜的主要对象。从下到上逐层上返开发和多介质辅助是提高蒸汽驱中后期采收率的有效方式。研究结果对同类油藏开发具有重要意义。